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Westman AM, Ribaudo J, Butler M, Shmuylovich L, Pet MA. Skin Pigmentation Affects ViOptix T.Ox Performance in Variably Pigmented Preclinical Model of Flap Ischemia and Congestion. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e5865. [PMID: 38841531 PMCID: PMC11152857 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Free flap monitoring is more difficult in patients with dark skin because ischemia and congestion can be masked by pigmentation. For this reason, adjunct methods such as cutaneous near-infrared spectroscopy are of elevated importance in patients with highly pigmented skin. The purpose of this experiment is to determine if ViOpitx T.Ox performance is affected by cutaneous pigmentation. Methods Swine with naturally occurring areas of nonpigmented and pigmented skin were used. Pigmentation of each animal was assessed using spectrophotometry and histopathology. During normoxemia, tissue oxygenation (StO2) measurements were taken of nonpigmented and pigmented skin using the T.Ox device. A bicolor pedicled rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap was raised, and T.Ox probe was adhered to adjacent areas of opposite coloration on the same flap. StO2 was measured continuously during reversible episodes of flap ischemia and congestion (n = 4 swine, n = 6 flaps). Results There was not a significant difference between baseline StO2 values of nonpigmented (49% ± 7.9%) and pigmented skin (47% ± 6.2%). The absolute change in StO2 was significantly larger during both ischemia (6%) and congestion (16%) in nonpigmented skin compared with adjacent pigmented skin. Conclusions T.Ox detects flap ischemia and congestion in both highly pigmented and nonpigmented skin. However, surgeons need to be aware that StO2 changes related to complete flap ischemia or congestion may be much more subtle than what is seen in nonpigmented skin. This study establishes a novel internally controlled porcine model that isolates the impact of skin pigmentation when assessing cutaneous devices measuring tissue oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Westman
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo
| | - Joseph Ribaudo
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo
| | - Michael Butler
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo
| | - Leonid Shmuylovich
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo
| | - Mitchell A. Pet
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo
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2
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Kirimi MT, Hoare D, Holsgrove M, Czyzewski J, Mirzai N, Mercer JR, Neale SL. Detection of Blood Clots Using a Whole Stent as an Active Implantable Biosensor. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304748. [PMID: 38342628 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Many cardiovascular problems stem from blockages that form within the vasculature and often treatment includes fitting a stent through percutaneous coronary intervention. This offers a minimally invasive therapy but re-occlusion through restenosis or thrombosis formation often occurs post-deployment. Research is ongoing into the creation of smart stents that can detect the occurrence of further problems. In this study, it is shown that selectively metalizing a non-conductive stent can create a set of electrodes that are capable of detecting a build-up of material around the stent. The associated increase in electrical impedance across the electrodes is measured, testing the stent with blood clot to mimic thrombosis. It is shown that the device is capable of sensing different amounts of occlusion. The stent can reproducibly sense the presence of clot showing a 16% +/-3% increase in impedance which is sufficient to reliably detect the clot when surrounded by explanted aorta (one sample t-test, p = 0.009, n = 9). It is demonstrated that this approach can be extended beyond the 3D printed prototypes by showing that it can be applied to a commercially available stent and it is believed that it can be further utilized by other types of medical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Talha Kirimi
- Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniel Hoare
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences/British Heart Foundation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael Holsgrove
- BioElectronics Unit, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jakup Czyzewski
- BioElectronics Unit, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nosrat Mirzai
- BioElectronics Unit, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John R Mercer
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences/British Heart Foundation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Steve L Neale
- Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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3
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Xiong X, Yin C, Tong A, Zhong G, Wu Z, Tong C, Wang X, Liu B. Dermal extracellular matrix gelatin delivering Prussian blue nanoparticles to relieve skin flap ischemia. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131361. [PMID: 38574902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The survival rate of flap is a crucial factor for determining the success of tissue repair and reconstruction. Flap transplantation surgery often leads to ischemic and reperfusion injury, causing apoptosis and tissue necrosis, which significantly reduces the survival rate of flap. To address this issue, we developed a porcine skin decellularized matrix gel nanocomplex loaded with alprostadil (Alp) in Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) called Alp@PB-Gel. This gel not only maintained the cell affinity of the extracellular scaffold but also exhibited a high degree of plasticity. In vitro assays demonstrated that Alp@PB-Gel possessed antioxidant activity, scavenging ROS ability, and effectively promoted the angiogenesis and migration of human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) by stimulating the proliferation of vascular epithelial cells and fibroblasts. In vivo assays further confirmed that Alp@PB-Gel could effectively alleviate necrosis in the early and late stages after surgery, downregulate the levels of NLRP3 and CD68 to inhibit apoptosis and attenuate inflammation, while upregulate the levels of VEGF and CD31 to promote vascular tissue regeneration. Moreover, Alp@PB-Gel exhibited excellent cell affinity and biocompatibility, highlighting its potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiong
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic(Burn)Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Caiyun Yin
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Aidi Tong
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guowei Zhong
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chunyi Tong
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiancheng Wang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic(Burn)Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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4
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Park J, Seo B, Jeong Y, Park I. A Review of Recent Advancements in Sensor-Integrated Medical Tools. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307427. [PMID: 38460177 PMCID: PMC11132050 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
A medical tool is a general instrument intended for use in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in humans or other animals. Nowadays, sensors are widely employed in medical tools to analyze or quantify disease-related parameters for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients' diseases. Recent explosive advancements in sensor technologies have extended the integration and application of sensors in medical tools by providing more versatile in vivo sensing capabilities. These unique sensing capabilities, especially for medical tools for surgery or medical treatment, are getting more attention owing to the rapid growth of minimally invasive surgery. In this review, recent advancements in sensor-integrated medical tools are presented, and their necessity, use, and examples are comprehensively introduced. Specifically, medical tools often utilized for medical surgery or treatment, for example, medical needles, catheters, robotic surgery, sutures, endoscopes, and tubes, are covered, and in-depth discussions about the working mechanism used for each sensor-integrated medical tool are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Park
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141South Korea
| | - Bokyung Seo
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141South Korea
| | - Yongrok Jeong
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141South Korea
- Radioisotope Research DivisionKorea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)Daejeon34057South Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141South Korea
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5
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Li S, Lu D, Li S, Liu J, Xu Y, Yan Y, Rodriguez JZ, Bai H, Avila R, Kang S, Ni X, Luan H, Guo H, Bai W, Wu C, Zhou X, Hu Z, Pet MA, Hammill CW, MacEwan MR, Ray WZ, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Bioresorbable, wireless, passive sensors for continuous pH measurements and early detection of gastric leakage. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj0268. [PMID: 38640247 PMCID: PMC11029800 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of biomarkers at locations adjacent to targeted internal organs can provide actionable information about postoperative status beyond conventional diagnostic methods. As an example, changes in pH in the intra-abdominal space after gastric surgeries can serve as direct indicators of potentially life-threatening leakage events, in contrast to symptomatic reactions that may delay treatment. Here, we report a bioresorbable, wireless, passive sensor that addresses this clinical need, designed to locally monitor pH for early detection of gastric leakage. A pH-responsive hydrogel serves as a transducer that couples to a mechanically optimized inductor-capacitor circuit for wireless readout. This platform enables real-time monitoring of pH with fast response time (within 1 hour) over a clinically relevant period (up to 7 days) and timely detection of simulated gastric leaks in animal models. These concepts have broad potential applications for temporary sensing of relevant biomarkers during critical risk periods following diverse types of surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Di Lu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yameng Xu
- The Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jorge Zárate Rodriguez
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hedan Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shuming Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xinchen Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hexia Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wubin Bai
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Xuhao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ziying Hu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Pet
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chet W. Hammill
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew R. MacEwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wilson Z. Ray
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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6
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Nan J, Chen J, Li M, Li Y, Ma Y, Fan X. A Temperature Prediction Model for Flexible Electronic Devices Based on GA-BP Neural Network and Experimental Verification. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:430. [PMID: 38675242 PMCID: PMC11051848 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The problem that the thermal safety of flexible electronic devices is difficult to evaluate in real time is addressed in this study by establishing a BP neural network (GA-BPNN) temperature prediction model based on genetic algorithm optimisation. The model uses a BP neural network to fit the functional relationship between the input condition and the steady-state temperature of the equipment and uses a genetic algorithm to optimise the parameter initialisation problem of the BP neural network. To overcome the challenge of the high cost of obtaining experimental data, finite element analysis software is used to simulate the temperature results of the equipment under different working conditions. The prediction variance of the GA-BPNN model does not exceed 0.57 °C and has good robustness, as the model is trained according to the simulation data. The study conducted thermal validation experiments on the temperature prediction model for this flexible electronic device. The device reached steady state after 1200 s of operation at rated power. The error between the predicted and experimental results was less than 0.9 °C, verifying the validity of the model's predictions. Compared with traditional thermal simulation and experimental methods, this model can quickly predict the temperature with a certain accuracy and has outstanding advantages in computational efficiency and integrated application of hardware and software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Nan
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China; (J.N.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiayun Chen
- International Innovation Institute, Beihang University (BUAA), Hangzhou 310023, China;
| | - Min Li
- Tianmushan Laboratory, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China; (J.N.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yinji Ma
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory Ministry of Education People’s Republic of China (AML), Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanqing Fan
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China; (J.N.); (Y.L.)
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7
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Kang M, Lee DM, Hyun I, Rubab N, Kim SH, Kim SW. Advances in Bioresorbable Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11559-11618. [PMID: 37756249 PMCID: PMC10571046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
With the growing demand for next-generation health care, the integration of electronic components into implantable medical devices (IMDs) has become a vital factor in achieving sophisticated healthcare functionalities such as electrophysiological monitoring and electroceuticals worldwide. However, these devices confront technological challenges concerning a noninvasive power supply and biosafe device removal. Addressing these challenges is crucial to ensure continuous operation and patient comfort and minimize the physical and economic burden on the patient and the healthcare system. This Review highlights the promising capabilities of bioresorbable triboelectric nanogenerators (B-TENGs) as temporary self-clearing power sources and self-powered IMDs. First, we present an overview of and progress in bioresorbable triboelectric energy harvesting devices, focusing on their working principles, materials development, and biodegradation mechanisms. Next, we examine the current state of on-demand transient implants and their biomedical applications. Finally, we address the current challenges and future perspectives of B-TENGs, aimed at expanding their technological scope and developing innovative solutions. This Review discusses advancements in materials science, chemistry, and microfabrication that can advance the scope of energy solutions available for IMDs. These innovations can potentially change the current health paradigm, contribute to enhanced longevity, and reshape the healthcare landscape soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minki Kang
- School
of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Lee
- School
of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Inah Hyun
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric
Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Najaf Rubab
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon
University, Seongnam 13120, Republic
of Korea
| | - So-Hee Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric
Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric
Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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8
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Abyzova E, Dogadina E, Rodriguez RD, Petrov I, Kolesnikova Y, Zhou M, Liu C, Sheremet E. Beyond Tissue replacement: The Emerging role of smart implants in healthcare. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100784. [PMID: 37731959 PMCID: PMC10507164 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart implants are increasingly used to treat various diseases, track patient status, and restore tissue and organ function. These devices support internal organs, actively stimulate nerves, and monitor essential functions. With continuous monitoring or stimulation, patient observation quality and subsequent treatment can be improved. Additionally, using biodegradable and entirely excreted implant materials eliminates the need for surgical removal, providing a patient-friendly solution. In this review, we classify smart implants and discuss the latest prototypes, materials, and technologies employed in their creation. Our focus lies in exploring medical devices beyond replacing an organ or tissue and incorporating new functionality through sensors and electronic circuits. We also examine the advantages, opportunities, and challenges of creating implantable devices that preserve all critical functions. By presenting an in-depth overview of the current state-of-the-art smart implants, we shed light on persistent issues and limitations while discussing potential avenues for future advancements in materials used for these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Abyzova
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | - Elizaveta Dogadina
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
- Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
| | | | - Ilia Petrov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | | | - Mo Zhou
- Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
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9
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Lu D, Moritz W, Arafa HM, Yang Q, Jacobson L, Ostojich D, Bai W, Guo H, Wu C, Li S, Li S, Huang Y, Xu Y, Yan Y, Westman AM, MacEwan MR, Rogers JA, Pet MA. Intramuscular Microvascular Flow Sensing for Flap Monitoring in a Porcine Model of Arterial and Venous Occlusion. J Reconstr Microsurg 2023; 39:231-237. [PMID: 35952677 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercially available near infrared spectroscopy devices for continuous free flap tissue oxygenation (StO2) monitoring can only be used on flaps with a cutaneous component. Additionally, differences in skin quality and pigmentation may alter StO2 measurements. Here, we present a novel implantable heat convection probe that measures microvascular blood flow for peripheral monitoring of free flaps, and is not subject to the same issues that limit the clinical utility of near-infrared spectroscopy. METHODS The intratissue microvascular flow-sensing device includes a resistive heater, 4 thermistors, a small battery, and a Bluetooth chip, which allows connection to a smart device. Convection of applied heat is measured and mathematically transformed into a measurement of blood flow velocity. This was tested alongside Vioptix T.Ox in a porcine rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap model of arterial and venous occlusion. After flap elevation, the thermal device was deployed intramuscularly, and the cutaneous T.Ox device was applied. Acland clamps were alternately applied to the flap artery and veins to achieve 15 minutes periods of flap ischemia and congestion with a 15 minutes intervening recovery period. In total, five devices were tested in three flaps in three separate pigs over 16 vaso-occlusive events. RESULTS Flow measurements were responsive to both ischemia and congestion, and returned to baseline during recovery periods. Flow measurements corresponded closely with measured StO2. Cross-correlation at zero lag showed agreement between these two sensing modalities. Two novel devices tested simultaneously on the same flap showed only minor variations in flow measurements. CONCLUSION This novel probe is capable of detecting changes in tissue microcirculatory blood flow. This device performed well in a swine model of flap ischemia and congestion, and shows promise as a potentially useful clinical tool. Future studies will investigate performance in fasciocutaneous flaps and characterize longevity of the device over a period of several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- Center of Bio-Integrated Electronics, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - William Moritz
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hany M Arafa
- Center of Bio-Integrated Electronics, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Quansan Yang
- Center of Bio-Integrated Electronics, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Lauren Jacobson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Diana Ostojich
- Center of Bio-Integrated Electronics, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Wubin Bai
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hexia Guo
- Center of Bio-Integrated Electronics, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Center of Bio-Integrated Electronics, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Shuo Li
- Center of Bio-Integrated Electronics, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Shupeng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Yameng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Amanda M Westman
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew R MacEwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John A Rogers
- Center of Bio-Integrated Electronics, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Mitchell A Pet
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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10
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Madhvapathy SR, Arafa HM, Patel M, Winograd J, Kong J, Zhu J, Xu S, Rogers JA. Advanced thermal sensing techniques for characterizing the physical properties of skin. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 9:041307. [PMID: 36467868 PMCID: PMC9677811 DOI: 10.1063/5.0095157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the thermal properties of the skin can serve as the basis for a noninvasive, quantitative characterization of dermatological health and physiological status. Applications range from the detection of subtle spatiotemporal changes in skin temperature associated with thermoregulatory processes, to the evaluation of depth-dependent compositional properties and hydration levels, to the assessment of various features of microvascular/macrovascular blood flow. Examples of recent advances for performing such measurements include thin, skin-interfaced systems that enable continuous, real-time monitoring of the intrinsic thermal properties of the skin beyond its superficial layers, with a path to reliable, inexpensive instruments that offer potential for widespread use as diagnostic tools in clinical settings or in the home. This paper reviews the foundational aspects of the latest thermal sensing techniques with applicability to the skin, summarizes the various devices that exploit these concepts, and provides an overview of specific areas of application in the context of skin health. A concluding section presents an outlook on the challenges and prospects for research in this field.
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11
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Nan X, Wang X, Kang T, Zhang J, Dong L, Dong J, Xia P, Wei D. Review of Flexible Wearable Sensor Devices for Biomedical Application. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1395. [PMID: 36144018 PMCID: PMC9505309 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With the development of cross-fertilisation in various disciplines, flexible wearable sensing technologies have emerged, bringing together many disciplines, such as biomedicine, materials science, control science, and communication technology. Over the past few years, the development of multiple types of flexible wearable devices that are widely used for the detection of human physiological signals has proven that flexible wearable devices have strong biocompatibility and a great potential for further development. These include electronic skin patches, soft robots, bio-batteries, and personalised medical devices. In this review, we present an updated overview of emerging flexible wearable sensor devices for biomedical applications and a comprehensive summary of the research progress and potential of flexible sensors. First, we describe the selection and fabrication of flexible materials and their excellent electrochemical properties. We evaluate the mechanisms by which these sensor devices work, and then we categorise and compare the unique advantages of a variety of sensor devices from the perspective of in vitro and in vivo sensing, as well as some exciting applications in the human body. Finally, we summarise the opportunities and challenges in the field of flexible wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Nan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tongtong Kang
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lanxiao Dong
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jinfeng Dong
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Peng Xia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Donglai Wei
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Gil B, Lo B, Yang GZ, Anastasova S. Smart implanted access port catheter for therapy intervention with pH and lactate biosensors. Mater Today Bio 2022; 15:100298. [PMID: 35634169 PMCID: PMC9133618 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Totally implanted access ports (TIAP) are widely used with oncology patients requiring long term central venous access for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, infusions, transfusions, blood sample collection and parenteral nutrition. Such devices offer a significant improvement to the quality of life for patients and reduced complication rates, particularly infection, in contrast to the classical central venous catheters. Nevertheless, infections do occur, with biofilm formation bringing difficulties to the treatment of infection-related complications that can ultimately lead to the explantation of the device. A smart TIAP device that is sensor-enabled to detect infection prior to extensive biofilm formation would reduce the cases for potential device explantation, whereas biomarkers detection within body fluids such as pH or lactate would provide vital information regarding metabolic processes occurring inside the body. In this paper, we propose a novel batteryless and wireless device suitable for the interrogation of such markers in an embodiment model of an TIAP, with miniature biochemical sensing needles. Device readings can be carried out by a smartphone equipped with Near Field Communication (NFC) interface at relative short distances off-body, while providing radiofrequency energy harvesting capability to the TIAP, useful for assessing patient's health and potential port infection on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gil
- The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Benny Lo
- The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Salzitsa Anastasova
- The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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