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Escolà-Gascón Á. Our brains sense the future through a new quantum-like implicit learning mechanismOur brains sense the future. Brain Res Bull 2024:111048. [PMID: 39128676 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imagine if our brains could unconsciously predict future events. This study explores this concept, presenting evidence for an inherent 'foreseeing' ability, termed anomalous cognition (AC). We introduce a new experimentally verifiable approach to explain anomalous information anticipation (AIA), a type of AC, based on an innovative, quantum-like model of implicit learning, grounded in Nonlocal Plasticity Theory (NPT). METHODS Our research involved 203 participants using methods such as continuous flash suppression, random dot motion, and advanced 3D EEG neuroimaging, along with IBM quantum random event generators for precise measurements across 144 trials. These trials tested contingencies between undetectable sensory stimuli and dot movements, focusing on participants' prediction abilities. The design conditions were strictly experimental, violating fundamental classical learning principles, particularly reflex conditioning. If these principles were immutable, their violation would prevent any systematic behavioral changes, resulting in random responses. This violation was implemented through two quantum physics concepts: the mathematical principle of nonlocality and entanglement. RESULTS Despite the sensory stimulus being inaccessible, our results showed a significant prediction between the contingencies and an increase in AIA accuracy, with explained variances between 25 and 48%. EEG findings supported this, showing a positive link between brain activity in specific regions and AIA success. Electrochemical activations were detected in the posterior occipital cortex, the intraparietal sulcus, and the medial temporal gyri. AIA hits exceeded the threshold value corresponding to one standard deviation above the expected mean, showing moderate effect sizes in the experimental group (Cohen's d = 0.461). Analyzing the learning curve using the derivation technique, we identified the acceleration point of the wave function, indicating systematic implicit learning. This result showed that from repetition 63 onwards, AIA hits increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that, despite violating fundamental classical learning principles, cognitive processes produced changes in participants' responses susceptible to neuromodulation, considering quantum physics principles of nonlocality and entanglement (both present in NPT). We discuss (a) why the priming effect does not explain the significant results; (b) the potential discovery of a new form of quantum-like implicit learning, which could scientifically resolve phenomena associated with anomalous cognitions (e.g., AIA or extraocular vision); and (c) future research directions, including potential applications and clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álex Escolà-Gascón
- Department of Quantitative Methods and Statistics, Comillas Pontifical University, established by the Holy See, Vatican City State.
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Sadrzadeh-Afsharazar F, Douplik A. A Phosphenotron Device for Sensoric Spatial Resolution of Phosphenes within the Visual Field Using Non-Invasive Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2512. [PMID: 38676129 PMCID: PMC11053939 DOI: 10.3390/s24082512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This study presents phosphenotron, a device for enhancing the sensory spatial resolution of phosphenes in the visual field (VF). The phosphenotron employs a non-invasive transcranial alternating current stimulation (NITACS) to modulate brain activity by applying weak electrical currents to the scalp or face. NITACS's unique application induces phosphenes, a phenomenon where light is perceived without external stimuli. Unlike previous invasive methods, NITACS offers a non-invasive approach to create these effects. The study focused on assessing the spatial resolution of NITACS-induced phosphenes, crucial for advancements in visual aid technology and neuroscience. Eight participants were subjected to NITACS using a novel electrode arrangement around the eye orbits. Results showed that NITACS could generate spatially defined phosphene patterns in the VF, varying among individuals but consistently appearing within their VF and remaining stable through multiple stimulations. The study established optimal parameters for vibrant phosphene induction without discomfort and identified electrode positions that altered phosphene locations within different VF regions. Receiver Operating characteristics analysis indicated a specificity of 70.7%, sensitivity of 73.9%, and a control trial accuracy of 98.4%. These findings suggest that NITACS is a promising, reliable method for non-invasive visual perception modulation through phosphene generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Sadrzadeh-Afsharazar
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;
| | - Alexandre Douplik
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing (LKS) Knowledge Institute, St. Michael Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
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Narici L. Light flashes and other sensory illusions perceived in space travel and on ground, including proton and heavy ion therapies. Z Med Phys 2024; 34:44-63. [PMID: 37455230 PMCID: PMC10919968 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Most of the astronauts experience visual illusions, apparent flashes of light (LF) in absence of light. The first reported observation of this phenomenon was in July 1969 by Buzz Aldrin, in the debriefing following the Apollo 11 mission. Several ground-based experiments in the 1970s tried to clarify the mechanisms behind these light flashes and to evaluate possible related risks. These works were supported by dedicated experiments in space on the following Apollo flights and in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). It was soon demonstrated that the LF could be caused by charged particles (present in the space radiation) traveling through the eye, and, possibly, some other visual cortical areas. In the 1990s the interest in these phenomena increased again and additional experiments in Low Earth Orbit and others ground-based were started. Recently patients undergoing proton and heavy ion therapy for eye or head and neck tumors have reported the perception of light flashes, opening a new channel to investigate these phenomena. In this paper the many LF studies will be reviewed, presenting an historical and scientific perspective consistent with the combined set of observations, offering a single comprehensive summary aimed to provide further insights on these phenomena. While the light flashes appear not to be a risk by themselves, they might provide information on the amount of radiation induced radicals in the astronauts' eyes. Understanding their generation mechanisms might also support radiation countermeasures development. However, even given the substantial progress outlined in this paper, many questions related to their generation are still under debate, so additional studies are suggested. Finally, it is also conceivable that further LF investigations could provide evidence about the possible interaction of single particles in space with brain function, impacting with the crew ability to optimally perform a mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Narici
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata & INFN Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Italian Space Agency (ASI), Rome, Italy.
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Goudarzy F, Zolgharnein J, Alizadeh V. Modified Eu3+ doped Y2O3 Nanoparticles as Turn-on Fluorescence Sensor for Sensitive Determination of Methamphetamine. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822060053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Arone A, Ivaldi T, Loganovsky K, Palermo S, Parra E, Flamini W, Marazziti D. The Burden of Space Exploration on the Mental Health of Astronauts: A Narrative Review. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2021; 18:237-246. [PMID: 34984067 PMCID: PMC8696290 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Space travel, a topic of global interest, has always been a fascinating matter, as its potential appears to be infinite. The development of advanced technologies has made it possible to achieve objectives previously considered dreams and to widen more and more the limits that the human species can overcome. The dangers that astronauts may face are not minimal, and the impacts on physical and mental health may be significant. Specifically, symptoms of emotional dysregulation, cognitive dysfunction, disruption of sleep-wake rhythms, visual phenomena and significant changes in body weight, along with morphological brain changes, are some of the most frequently reported occurrences during space missions. Given the renewed interest and investment on space explorations, the aim of this paper was thus to summarize the evidence of the currently available literature, and to offer an overview of the factors that might impair the psychological well-being and mental health of astronauts. To achieve the goal of this paper, the authors accessed some of the main databases of scientific literature and collected evidence from articles that successfully fulfilled the purpose of this work. The results of this review demonstrated how the psychological and psychiatric problems occurring during space missions are manifold and related to a multiplicity of variables, thus requiring further attention from the scientific community as new challenges lie ahead, and prevention of mental health of space travelers should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tea Ivaldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Konstantin Loganovsky
- Department of Radiation Psychoneurology, Institute for Clinical Radiology, State Institution “National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”
| | - Stefania Palermo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Parra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Walter Flamini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Unicamillus—Saint Camillus International University of Medical and Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy
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Akkina SR, Saurey TG, Middleton NA, Mattson NR, Brummet S, Phillips JO, Chambers CB, Moe KS, Mudumbai RC. Factors Associated with Ocular Injury in Orbital Fracture Patients: Who Requires Urgent Ophthalmic Evaluation? Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2021. [PMID: 34569815 DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2021.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance: Create validated criteria to identify orbital fracture patients at higher risk for significant ocular injuries. Objective: Determine history and physical examination findings in orbital fracture patients who are associated with ocular injury and warrant urgent assessment by an ophthalmologist. Design, Setting, and Participants: Retrospective chart review of 535 adult orbital fracture patients evaluated at a Level I emergency department between 2014 and 2017, without prior history of orbital fracture, ocular injury, or ocular/orbital surgery. Main Outcomes and Measure: Presence of ocular injury. Results: In total, 195 (36%) patients had an ocular injury. Those with and without ocular injury were compared in a multivariate logistic regression model including demographics, fracture characteristics, injury mechanism, and physical examination findings. Visual acuity change, radiographic retrobulbar hemorrhage, abnormal pupillary reaction, and inability to open the injured eye all had significant associations with ocular injury when other findings were controlled. Conclusion: This study shows a significant association between ocular injury and visual acuity change, retrobulbar hemorrhage, abnormal pupillary reaction, and inability to open the injured eye. These factors can help triage when to obtain an urgent ophthalmology consult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Akkina
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tate G Saurey
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Nicole R Mattson
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shaye Brummet
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James O Phillips
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Kris S Moe
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raghu C Mudumbai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Tendler II, Hartford A, Jermyn M, LaRochelle E, Cao X, Borza V, Alexander D, Bruza P, Hoopes J, Moodie K, Marr BP, Williams BB, Pogue BW, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA. Experimentally Observed Cherenkov Light Generation in the Eye During Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 106:422-429. [PMID: 31669563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients have reported sensations of seeing light flashes during radiation therapy, even with their eyes closed. These observations have been attributed to either direct excitation of retinal pigments or generation of Cherenkov light inside the eye. Both in vivo human and ex vivo animal eye imaging was used to confirm light intensity and spectra to determine its origin and overall observability. METHODS AND MATERIALS A time-gated and intensified camera was used to capture light exiting the eye of a patient undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery in real time, thereby verifying the detectability of light through the pupil. These data were compared with follow-up mechanistic imaging of ex vivo animal eyes with thin radiation beams to evaluate emission spectra and signal intensity variation with anatomic depth. Angular dependency of light emission from the eye was also measured. RESULTS Patient imaging showed that light generation in the eye during radiation therapy can be captured with a signal-to-noise ratio of 68. Irradiation of ex vivo eye samples confirmed that the spectrum matched that of Cherenkov emission and that signal intensity was largely homogeneous throughout the entire eye, from the cornea to the retina, with a slight maximum near 10 mm depth. Observation of the signal external to the eye was possible through the pupil from 0° to 90°, with a detected emission near 2500 photons per millisecond (during peak emission of the ON cycle of the pulsed delivery), which is over 2 orders of magnitude higher than the visible detection threshold. CONCLUSIONS By quantifying the spectra and magnitude of the signal, we now have direct experimental observations that Cherenkov light is generated in the eye during radiation therapy and can contribute to perceived light flashes. Furthermore, this technique can be used to further study and measure phosphenes in the radiation therapy clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin I Tendler
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Alan Hartford
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Ethan LaRochelle
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Victor Borza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Daniel Alexander
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jack Hoopes
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Karen Moodie
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Brian P Marr
- Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
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White OB, Clough M, McKendrick AM, Fielding J. Visual Snow: Visual Misperception. J Neuroophthalmol 2018; 38:514-521. [DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mathis T, Hofverberg P, Caujolle JP, Hérault J, Leal C, Maschi C, Delaunay B, Baillif S, Kodjikian L, Thariat J. Occurrence of Phosphenes in Patients Undergoing Proton Beam Therapy for Ocular Tumor. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 192:31-38. [PMID: 29753854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phosphenes are frequently reported by patients irradiated in the head and neck area. The aim of the present study was to characterize and investigate potential mechanisms of proton beam therapy (PBT)-induced phosphenes in a large population of patients undergoing PBT for ocular tumors. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Consecutive patients who underwent PBT in a single center were included. Immediately after the first session, all patients completed a questionnaire collecting information about the presence of phosphenes as well as their color, shape, and duration. Patient, tumor and treatment characteristics (dose volume histograms) were also collected. RESULTS Among the 474 patients included, 62.8% reported phosphenes during the first session of PBT. Reported colors were mainly blue-violet (70.5%) and white (14.1%). The prevalence of phosphenes was higher in younger patients (P = .003); other patient or ocular characteristics were not associated with the occurrence of phosphenes. Irradiation of the macula (P < .001) and/or optic disc (P < .001) were significantly associated with the presence of phosphenes, whereas blue-violet color was only associated with young age and irradiation of macular area (P = .04). Pupillary constriction was reported for 57.1% of patients with phosphenes vs 18.5% of patients without (P < .001). Blue-violet phosphenes (P < .001) and irradiation of macula (P = .001) were statistically associated with pupillary constriction. CONCLUSIONS The present study reported a high rate of phosphenes in patients irradiated by PBT for ocular tumor. Their blue-violet color and their association with a pupillary constriction probably indicates the stimulation of S-cones and retinal ganglion cells that reflects the activation of the afferent visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Mathis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; UMR-CNRS 5510 Matéis, Villeurbane, France.
| | - Petter Hofverberg
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Proton Therapy Center, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | | | - Joël Hérault
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Proton Therapy Center, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Cécilia Leal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pasteur II Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Celia Maschi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pasteur II Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Benoit Delaunay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Laurent Kodjikian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; UMR-CNRS 5510 Matéis, Villeurbane, France
| | - Juliette Thariat
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Centre François Baclesse - ARCHADE, Unicaen - Normandie University, Caen, France
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Giraldo Herrera CE. Shamanic Microscopy: Cellular Souls, Microbial Spirits. ANTHROPOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/anoc.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Császár N, Scholkmann F, Salari V, Szőke H, Bókkon I. Phosphene perception is due to the ultra-weak photon emission produced in various parts of the visual system: glutamate in the focus. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:291-9. [PMID: 26544101 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphenes are experienced sensations of light, when there is no light causing them. The physiological processes underlying this phenomenon are still not well understood. Previously, we proposed a novel biopsychophysical approach concerning the cause of phosphenes based on the assumption that cellular endogenous ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) is the biophysical cause leading to the sensation of phosphenes. Briefly summarized, the visual sensation of light (phosphenes) is likely to be due to the inherent perception of UPE of cells in the visual system. If the intensity of spontaneous or induced photon emission of cells in the visual system exceeds a distinct threshold, it is hypothesized that it can become a conscious light sensation. Discussing several new and previous experiments, we point out that the UPE theory of phosphenes should be really considered as a scientifically appropriate and provable mechanism to explain the physiological basis of phosphenes. In the present paper, we also present our idea that some experiments may support that the cortical phosphene lights are due to the glutamate-related excess UPE in the occipital cortex.
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Salari V, Scholkmann F, Vimal RLP, Császár N, Aslani M, Bókkon I. Phosphenes, retinal discrete dark noise, negative afterimages and retinogeniculate projections: A new explanatory framework based on endogenous ocular luminescence. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:101-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mathis T, Vignot S, Leal C, Caujolle JP, Maschi C, Mauget-Faÿsse M, Kodjikian L, Baillif S, Herault J, Thariat J. Mechanisms of phosphenes in irradiated patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64579-64590. [PMID: 28969095 PMCID: PMC5610027 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomalous visual perceptions have been reported in various diseases of the retina and visual pathways or can be experienced under specific conditions in healthy individuals. Phosphenes are perceptions of light in the absence of ambient light, occurring independently of the physiological and classical photonic stimulation of the retina. They are a frequent symptom in patients irradiated in the region of the central nervous system (CNS), head and neck and the eyes. Phosphenes have historically been attributed to complex physical phenomena such as Cherenkov radiation. While phosphenes are related to Cherenkov radiation under high energy photon/electron irradiation conditions, physical phenomena are unlikely to be responsible for light flashes at energies used for ocular proton therapy. Phosphenes may involve a direct role for ocular photoreceptors and possible interactions between cones and rods. Other mechanisms involving the retinal ganglion cells or ultraweak biophoton emission and rhodopsin bleaching after exposure to free radicals are also likely to be involved. Despite their frequency as shown in our preliminary observations, phosphenes have been underreported probably because their mechanism and impact are poorly understood. Recently, phosphenes have been used to restore the vision and whether they might predict vision loss after therapeutic irradiation is a current field of investigation. We have reviewed and also investigated here the mechanisms related to the occurrence of phosphenes in irradiated patients and especially in patients irradiated by proton therapy for ocular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Mathis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Stephane Vignot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jean Godinot Institute, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Cecila Leal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pasteur II Hospital, 06000 Nice, France
| | | | - Celia Maschi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pasteur II Hospital, 06000 Nice, France
| | | | - Laurent Kodjikian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Baillif
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pasteur II Hospital, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Joel Herault
- Proton Therapy Center, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Juliette Thariat
- Proton Therapy Center, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France.,Department of Radiation Therapy, Centre Francois Baclesse, ARCHADE, 14000 Caen, France
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Salari V, Rahnama M, Tuszynski JA. Dissipationless Transfer of Visual Information From Retina to the Primary Visual Cortex in the Human Brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03379582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, the experiments on photosynthetic systems via “femto-second laser spectroscopy” methods have indicated that a “quantum-coherence” in the system causes a highly efficient transfer of energy to the “reaction center” (efficiency is approximately equal to 100%). A recent experiment on a single neuron has indicated that it can conduct light. Also, a re-emission of light from both photosynthetic systems and single neurons has been observed, which is called “delayed luminescence”. This can be supposed as a possibility for dissipationless transfer of visual information to the human brain. In addition, a long-range Fröhlich coherence in microtubules can be a candidate for efficient transfer of light through “noisy” and complex structures of the human brain. From an informational point of view it is a legitimate question to ask how human brain can receive subtle external quantum information of photons intact when photons are in a quantum superposition and pass through very noisy and complex pathways from the eye to the brain? Here, we propose a coherent model in which quantum states of photons can be rebuilt in the human brain.
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Theoretical Implications on Visual (Color) Representation and Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03379594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The rich concentration of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs in the V1 (striate) primate visual cortex has never been explained. Although the distribution of CO blobs provided a persuasive example of columnar structure in the V1, there are contradictions about the existence of hypercolumns. Since photoreceptors and other retinal cells process and convey basically external visible photonic signals, it suggests that one of the most important tasks of early visual areas is to represent these external visible color photonic signals during visual perception. This representation may occur essentially in CO-rich blobs of the V1. Here we suggest that the representation of external visible photon signals (i.e. visual representation) can be the most energetic allocation process in the brain, which is reasonably performed by the highest density neuron al V1 areas and mitochondrial-rich cytochrome oxidases. It is also raised that the functional unit for phosphene induction can be linked to small clusters of Co —rich blobs in V1. We present some implications about distinction between the physics of visible photons/ light and its subjective experiences. We also discuss that amodal and modal visual completions are possible due to the visual perception induced visualization when the brain tries to interpret the unseen parts of objects or represent features of perceived objects that are not actually visible. It is raised that continuously produced intrinsic bioluminescent photons from retinal lipid peroxidation may have functional role in initial development of retinogeniculate pathways as well as initial appearance topographic organizations of V1 before birth. Finally, the metaphysical framework is the extended version of dual-aspect monism (DAMv) that has the least number of problems compared to all other frameworks and hence it is better than the materialism that is currently dominant in science.
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Kapócs G, Scholkmann F, Salari V, Császár N, Szőke H, Bókkon I. Possible role of biochemiluminescent photons for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-induced phosphenes and visual hallucinations. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:77-86. [PMID: 27732562 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractToday, there is an increased interest in research on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) because it may offer new opportunities in psychotherapy under controlled settings. The more we know about how a drug works in the brain, the more opportunities there will be to exploit it in medicine. Here, based on our previously published papers and investigations, we suggest that LSD-induced visual hallucinations/phosphenes may be due to the transient enhancement of bioluminescent photons in the early retinotopic visual system in blind as well as healthy people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Kapócs
- 1Social Home for Psychiatric Patients, H-9970, Szentgotthard, Hungary
- 2Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- 3Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- 4Research Office for Complex Physical and Biological Systems (ROCoS), CH-8038 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vahid Salari
- 5Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
- 6School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran 19395-5531, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Noémi Császár
- 7Psychoszomatic OutPatient Department, H-1037, Budapest, Hungary
- 8Gaspar Karoly University Psychological Institute, H-1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henrik Szőke
- 9Doctors School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Bókkon
- 7Psychoszomatic OutPatient Department, H-1037, Budapest, Hungary
- 10Vision Research Institute, Neuroscience and Consciousness Research Department, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
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Brown GC, Brown MM, Fischer DH. Photopsias: A Key to Diagnosis. Ophthalmology 2015; 122:2084-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Salari V, Valian H, Bassereh H, Bókkon I, Barkhordari A. Ultraweak photon emission in the brain. J Integr Neurosci 2015; 14:419-29. [PMID: 26336891 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635215300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the low-frequency electromagnetic body-processes measurable through the electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), etc. there are processes that do not need external excitation, emitting light within or close to the visible spectra. Such ultraweak photon emission (UPE), also named biophoton emission, reflects the cellular (and body) oxidative status. Recently, a growing body of evidence shows that UPE may play an important role in the basic functioning of living cells. Moreover, interesting evidences are beginning to emerge that UPE may well play an important role in neuronal functions. In fact, biophotons are byproducts in cellular metabolism and produce false signals (e.g., retinal discrete dark noise) but on the other side neurons contain many light sensitive molecules that makes it hard to imagine how they might not be influenced by UPE, and thus UPE may carry informational contents. Here, we investigate UPE in the brain from different points of view such as experimental evidences, theoretical modeling, and physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Salari
- 1 Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.,2 School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran 19395-5531, Iran
| | - H Valian
- 3 Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - H Bassereh
- 3 Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - I Bókkon
- 4 Psychoszomatic OutPatient Department of the National Center for Spinal Disorders, Hungary.,5 Vision Research Institute, 25 Rita St, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - A Barkhordari
- 6 Department of Physics, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Mahan, Kerman, Iran
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Carozzo S, Ball SL, Narici L, Schardt D, Sannita WG. Interaction of (12)C ions with the mouse retinal response to light. Neurosci Lett 2015; 598:36-40. [PMID: 25956035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Astronauts in orbit reported phosphenes varying in shape and orientation across the visual field; incidence was correlated with the radiation flux. Patients with skull tumors treated by (12)C ions and volunteers whose posterior portion of the eye was exposed to highly ionizing particles in early studies reported comparable percepts. An origin in radiation activating the visual system is suggested. Bursts (∼ 4 ms) of (12)C ions evoked electrophysiological mass responses comparable to those to light in the retina of anesthetized wild-type mice at threshold flux intensities consistent with the incidence observed in humans. The retinal response amplitude increased in mice with ion intensity to a maximum at ∼ 2000 ions/burst, to decline at higher intensities; the inverted-U relationship suggests complex effects on retinal structures. Here, we show that bursts of (12)C ions presented simultaneously to white light stimuli reduced the presynaptic mass response to light in the mouse retina, while increasing the postsynaptic retinal and cortical responses amplitude and the phase-locking to stimulus of cortical low frequency and gamma (∼ 25-45 Hz) responses. These findings suggest (12)C ions to interfere with, rather than mimicking the light action on photoreceptors; a parallel action on other retinal structures/mechanisms resulting in cortical activation is conceivable. Electrophysiological visual testing appears applicable to monitor the radiation effects and in designing countermeasures to prevent functional visual impairment during operations in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Carozzo
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University, Genova, Italy
| | - Sherry L Ball
- Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Livio Narici
- Department of Physics, University Tor Vergata, and INFN, Roma2, Roma, Italy
| | - Dieter Schardt
- Biophysik, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, FRG Germany
| | - Walter G Sannita
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University, Genova, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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20
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Wilhelm-Buchstab T, Buchstab BM, Leitzen C, Garbe S, Müdder T, Oberste-Beulmann S, Sprinkart AM, Simon B, Nelles M, Block W, Schoroth F, Schild HH, Schüller H. Extraretinal induced visual sensations during IMRT of the brain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123440. [PMID: 25875609 PMCID: PMC4398354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We observed visual sensations (VSs) in patients undergoing intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) of the brain without the beam passing through ocular structures. We analyzed this phenomenon especially with regards to reproducibility, and origin. Methods and Findings Analyzed were ten consecutive patients (aged 41-71 years) with glioblastoma multiforme who received pulsed IMRT (total dose 60Gy) with helical tomotherapy (TT). A megavolt—CT (MVCT) was performed daily before treatment. VSs were reported and recorded using a triggered event recorder. The frequency of VSs was calculated and VSs were correlated with beam direction and couch position. Subjective patient perception was plotted on an 8x8 visual field (VF) matrix. Distance to the orbital roof (OR) from the first beam causing a VS was calculated from the Dicom radiation therapy data and MVCT data. During 175 treatment sessions (average 17.5 per patient) 5959 VSs were recorded and analyzed. VSs occurred only during the treatment session not during the MVCTs. Plotting events over time revealed patient-specific patterns. The average cranio-caudad extension of VS-inducing area was 63.4mm (range 43.24-92.1mm). The maximum distance between the first VS and the OR was 56.1mm so that direct interaction with the retina is unlikely. Data on subjective visual perception showed that VSs occurred mainly in the upper right and left quadrants of the VF. Within the visual pathways the highest probability for origin of VSs was seen in the optic chiasm and the optic tract (22%). Conclusions There is clear evidence that interaction of photon irradiation with neuronal structures distant from the eye can lead to VSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Wilhelm-Buchstab
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Barbara Myrthe Buchstab
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Christina Leitzen
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Stephan Garbe
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Thomas Müdder
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Susanne Oberste-Beulmann
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Alois Martin Sprinkart
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Birgit Simon
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Michael Nelles
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Block
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Felix Schoroth
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Hans Heinz Schild
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Heinrich Schüller
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Radiooncology, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland, Germany
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fMRI of retina-originated phosphenes experienced by patients with Leber congenital amaurosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86068. [PMID: 24465873 PMCID: PMC3897613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A phenomenon characterized by the experience of seeing light without any light actually entering the eye is called phosphenes or photopsias. Phosphenes can occur spontaneously or via induction by external stimuli. Previous reports regarding phosphenes have primarily focused on externally induced phosphenes such as by applying alternating or direct current to the cortex. A few of these reports used functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) to study activations induced by cortical phosphenes. However, there are no fMRI reports on spontaneous phosphenes originating from the retina and the resulting pattern of cortical activations. We performed fMRI during a reversing checkerboard paradigm in three LCA patients who underwent unilateral gene therapy and reported experiencing frequent phosphene on a daily basis. We observed bilateral cortical activation covering the entire visual cortices when patients reported experiencing phosphenes. In contrast, in the absence of phosphenes, activation was regulated by patient's visual ability and demonstrated improved cortical activation due to gene therapy. These fMRI results illustrate the potential impact of phosphene perception on visual function and they may explain some of the variability that clinicians find in visual function testing in retinal degeneration. Although we did not perform correlations between visual function and phosphenes, we hope data presented here raises awareness of this phenomenon and its potential effect on visual function and the implications for clinical testing. We recommend a thorough history for phosphene experiences be taken in patients with retinal disease who are candidates for gene or molecular therapy. Lastly, these data illustrate the potential power of fMRI as an outcome measure of gene therapy and the negative impact phosphenes may have on vision testing. fMRI has proven to be a sensitive, non-invasive, and reproducible test paradigm for these purposes and can complement standard visual function testing.
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Tang R, Dai J. Biophoton signal transmission and processing in the brain. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 139:71-5. [PMID: 24461927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transmission and processing of neural information in the nervous system plays a key role in neural functions. It is well accepted that neural communication is mediated by bioelectricity and chemical molecules via the processes called bioelectrical and chemical transmission, respectively. Indeed, the traditional theories seem to give valuable explanations for the basic functions of the nervous system, but difficult to construct general accepted concepts or principles to provide reasonable explanations of higher brain functions and mental activities, such as perception, learning and memory, emotion and consciousness. Therefore, many unanswered questions and debates over the neural encoding and mechanisms of neuronal networks remain. Cell to cell communication by biophotons, also called ultra-weak photon emissions, has been demonstrated in several plants, bacteria and certain animal cells. Recently, both experimental evidence and theoretical speculation have suggested that biophotons may play a potential role in neural signal transmission and processing, contributing to the understanding of the high functions of nervous system. In this paper, we review the relevant experimental findings and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of biophoton signal transmission and processing in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendong Tang
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
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23
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Bókkon I, Mallick BN, Tuszynski JA. Near death experiences: a multidisciplinary hypothesis. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:533. [PMID: 24062655 PMCID: PMC3769617 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we proposed a novel biophysical concept regarding on the appearance of brilliant lights during near death experiences (NDEs) (Bókkon and Salari, 2012). Specifically, perceiving brilliant light in NDEs has been proposed to arise due to the reperfusion that produces unregulated overproduction of free radicals and energetically excited molecules that can generate a transient enhancement of bioluminescent biophotons in different areas of the brain, including retinotopic visual areas. If this excess of bioluminescent photon emission exceeds a threshold in retinotopic visual areas, this can appear as (phosphene) lights because the brain interprets these intrinsic retinotopic bioluminescent photons as if they originated from the external physical world. Here, we review relevant literature that reported experimental studies (Imaizumi et al., 1984; Suzuki et al., 1985) that essentially support our previously published conception, i.e., that seeing lights in NDEs may be due to the transient enhancement of bioluminescent biophotons. Next, we briefly describe our biophysical visual representation model that may explain brilliant lights experienced during NDEs (by phosphenes as biophotons) and REM sleep associated dream-like intrinsic visual imageries through biophotons in NDEs. Finally, we link our biophysical visual representation notion to self-consciousness that may involve extremely low-energy quantum entanglements. This article is intended to introduce novel concepts for discussion and does not pretend to give the ultimate explanation for the currently unanswerable questions about matter, life and soul; their creation and their interrelationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Bókkon
- Neuroscience Department, Vision Research Institute Lowell, MA, USA
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24
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Narici L, Paci M, Brunetti V, Rinaldi A, Sannita WG, Carozzo S, Demartino A. Bovine rod rhodopsin: 2. Bleaching in vitro upon 12C ions irradiation as source of effects as light flash for patients and for humans in space. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:765-9. [PMID: 23638692 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.800245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a previous paper, we showed that chemiluminescence from radical recombination (initiated by lipid peroxidation and propagated by polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA]) has a bleaching effect comparable to that caused by light on the rhodopsin of retinal rod outer segment (RdOS) prepared from bovine eyes. Photons generated by radical recombination were suggested to be the origin of phosphenes perceived as light flashes by the human eye. Irradiation with (12)C carbon ions was used in this study to stimulate radical production, propagation and recombination leading to photoluminescence. MATERIALS AND METHODS (12)C radiation bleached RdOS rhodopsin, but structural damage increasing with the radiation dose was also observed. For this reason, only the effects on rhodopsin at doses producing next to negligible biodamage and permitting regeneration have been considered as bleaching effects. RESULTS (12)C irradiation bleached RdOS rhodopsin, but increasing structural damage with radiation dose was also observed. For the measure of bleaching and to reveal dose response effects on rhodopsin that were able to be regenerated only results from doses producing nearly negligible biodamage have been considered. CONCLUSIONS Recombination of radicals appears responsible for the release of photons with subsequent bleaching of rhodopsin. This effect could have an important role in the generation of the anomalous visual effects (phosphenes) experienced by patients during hadrotherapy or by astronauts in space.
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25
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Tehovnik EJ, Slocum WM. Electrical induction of vision. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:803-18. [PMID: 23535445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We assess what monkeys see during electrical stimulation of primary visual cortex (area V1) and relate the findings to visual percepts evoked electrically from human V1. Discussed are: (1) the electrical, cytoarchitectonic, and visuo-behavioural factors that affect the ability of monkeys to detect currents in V1; (2) the methods used to ascertain what monkeys see when electrical stimulation is delivered to V1; (3) a corticofugal mechanism for the induction of visual percepts; and (4) the quantity of information transferred to V1 by electrical stimulation. Experiments are proposed that should advance our understanding of how electrical stimulation affects macaque and human V1. This work contributes to the development of a cortical visual prosthesis for the blind. We dedicate this work to the late Robert W. Doty.
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Bókkon I, Salari V. Hypothesis about brilliant lights by bioluminescent photons in near death experiences. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:47-9. [PMID: 22543076 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In near death experiences (NDEs), seeing a brilliant light may arise in the recovery period following cardiac arrest, but the subjects can think that these experiences had happened during the actual period itself. Here we hypothesize a biophysical explanation about the encounter with a brilliant light in NDEs. Accordingly, meeting brilliant light in NDEs is due to the reperfusion that induces unregulated overproduction of free radicals and excited biomolecules among them in numerous parts in the visual system. Unregulated free radicals and excited species can produce a transient increase of bioluminescent photons in different areas of the visual system. If this excess of bioluminescent photon emission exceeds a threshold, they can appear as (phosphene) lights in our mind. In other words, seeing a brilliant light in NDEs may due to bioluminescent photons simultaneously generated in the recovery phase of numerous areas of the visual system and the brain interprets these intrinsic bioluminescent photons as if they were originated from the external visual world. Although our biophysical explanation about brilliant light phenomenon in NDEs can be promising, we do not reject further potential notions.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Bókkon
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Semmelweis University, Hungary; Vision Research Institute, 25 Rita Street, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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Bókkon I, Salari V, Tuszynski JA. Emergence of intrinsic representations of images by feedforward and feedback processes and bioluminescent photons in early retinotopic areas. J Integr Neurosci 2012; 10:47-64. [PMID: 21425482 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635211002610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we put forward a redox molecular hypothesis involving the natural biophysical substrate of visual perception and imagery. Here, we explicitly propose that the feedback and feedforward iterative operation processes can be interpreted in terms of a homunculus looking at the biophysical picture in our brain during visual imagery. We further propose that the brain can use both picture-like and language-like representation processes. In our interpretation, visualization (imagery) is a special kind of representation i.e., visual imagery requires a peculiar inherent biophysical (picture-like) mechanism. We also conjecture that the evolution of higher levels of complexity made the biophysical picture representation of the external visual world possible by controlled redox and bioluminescent nonlinear (iterative) biochemical reactions in the V1 and V2 areas during visual imagery. Our proposal deals only with the primary level of visual representation (i.e. perceived "scene").
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bókkon
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Semmelweis University, Hungary.
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28
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Salari V, Tuszynski J, Bokkon I, Rahnama M, Cifra M. On the Photonic Cellular Interaction and the Electric Activity of Neurons in the Human Brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/329/1/012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bókkon I, Vimal RLP, Wang C, Dai J, Salari V, Grass F, Antal I. Visible light induced ocular delayed bioluminescence as a possible origin of negative afterimage. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 103:192-9. [PMID: 21463953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The delayed luminescence of biological tissues is an ultraweak reemission of absorbed photons after exposure to external monochromatic or white light illumination. Recently, Wang, Bókkon, Dai and Antal (2011) [10] presented the first experimental proof of the existence of spontaneous ultraweak biophoton emission and visible light induced delayed ultraweak photon emission from in vitro freshly isolated rat's whole eye, lens, vitreous humor and retina. Here, we suggest that the photobiophysical source of negative afterimage can also occur within the eye by delayed bioluminescent photons. In other words, when we stare at a colored (or white) image for few seconds, external photons can induce excited electronic states within different parts of the eye that is followed by a delayed reemission of absorbed photons for several seconds. Finally, these reemitted photons can be absorbed by non-bleached photoreceptors that produce a negative afterimage. Although this suggests the photobiophysical source of negative afterimages is related retinal mechanisms, cortical neurons have also essential contribution in the interpretation and modulation of negative afterimages.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bókkon
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Wang C, Bókkon I, Dai J, Antal I. Spontaneous and visible light-induced ultraweak photon emission from rat eyes. Brain Res 2011; 1369:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Estimation of the number of biophotons involved in the visual perception of a single-object image: biophoton intensity can be considerably higher inside cells than outside. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 100:160-6. [PMID: 20584615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have proposed a redox molecular hypothesis about the natural biophysical substrate of visual perception and imagery [1,6]. Namely, the retina transforms external photon signals into electrical signals that are carried to the V1 (striatecortex). Then, V1 retinotopic electrical signals (spike-related electrical signals along classical axonal-dendritic pathways) can be converted into regulated ultraweak bioluminescent photons (biophotons) through redox processes within retinotopic visual neurons that make it possible to create intrinsic biophysical pictures during visual perception and imagery. However, the consensus opinion is to consider biophotons as by-products of cellular metabolism. This paper argues that biophotons are not by-products, other than originating from regulated cellular radical/redox processes. It also shows that the biophoton intensity can be considerably higher inside cells than outside. Our simple calculations, within a level of accuracy, suggest that the real biophoton intensity in retinotopic neurons may be sufficient for creating intrinsic biophysical picture representation of a single-object image during visual perception.
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Picture representation during REM dreams: a redox molecular hypothesis. Biosystems 2010; 100:79-86. [PMID: 20132862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel molecular hypothesis about visual perception and imagery has recently been proposed (Bókkon, 2009; BioSystems). Namely, external electromagnetic visible photons are converted into electrical signals in the retina and are then conveyed to V1. Next, these retinotopic electrical signals (spike-related electrical signals along classical axonal-dendritic pathways) can be converted into synchronized bioluminescent biophoton signals (inside the neurons) by neurocellular radical reactions (redox processes) in retinotopically organized V1 mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-rich visual areas. The bioluminescent photonic signals (inside the neurons) generated by neurocellular redox/radical reactions in synchronized V1 neurons make it possible to produce computational biophysical pictures during visual perception and imagery. Our hypothesis is in line with the functional roles of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in living cells and states that this is not a random process, but rather a strict mechanism used in signaling pathways. Here, we suggest that intrinsic biophysical pictures can also emerge during REM dreams.
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Sun Y, Wang C, Dai J. Biophotons as neural communication signals demonstrated by in situ biophoton autography. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:315-22. [PMID: 20221457 DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00125e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell to cell communication by biophotons has been demonstrated in plants, bacteria, animal neutrophil granulocytes and kidney cells. Whether such signal communication exists in neural cells is unclear. By developing a new biophoton detection method, called in situ biophoton autography (IBA), we have investigated biophotonic activities in rat spinal nerve roots in vitro. We found that different spectral light stimulation (infrared, red, yellow, blue, green and white) at one end of the spinal sensory or motor nerve roots resulted in a significant increase in the biophotonic activity at the other end. Such effects could be significantly inhibited by procaine (a regional anaesthetic for neural conduction block) or classic metabolic inhibitors, suggesting that light stimulation can generate biophotons that conduct along the neural fibers, probably as neural communication signals. The mechanism of biophotonic conduction along neural fibers may be mediated by protein-protein biophotonic interactions. This study may provide a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of neural communication, the functions of the nervous system, such as vision, learning and memory, as well as the mechanisms of human neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Minyuan Road 708, Wuhan 430074, China
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Bókkon I, Vimal RLP. Retinal phosphenes and discrete dark noises in rods: A new biophysical framework. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 96:255-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bókkon I. Visual perception and imagery: A new molecular hypothesis. Biosystems 2009; 96:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bókkon I, D’Angiulli A. Emergence and transmission of visual awareness through optical coding in the brain: A redox molecular hypothesis on visual mental imagery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bihy.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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