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Ausri IR, Sadeghzadeh S, Biswas S, Zheng H, GhavamiNejad P, Huynh MDT, Keyvani F, Shirzadi E, Rahman FA, Quadrilatero J, GhavamiNejad A, Poudineh M. Multifunctional Dopamine-Based Hydrogel Microneedle Electrode for Continuous Ketone Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402009. [PMID: 38847967 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a severe complication of type 1 diabetes (T1D), is triggered by production of large quantities of ketone bodies, requiring patients with T1D to constantly monitor their ketone levels. Here, a skin-compatible hydrogel microneedle (HMN)-continuous ketone monitoring (HMN-CKM) device is reported. The sensing mechanism relies on the catechol-quinone chemistry inherent to the dopamine (DA) molecules that are covalently linked to the polymer structure of the HMN patch. The DA serves the dual-purpose of acting as a redox mediator for measuring the byproduct of oxidation of 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), the primary ketone bodies; while, also facilitating the formation of a crosslinked HMN patch. A universal approach involving pre-oxidation and detection of the generated catechol compounds is introduced to correlate the sensor response to the β-HB concentrations. It is further shown that real-time tracking of a decrease in ketone levels of T1D rat model is possible using the HMN-CKM device, in conjunction with a data-driven machine learning model that considers potential time delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfani Rahmi Ausri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sadegh Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Subhamoy Biswas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hanjia Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Peyman GhavamiNejad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Michelle Dieu Thao Huynh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Keyvani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Erfan Shirzadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Fasih A Rahman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Amin GhavamiNejad
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Mahla Poudineh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Moonla C, Reynoso M, Casanova A, Chang AY, Djassemi O, Balaje A, Abbas A, Li Z, Mahato K, Wang J. Continuous Ketone Monitoring via Wearable Microneedle Patch Platform. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1004-1013. [PMID: 38300831 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Ketone bodies (KBs), especially β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), have gained tremendous attention as potential biomarkers as their presence in bodily fluids is closely associated with health and wellness. While a variety of blood fingerstick test strips are available for self-testing of BHB, there are major needs for wearable devices capable of continuously tracking changing BHB concentrations. To address these needs, we present here the first demonstration of a wearable microneedle-based continuous ketone monitoring (CKM) in human interstitial fluid (ISF) and illustrate its ability to closely follow the intake of ketone drinks. To ensure highly stable and selective continuous detection of ISF BHB, the new enzymatic microneedle BHB sensor relies on a gold-coated platinum working electrode modified with a reagent layer containing toluidine blue O (TBO) redox mediator, β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) enzyme, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) cofactor, along with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), chitosan (Chit), and a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) outer protective layer. The skin-worn microneedle sensing device operates with a miniaturized electrochemical analyzer connected wirelessly to a mobile electronic device for capturing, processing, and displaying the data. Cytotoxicity and skin penetration studies indicate the absence of potential harmful effects. A pilot study involving multiple human subjects evaluated continuous BHB monitoring in human ISF, against gold standard BHB meter measurements, revealing the close correlation between the two methods. Such microneedle-based CKM offers considerable promise for dynamic BHB tracking toward the management of diabetic ketoacidosis and personal nutrition and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chochanon Moonla
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Maria Reynoso
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ana Casanova
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - An-Yi Chang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Omeed Djassemi
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Aishwarya Balaje
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amal Abbas
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhengxing Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kuldeep Mahato
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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