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Wang F, Zhang J, Xu L, Ma A, Zhuang G, Huo S, Zou B, Qian J, Cui Y, Zhang W. Magnetic field-assisted surface engineering technology for active regulation of Fe 3O 4 medium to enable the laccase electrochemical biosensing of catechol with visible stripe patterns. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1311:342739. [PMID: 38816161 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catechol (CC), a prevalent phenolic compound, is a byproduct in various agricultural, chemical, and industrial processes. CC detection is crucial for safeguarding water quality and plays a pivotal role in enhancing the overall quality of life of individuals. Electrochemical biosensors exhibit rapid responses, have small sizes, and can be used for real-time monitoring. Therefore, the development of a fast and sensitive electrochemical biosensor for CC detection is crucial. RESULT In this study, a laccase-based electrochemical biosensor for detection of CC is successfully developed using Fe3O4 nanoparticles as medium and optimized by applying a magnetic field. This research proposes a unique strategy for biosensor enhancement by actively controlling the distribution of magnetic materials on the electrode surface through the application of a magnetic field, resulting in a visibly alternating stripe pattern. This approach effectively disperses magnetic particles, preventing their aggregation and reducing the boundary layer thickness, enhancing the electrochemical response of the biosensor. After fabrication condition optimization, CC is successfully detected using this biosensor. The fabricated sensor exhibits excellent performance with a wide linear detection range of 10-1000 μM, a low detection limit of 1.25 μM, and a sensitivity of 7.9 μA/mM. The fabricated sensor exhibits good selectivity and reliable detection in real water samples. In addition, the laccase-based sensor has the potential for the fast and accurate monitoring of CC in olive oil. SIGNIFICANCE The magnetic field optimization in this study significantly improved the performance of the electrochemical biosensor for detecting CC in environmental samples. Overall, the sensor developed in this study has the potential for fast and accurate monitoring of CC in environmental samples, highlighting the potential importance of a magnetic field environment in improving the performance of catechol electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Ling Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Anzhou Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Jingya Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yi Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Photoelectric Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
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Chen J, Xu J, Kong L, Shi S, Xu J, Gao S, Zhang X, Li L. Self-powered SnS x/TiO 2 photodetectors (PDs) with dual-band binary response and the applications in imaging and light-encrypted logic gates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 663:336-344. [PMID: 38412719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report the design and fabrication of self-powered binary response PDs based on II-type heterostructures consisting of SnSx nanoflakes (NFs) and rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays (NRs). The TiO2 NRs effectively block light with wavelengths below 400 nm from reaching SnSx. Under 385 nm light, the photoelectrons in TiO2 recombine with holes in SnSx at the interface due to the energy band bending, resulting in a positive photocurrent. Under 410 nm light, the photoelectrons in SnSx and the photogenerated holes in TiO2 accumulate at the interface, overcoming the interfacial potential barriers induced by the higher Fermi levels of SnSx and inducing a negative photocurrent. Based on the bipolar response, the dual-band imaging capability without external filters and the light-encrypted OR, AND, and NOT logic gates using a single device are demonstrated. This work provides a blueprint for the development of multifunctional self-powered PDs that can simplify system architecture, reduce the energy consumption, and improve accuracy for applications, such as visual systems, light-controlled logic circuits, and encrypted optical communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Material Physics, Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, and Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Intelligent Photonics, School of Science, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Lina Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Material Physics, Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, and Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Shaobo Shi
- School of Science, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Jianghua Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Material Physics, Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, and Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Songyao Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Material Physics, Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, and Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Intelligent Photonics, School of Science, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaosong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Material Physics, Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, and Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Material Physics, Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, and Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
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3
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Li T, Meng F, Fang Y, Luo Y, He Y, Dong Z, Tian B. Multienzymatic disintegration of DNA-scaffolded magnetic nanoparticle assembly for malarial mitochondrial DNA detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115910. [PMID: 38086308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of malaria can prevent the spread of disease and save lives, which, however, remains challenging in remote and less developed regions. Here we report a portable and low-cost optomagnetic biosensor for rapid amplification and detection of malarial mitochondrial DNA. Bioresponsive magnetic nanoparticle assemblies are constructed by using nucleic acid scaffolds containing endonucleolytic DNAzymes and their substrates, which can be activated by the presence of target DNA and self-disintegrated to release magnetic nanoparticles for optomagnetic quantification. Specifically, target molecules can induce padlock probe ligation and subsequent one-pot homogeneous cascade reactions consisting of nicking-enhanced rolling circle amplification, DNAzyme-assisted nucleic acid recycling, and strand-displacement-driven disintegration of the magnetic assembly. With an optimized magnetic actuation process for reaction acceleration, a detection limit of 1 fM can be achieved by the proposed biosensor with a total assay time of ca. 90 min and a dynamic detection range spanning 3 orders of magnitude. The robustness of the system was validated by testing target molecules spiked in 5% serum samples. Clinical sample validation was conducted by testing malaria-positive clinical blood specimens, obtaining quantitative results concordant with qPCR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Fanming Meng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China; College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yifei Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yilong He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zhuxin Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bo Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China.
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4
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Ding M, Xiao X, Yang Y, Yao Z, Dong Z, Gao Q, Tian B. AND-Logic Cascade Rolling Circle Amplification for Optomagnetic Detection of Dual Target SARS-CoV-2 Sequences. Anal Chem 2024; 96:455-462. [PMID: 38123506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA logic operations are accurate and specific molecular strategies that are appreciated in target multiplexing and intelligent diagnostics. However, most of the reported DNA logic operation-based assays lack amplifiers prior to logic operation, resulting in detection limits at the subpicomolar to nanomolar level. Herein, a homogeneous and isothermal AND-logic cascade amplification strategy is demonstrated for optomagnetic biosensing of two different DNA inputs corresponding to a variant of concern sequence (containing spike L452R) and a highly conserved sequence from SARS-CoV-2. With an "amplifiers-before-operator" configuration, two input sequences are recognized by different padlock probes for amplification reactions, which generate amplicons used, respectively, as primers and templates for secondary amplification, achieving the AND-logic operation. Cascade amplification products can hybridize with detection probes grafted onto magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), leading to hydrodynamic size increases and/or aggregation of MNPs. Real-time optomagnetic MNP analysis offers a detection limit of 8.6 fM with a dynamic detection range spanning more than 3 orders of magnitude. The accuracy, stability, and specificity of the system are validated by testing samples containing serum, salmon sperm, a single-nucleotide variant, and biases of the inputs. Clinical samples are tested with both quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and our approach, showing highly consistent measurement results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiaozhou Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yulin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ziyang Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhuxin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, China
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Fang Y, Yang Y, Yao Z, Lei X, Dong Z, Zhang M, Yao R, Tian B. On-Particle Hyperbranched Rolling Circle Amplification-Scaffolded Magnetic Nanoactuator Assembly for Ferromagnetic Resonance Detection of MicroRNA. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4792-4800. [PMID: 38073137 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural molecular machines, scientists are devoted to designing nanomachines that can navigate in aqueous solutions, sense their microenvironment, actuate, and respond. Among different strategies, magnetically driven nanoactuators can easily be operated remotely in liquids and thus are valuable in biosensing. Here we report a magnetic nanoactuator swarm with rotating-magnetic-field-controlled conformational changes for reaction acceleration and target quantification. By grafting nucleic acid amplification primers, magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) actuators can assemble and be fixed with a flexible DNA scaffold generated by surface-localized hyperbranched rolling circle amplification in response to the presence of a target microRNA, osa-miR156. Net magnetic anisotropy changes of the system induced by the MNP assembly can be measured by ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy as shifts in the resonance field. With a total assay time of ca. 120 min, the proposed biosensor offers a limit of detection of 6 fM with a dynamic detection range spanning 5 orders of magnitude. The specificity of the system is validated by testing different microRNAs and salmon sperm DNA. Endogenous microRNAs extracted from Oryza sativa leaves are tested with both quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and our approach, showing comparable performances with a Pearson correlation coefficient >0.9 (n = 20).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yulin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ziyang Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xi Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhuxin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ruifeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, China
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Liu CW, Tsutsui H. Sample-to-answer sensing technologies for nucleic acid preparation and detection in the field. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:302-323. [PMID: 37302751 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efficient sample preparation and accurate disease diagnosis under field conditions are of great importance for the early intervention of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. However, in-field preparation of high-quality nucleic acids from various specimens for downstream analyses, such as amplification and sequencing, is challenging. Thus, developing and adapting sample lysis and nucleic acid extraction protocols suitable for portable formats have drawn significant attention. Similarly, various nucleic acid amplification techniques and detection methods have also been explored. Combining these functions in an integrated platform has resulted in emergent sample-to-answer sensing systems that allow effective disease detection and analyses outside a laboratory. Such devices have a vast potential to improve healthcare in resource-limited settings, low-cost and distributed surveillance of diseases in food and agriculture industries, environmental monitoring, and defense against biological warfare and terrorism. This paper reviews recent advances in portable sample preparation technologies and facile detection methods that have been / or could be adopted into novel sample-to-answer devices. In addition, recent developments and challenges of commercial kits and devices targeting on-site diagnosis of various plant diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Hideaki Tsutsui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Magnetic liposome as a dual-targeting delivery system for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:388-400. [PMID: 36640550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, where M2 macrophages play an irreplaceable role in the anti-inflammatory progress. Targeting M2 macrophages and regulating their polarization may be a potential treatment strategy for IPF. Herein, we designed a magnetic liposome based dual-targeting delivery system for the IPF treatment, constructed by mannose-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MAN-MNPs) loaded on the surface of the liposome (MAN-MNPs@LP). The delivery system is capable of responding to a static magnetic field (SMF) and then recognizing in situ of M2 macrophages through the mannose receptor-dependent internalization. Firstly, a series of physical and chemical assays were used to characterize these nanoparticles. Subsequently, magnetic liposomes accumulation in the damaged lung with/without mannose modification and SMF were compared by in vivo imaging system. Finally, the reduction of M2 macrophages and inhibition of their polarization confirmed that the development of IPF was retarded due to the in situ release of encapsulated dexamethasone (Dex) in lungs under the SMF. Further investigation demonstrated that the expression of α-SMA and collagen deposition was reduced. Altogether, this dual-targeting delivery system can effectively deliver Dex into M2 macrophages in the lung, making it a novel and promising therapeutic system for the IPF treatment.
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Chen L, Fang Y, Zhou X, Zhang M, Yao R, Tian B. Magnetic DNA Nanomachine for On-Particle Cascade Amplification-Based Ferromagnetic Resonance Detection of Plant MicroRNA. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5411-5418. [PMID: 36917201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant microRNAs play critical roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation of many processes, thus motivating the development of accurate and user-friendly microRNA detection methods for better understanding of, e.g., plant growth, development, and abiotic/biotic stress responses. By integrating the capture probe, fuel strand, primer, and template onto the surface of a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP), we demonstrated a magnetic DNA nanomachine that could conduct an on-particle cascade amplification reaction in response to the presence of target microRNA. The cascade amplification consists of an exonuclease III-assisted target recycling step and a rolling circle amplification step, leading to changes in the MNP arrangement that can be quantified by ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. After a careful investigation of the exonuclease III side reaction, the biosensor offers a detection limit of 15 fM with a total assay time of ca. 70 min. Moreover, our magnetic DNA nanomachine is capable of discriminating the target microRNA from its family members. Our biosensor has also been tested on total endogenous microRNAs extracted from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, with a performance comparable to qRT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xuemei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ruifeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Huang Z, Li J, Zhong H, Tian B. Nucleic acid amplification strategies for volume-amplified magnetic nanoparticle detection assay. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:939807. [PMID: 36032733 PMCID: PMC9399362 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.939807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can be quantified based on their magnetic relaxation properties by volumetric magnetic biosensing strategies, for example, alternating current susceptometry. Volume-amplified magnetic nanoparticle detection assays (VAMNDAs) employ analyte-initiated nucleic acid amplification (NAA) reactions to increase the hydrodynamic size of MNP labels for magnetic sensing, achieving attomolar to picomolar detection limits. VAMNDAs offer rapid and user-friendly analysis of nucleic acid targets but present inherence defects determined by the chosen amplification reactions and sensing principles. In this mini-review, we summarize more than 30 VAMNDA publications and classify their detection models for NAA-induced MNP size increases, highlighting the performances of different linear, cascade, and exponential NAA strategies. For some NAA strategies that have not yet been reported in VAMNDA, we predicted their performances based on the reaction kinetics and feasible detection models. Finally, challenges and perspectives are given, which may hopefully inspire and guide future VAMNDA studies.
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