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Lu P, Ruan D, Huang M, Tian M, Zhu K, Gan Z, Xiao Z. Harnessing the potential of hydrogels for advanced therapeutic applications: current achievements and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:166. [PMID: 38945949 PMCID: PMC11214942 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The applications of hydrogels have expanded significantly due to their versatile, highly tunable properties and breakthroughs in biomaterial technologies. In this review, we cover the major achievements and the potential of hydrogels in therapeutic applications, focusing primarily on two areas: emerging cell-based therapies and promising non-cell therapeutic modalities. Within the context of cell therapy, we discuss the capacity of hydrogels to overcome the existing translational challenges faced by mainstream cell therapy paradigms, provide a detailed discussion on the advantages and principal design considerations of hydrogels for boosting the efficacy of cell therapy, as well as list specific examples of their applications in different disease scenarios. We then explore the potential of hydrogels in drug delivery, physical intervention therapies, and other non-cell therapeutic areas (e.g., bioadhesives, artificial tissues, and biosensors), emphasizing their utility beyond mere delivery vehicles. Additionally, we complement our discussion on the latest progress and challenges in the clinical application of hydrogels and outline future research directions, particularly in terms of integration with advanced biomanufacturing technologies. This review aims to present a comprehensive view and critical insights into the design and selection of hydrogels for both cell therapy and non-cell therapies, tailored to meet the therapeutic requirements of diverse diseases and situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Lu
- Nanomedicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, PR China
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, and Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Dongxue Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Institute for Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Meiqi Huang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, and Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Mi Tian
- Department of Stomatology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610021, PR China
| | - Kangshun Zhu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, and Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China.
| | - Ziqi Gan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, PR China.
| | - Zecong Xiao
- Nanomedicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, PR China.
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2
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Probst D, Sode K. Development of closed bipolar electrode based L-lactate sensor employing quasi-direct electron transfer type enzyme with cyclic voltammetry. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 254:116197. [PMID: 38493528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a proof-of-concept of an enzyme sensor combining closed bipolar electrode system with quasi-direct electron transfer (DET) type enzyme. The closed bipolar electrode system was tested using cyclic voltammetry, with L-lactate as a model substrate. L-Lactate was detected through measurement of the change in junction potential across the bipolar electrode. This change in junction potential was caused by reduction of amino reactive phenazine ethosulfate conjugated to Aerococcus vilidans derived engineered L-lactate oxidase (AvLOx) which shows a quasi-DET signal. Using the closed bipolar electrode system allowed simultaneous measuring using cyclic voltammetry and open circuit potential (OCP) and achieved a limit of detection of 400 μM and 76.2 μM lactate respectively. The sensor was then demonstrated to perform with equivalent sensitivity using OCP across varying surface areas. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time a closed bipolar electrode system has been used with an enzyme which is capable of quasi-direct or direct electron transfer. This work can be expanded further to other enzymes capable of directly altering the junction potential of an electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Probst
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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3
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Saeidi M, Chenani H, Orouji M, Adel Rastkhiz M, Bolghanabadi N, Vakili S, Mohamadnia Z, Hatamie A, Simchi A(A. Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:823. [PMID: 37622909 PMCID: PMC10452289 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based wearable electrochemical biosensors (HWEBs) are emerging biomedical devices that have recently received immense interest. The exceptional properties of HWEBs include excellent biocompatibility with hydrophilic nature, high porosity, tailorable permeability, the capability of reliable and accurate detection of disease biomarkers, suitable device-human interface, facile adjustability, and stimuli responsive to the nanofiller materials. Although the biomimetic three-dimensional hydrogels can immobilize bioreceptors, such as enzymes and aptamers, without any loss in their activities. However, most HWEBs suffer from low mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. Many studies have been performed on emerging electroactive nanofillers, including biomacromolecules, carbon-based materials, and inorganic and organic nanomaterials, to tackle these issues. Non-conductive hydrogels and even conductive hydrogels may be modified by nanofillers, as well as redox species. All these modifications have led to the design and development of efficient nanocomposites as electrochemical biosensors. In this review, both conductive-based and non-conductive-based hydrogels derived from natural and synthetic polymers are systematically reviewed. The main synthesis methods and characterization techniques are addressed. The mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior of HWEBs are discussed in detail. Finally, the prospects and potential applications of HWEBs in biosensing, healthcare monitoring, and clinical diagnostics are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Saeidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Hossein Chenani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Mina Orouji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
| | - MahsaSadat Adel Rastkhiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Nafiseh Bolghanabadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Shaghayegh Vakili
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran;
| | - Zahra Mohamadnia
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Science (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran;
| | - Amir Hatamie
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Science (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran;
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abdolreza (Arash) Simchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
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4
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Wei H, Li L, Xue Y, Yu P, Mao L. Stability Enhancement of Galvanic Redox Potentiometry by Optimizing the Redox Couple in Counterpart Poles. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8232-8238. [PMID: 37201512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Potentiometry based on the galvanic cell mechanism, i.e., galvanic redox potentiometry (GRP), has recently emerged as a new tool for in vivo neurochemical sensing with high neuronal compatibility and good sensing property. However, the stability of open circuit voltage (EOC) outputting remains to be further improved for in vivo sensing application. In this study, we find that the EOC stability could be enhanced by adjusting the sort and the concentration ratio of the redox couple in the counterpart pole (i.e., indicating electrode) of GRP. With dopamine (DA) as the sensing target, we construct a spontaneously powered single-electrode-based GRP sensor (GRP2.0) and investigate the correlation between the stability and the redox couple used in the counterpart pole. Theoretical consideration suggests that the EOC drift is minimum when the concentration ratio of the oxidized form (O1) to the reduced form (R1) of the redox species in the backfilled solution is 1:1. The experimental results demonstrate that, compared with other redox species (i.e., dissolved O2 at 3 M KCl, potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6), and hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride (Ru(NH3)6Cl3)) used as the counterpart pole, potassium hexachloroiridate(IV) (K2IrCl6) exhibits better chemical stability and outputs more stable EOC. As a result, when IrCl62-/3- with the concentration ratio of 1:1 is used as the counterpart, GRP2.0 displays not only an excellent EOC stability (i.e., 3.8 mV drifting during 2200 s for in vivo recording) but also small electrode-to-electrode variation (i.e., the maximum EOC variation between four electrodes is 2.7 mV). Upon integration with the electrophysiology, GRP2.0 records a robust DA release, accompanied by a burst of neural firing, during the optical stimulation. This study paves a new avenue to stable neurochemical sensing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yifei Xue
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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5
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Sanko V, Kuralay F. Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensor Platforms for Cancer Diagnosis: Recent Achievements and Challenges. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13030333. [PMID: 36979545 PMCID: PMC10046346 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With its fatal effects, cancer is still one of the most important diseases of today's world. The underlying fact behind this scenario is most probably due to its late diagnosis. That is why the necessity for the detection of different cancer types is obvious. Cancer studies including cancer diagnosis and therapy have been one of the most laborious tasks. Since its early detection significantly affects the following therapy steps, cancer diagnosis is very important. Despite researchers' best efforts, the accurate and rapid diagnosis of cancer is still challenging and difficult to investigate. It is known that electrochemical techniques have been successfully adapted into the cancer diagnosis field. Electrochemical sensor platforms that are brought together with the excellent selectivity of biosensing elements, such as nucleic acids, aptamers or antibodies, have put forth very successful outputs. One of the remarkable achievements of these biomolecule-attached sensors is their lack of need for additional labeling steps, which bring extra burdens such as interference effects or demanding modification protocols. In this review, we aim to outline label-free cancer diagnosis platforms that use electrochemical methods to acquire signals. The classification of the sensing platforms is generally presented according to their recognition element, and the most recent achievements by using these attractive sensing substrates are described in detail. In addition, the current challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Sanko
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Filiz Kuralay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Inverse conductance signal outputs of solid-state AgCl electrochemistry dependent on counteranions of Ag-MOFs. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Yang J, Huang L, Qian K. Nanomaterials-assisted metabolic analysis toward in vitro diagnostics. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210222. [PMID: 37323704 PMCID: PMC10191060 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In vitro diagnostics (IVD) has played an indispensable role in healthcare system by providing necessary information to indicate disease condition and guide therapeutic decision. Metabolic analysis can be the primary choice to facilitate the IVD since it characterizes the downstream metabolites and offers real-time feedback of the human body. Nanomaterials with well-designed composition and nanostructure have been developed for the construction of high-performance detection platforms toward metabolic analysis. Herein, we summarize the recent progress of nanomaterials-assisted metabolic analysis and the related applications in IVD. We first introduce the important role that nanomaterials play in metabolic analysis when coupled with different detection platforms, including electrochemical sensors, optical spectrometry, and mass spectrometry. We further highlight the nanomaterials-assisted metabolic analysis toward IVD applications, from the perspectives of both the targeted biomarker quantitation and untargeted fingerprint extraction. This review provides fundamental insights into the function of nanomaterials in metabolic analysis, thus facilitating the design of next-generation diagnostic devices in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Robotics and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lin Huang
- Country Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineShanghai Chest HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kun Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Robotics and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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8
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Walker NL, Dick JE. Versatile potentiometric metabolite sensing without dioxygen interference. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 201:113888. [PMID: 35032843 PMCID: PMC8851596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The field of electrochemical biosensors has been dominated by amperometric and voltammetric sensors; however, these are limited greatly in their signal dependence on electrode size. Open circuit potentiometric sensors are emerging as an alternative due to their signal insensitivity to electrode size. Here, we present a second-generation biosensor that uses a modified chitosan hydrogel to entrap a dehydrogenase or other oxidoreductase enzyme of interest. The chitosan is modified with a desired electron mediator such that in the presence of the analyte, the enzyme will oxidize or reduce the mediator, thus altering the measured interfacial potential. Using the above design, we demonstrate a swift screening method for appropriate enzyme-mediator pairs based on open circuit potentiometry, as well as the efficacy of the biosensor design using two dehydrogenase enzymes (FADGDH and ADH) and peroxidase. Using 1,2-naphthoquinone as the mediator for FADGDH, dynamic ranges from 0.1 to 50 mM glucose are achieved. We additionally demonstrate the ease of fabrication and modification, a lifetime of ≥28 days, insensitivity to interferents, miniaturization to the microscale, and sensor efficacy in the presence of the enzyme's natural cofactor. These results forge a foundation for the generalized use of potentiometric biosensors for a wide variety of analytes within biologically-relevant systems where oxygen can be an interferent.
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9
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Chao YT, Prabhu GRD, Yu KC, Syu JY, Urban PL. BioChemPen for a Rapid Analysis of Compounds Supported on Solid Surfaces. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3744-3752. [PMID: 34553592 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We present BioChemPen, a portable wireless biosensor device for rapid analysis of substances adsorbed on solid surfaces. The device takes advantage of (bio)luminescent reactions taking place in a hydrogel matrix. In a typical embodiment, the active element of this device is a hydrogel disk (chemotransducer) containing enzyme(s), electrolyte solution, and all of the necessary substrates. When the hydrogel is exposed to a solid sample surface containing the target analyte, light is produced. A photoresistor (phototransducer), placed in close proximity to the hydrogel disk, detects the light. The operation of the BioChemPen is enabled by a MicroPython PyBoard microcontroller board and other low-cost electronic modules. The obtained results are immediately uploaded to the Internet cloud. In one application, we demonstrate an analysis of hypochlorite-containing cleaning agents present on the surfaces of daily use objects by an assay based on hydrogel embedded with luminol and hydrogen peroxide. In another application, we use hydrogel embedded with luciferin, luciferase, and pyruvate kinase to detect adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and link the ATP content with meat freshness. Lastly, we demonstrate the detection of organophosphate pesticides present on vegetables with the hydrogel containing acetylcholinesterase, choline oxidase, and horseradish peroxidase. The limits of detection for sodium hypochlorite, ATP, ADP, and chlorpyrifos-methyl (a pesticide) were 7.95 × 10-11, 2.73 × 10-13, 2.35 × 10-12, and 2.59 × 10-10 mol mm-2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Chao
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D. Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Syu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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10
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Liu X, Song N, Qian D, Gu S, Pu J, Huang L, Liu J, Qian K. Porous Inorganic Materials for Bioanalysis and Diagnostic Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 8:4092-4109. [PMID: 34494831 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porous inorganic materials play an important role in adsorbing targeted analytes and supporting efficient reactions in analytical science. The detection performance relies on the structural properties of porous materials, considering the tunable pore size, shape, connectivity, etc. Herein, we first clarify the enhancement mechanisms of porous materials for bioanalysis, concerning the detection sensitivity and selectivity. The diagnostic applications of porous material-assisted platforms by coupling with various analytical techniques, including electrochemical sensing, optical spectrometry, and mass spectrometry, etc., are then reviewed. We foresee that advanced porous materials will bring far-reaching implications in bioanalysis toward real-case applications, especially as diagnostic assays in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Robotics and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Naikun Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Robotics and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Dahong Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Robotics and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Sai Gu
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.,Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU27XH, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Pu
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU27XH, United Kingdom.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, 568 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Robotics and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China.,Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China
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11
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Walker NL, Roshkolaeva AB, Chapoval AI, Dick JE. Recent Advances in Potentiometric Biosensing. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021; 28:100735. [PMID: 34056144 PMCID: PMC8162913 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2021.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Potentiometric biosensors are incredibly versatile tools with budding uses in industry, security, environmental safety, and human health. This mini-review on recent (2018-2020) advances in the field of potentiometric biosensors is intended to give a general overview of the main types of potentiometric biosensors for novices while still providing a brief but thorough summary of the novel advances and trends for experienced practitioners. These trends include the incorporation of nanomaterials, graphene, and novel immobilization materials, as well as a strong push towards miniaturized, flexible, and self-powered devices for in-field or at-home use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Andrei I Chapoval
- Russian-American Anti-Cancer Center, Altai State University, Barnaul, 656049, Russia
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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12
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Li W, Luo W, Li M, Chen L, Chen L, Guan H, Yu M. The Impact of Recent Developments in Electrochemical POC Sensor for Blood Sugar Care. Front Chem 2021; 9:723186. [PMID: 34395386 PMCID: PMC8360348 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.723186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid glucose testing is very important in the care of diabetes. Monitoring of blood glucose is the most critical indicator of disease control in diabetic patients. The invention and popularity of electrochemical sensors have made glucose detection fast and inexpensive. The first generation of glucose sensors had limitations in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. In order to overcome these problems, scientists have used a range of new materials to produce new glucose electrochemical sensors with higher sensitivity, selectivity and lower cost. A variety of different electrochemical sensors including enzymatic electrochemical sensors and enzyme-free electrochemical sensors have been extensively investigated. We discussed the development process of electrochemical glucose sensors in this review. We focused on describing the benefits of carbon materials in nanomaterials, specially graphene for sensors. In addition, we discussed the limitations of the sensors and challenges in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- ICU of Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weixiang Luo
- Nursing Department of Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Hepatological Surgery Department of Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Endocrinology Department of Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liyan Chen
- Nursing Department of Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Guan
- Respiratory Department of Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengjiao Yu
- Gastroenterology Department of Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Walker NL, Dick JE. Leakless, Bipolar Reference Electrodes: Fabrication, Performance, and Miniaturization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10065-10074. [PMID: 34263595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reference electrodes must maintain a well-defined potential for long periods of time to be useful. The silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode is arguably the most widely used reference electrode, but it leaks silver and chloride ions into the sample solution through the porous frit over time. Further, the porous frit makes miniaturization to the micro- and nanoscale challenging. Here, we present an alternative, where the traditional Ag/AgCl reference electrode porous frit is replaced by a conductive wire, preventing ion leakage and allowing miniaturization to the microscale. Charge balance is maintained through a closed bipolar electrochemical mechanism, where faradaic processes occur on each end of the sealed wire. Using the above design, we demonstrate the efficacy of the leakless, bipolar reference electrode (BPRE) and miniaturize it to the microscale (μ-leakless BPRE). Importantly, we demonstrate that leakless and μ-leakless BPREs behave the same as commercial reference electrodes during potentiometric measurements and leakless BPREs perform similarly during voltammetric measurements on ultramicroelectrodes. We demonstrate that the drift during voltammetry using a leakless BPRE on a macroelectrode is slightly more appreciable compared to the drift seen with a commercial reference electrode. We detail design principles for the use of leakless BPREs in nonaqueous solvents and in sealing other conductive materials (e.g., gold and carbon). Using mass spectrometry, we show that the maximum leakage of methylene blue is 0.36 fmol/s, at least 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of commercial reference electrodes. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of using leakless BPREs in potentiometric glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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