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Hufnagel M, Schoch S, Wall J, Strauch BM, Hartwig A. Toxicity and Gene Expression Profiling of Copper- and Titanium-Based Nanoparticles Using Air-Liquid Interface Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1237-1249. [PMID: 32285662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To assess the toxicity of nanomaterials, most in vitro studies have been performed under submerged conditions, which do not reflect physiological conditions upon inhalation. An air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure may provide more reliable data on dosimetry and prevent interactions with cell culture media components. Therefore, an ALI exposure was combined with a high-throughput RT-qPCR approach to evaluate the toxicological potential of CuO and TiO2 nanoparticles (NP) in A549 cells. While TiO2 NP did not show any cytotoxicity or other effects compromising genomic stability up to 25.8 μg/cm2, CuO NP revealed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity, starting at 4.9 μg/cm2. Furthermore, CuO NP altered distinct gene expression patterns indicative for disturbed metal homeostasis, stress response, and DNA damage induction. Thus, induction of metal homeostasis associated genes (MT1X, MT2A) at 0.4 μg/cm2 and higher suggested uptake and intracellular dissolution of CuO NP, which was verified by a dose-dependent increase in intracellular copper concentration. Starting at 4.9 μg/cm2, oxidative stress markers (HMOX1, HSPA1A) were induced dose-dependently, supported by elevated ROS levels. Furthermore, a dose-dependent induction of genes associated with DNA damage response (DDIT3, GADD45A) was observed, in concordance with an increase in DNA strand breaks. Finally, transcriptional data suggested the induction of apoptosis at high doses, while flow cytometric analysis revealed increased numbers of either late apoptotic or necrotic cells and clearly necrotic cells at the highest concentrations. Thus, an ALI cell culture system was successfully combined with a comprehensive high-throughput RT-qPCR system, allowing the quantification of NP deposition and their impact on genomic stability. For CuO NP, in principle the data confirm observations made under submerged conditions with respect to intracellular copper ion release, as well as oxidative and genotoxic stress response. However, the results derived from ALI exposure allow the assessment of dose-response-relationships as well as the comparison of relative toxic potencies of different NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hufnagel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Schoch
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johanna Wall
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bettina Maria Strauch
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Grandjean JM, Plate L, Morimoto RI, Bollong MJ, Powers ET, Wiseman RL. Deconvoluting Stress-Responsive Proteostasis Signaling Pathways for Pharmacologic Activation Using Targeted RNA Sequencing. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:784-795. [PMID: 30821953 PMCID: PMC6474822 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cellular proteostasis is maintained by stress-responsive signaling pathways such as the heat shock response (HSR), the oxidative stress response (OSR), and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Activation of these pathways results in the transcriptional upregulation of select subsets of stress-responsive genes that restore proteostasis and adapt cellular physiology to promote recovery following various types of acute insult. The capacity for these pathways to regulate cellular proteostasis makes them attractive therapeutic targets for correcting proteostasis defects associated with diverse diseases. High-throughput screening (HTS) using cell-based reporter assays is highly effective for identifying putative activators of stress-responsive signaling pathways. However, the development of these compounds is hampered by the lack of medium-throughput assays to define compound potency and selectivity for a given pathway. Here, we describe a targeted RNA sequencing (RNAseq) assay that allows cost-effective, medium-throughput screening of stress-responsive signaling pathway activation. We demonstrate that this assay allows deconvolution of stress-responsive signaling activated by chemical genetic or pharmacologic agents. Furthermore, we use this assay to define the selectivity of putative OSR and HSR activating compounds previously identified by HTS. Our results demonstrate the potential for integrating this adaptable targeted RNAseq assay into screening programs focused on developing pharmacologic activators of stress-responsive signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M.D. Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard I. Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michael J. Bollong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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3
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Guimera AM, Shanley DP, Proctor CJ. Modelling the role of redox-related mechanisms in musculoskeletal ageing. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 132:11-18. [PMID: 30219703 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The decline in the musculoskeletal system with age is driven at the cellular level by random molecular damage. Cells possess mechanisms to repair or remove damage and many of the pathways involved in this response are regulated by redox signals. However, with ageing there is an increase in oxidative stress which can lead to chronic inflammation and disruption of redox signalling pathways. The complexity of the processes involved has led to the use of computational modelling to help increase our understanding of the system, test hypotheses and make testable predictions. This paper will give a brief background of the biological systems that have been modelled, an introduction to computational modelling, a review of models that involve redox-related mechanisms that are applicable to musculoskeletal ageing, and finally a discussion of the future potential for modelling in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Martinez Guimera
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Daryl P Shanley
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Carole J Proctor
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
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Patinen T, Adinolfi S, Cortés CC, Härkönen J, Jawahar Deen A, Levonen AL. Regulation of stress signaling pathways by protein lipoxidation. Redox Biol 2019; 23:101114. [PMID: 30709792 PMCID: PMC6859545 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids gives rise to reactive species that covalently modify nucleophilic residues within redox sensitive protein sensors in a process called lipoxidation. This triggers adaptive signaling pathways that ultimately lead to increased resistance to stress. In this graphical review, we will provide an overview of pathways affected by protein lipoxidation and the key signaling proteins being altered, focusing on the KEAP1-NRF2 and heat shock response pathways. We review the mechanisms by which lipid peroxidation products can serve as second messengers and evoke cellular responses via covalent modification of key sensors of altered cellular environment, ultimately leading to adaptation to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Patinen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FIN-70211, Finland
| | - Simone Adinolfi
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FIN-70211, Finland
| | - Carlos Cruz Cortés
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FIN-70211, Finland; Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City MX-07360, Mexico
| | - Jouni Härkönen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FIN-70211, Finland
| | - Ashik Jawahar Deen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FIN-70211, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FIN-70211, Finland.
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Zarcone MC, Duistermaat E, Alblas MJ, van Schadewijk A, Ninaber DK, Clarijs V, Moerman MM, Vaessen D, Hiemstra PS, Kooter IM. Effect of diesel exhaust generated by a city bus engine on stress responses and innate immunity in primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:221-231. [PMID: 29408669 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Harmful effects of diesel emissions can be investigated via exposures of human epithelial cells, but most of previous studies have largely focused on the use of diesel particles or emission sources that are poorly representative of engines used in current traffic. We studied the cellular response of primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) at the air-liquid interface (ALI) to the exposure to whole diesel exhaust (DE) generated by a Euro V bus engine, followed by treatment with UV-inactivated non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) bacteria to mimic microbial exposure. The effect of prolonged exposures was investigated, as well as the difference in the responses of cells from COPD and control donors and the effect of emissions generated during a cold start. HMOX1 and NQO1 expression was transiently induced after DE exposure. DE inhibited the NTHi-induced expression of human beta-defensin-2 (DEFB4A) and of the chaperone HSPA5/BiP. In contrast, expression of the stress-induced PPP1R15A/GADD34 and the chemokine CXCL8 was increased in cells exposed to DE and NTHi. HMOX1 induction was significant in both COPD and controls, while inhibition of DEFB4A expression by DE was significant only in COPD cells. No significant differences were observed when comparing cellular responses to cold engine start and prewarmed engine emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Zarcone
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - M J Alblas
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - A van Schadewijk
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - D K Ninaber
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - V Clarijs
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - M M Moerman
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - D Vaessen
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - P S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - I M Kooter
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Liao S, Qu Z, Li L, Zhou B, Gao M, Huang M, Li D. HSF4 transcriptional regulates HMOX-1 expression in HLECs. Gene 2018; 655:30-34. [PMID: 29454088 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The major causes for cataract formation are free radicals, which are neutralized by the endogenous antioxidants. However, how the human lens clean these harmful free radicals is still unclear. Transcriptional factor heat shock factor 4 (HSF4) is a cataract-causing gene and plays important roles during lens development. Here we show that HMOX-1, an anti-oxidase, is a bona fide transcriptional target gene of HSF4 in HLECs (human lens epithelial cells). HSF4 directly binds to the HSE element in HMOX-1 promoter to mediate its mRNA transcription and protein accumulation. The HSE element located at the region of -389 bp to -362 bp upstream from the TSS (transcription start site), which is critical for HMOX-1 transcriptional activation. Furthermore, knockdown of HSF4 by siRNA inhibited HMOX-1 expression. Thus, these data revealed a novel transcription target of HSF4 and provided new insights into anti-oxidation regulation in lens and age-related cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Liao
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Tumor, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, PR China; Huangshi Maternity and Children's Health Hospital, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Linqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Tumor, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, PR China
| | - Benwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Tumor, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, PR China
| | - Meng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Mi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Tumor, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, PR China; Huangshi Maternity and Children's Health Hospital, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, China.
| | - Duanzhuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Tumor, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, PR China; Huangshi Maternity and Children's Health Hospital, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, China; The Fourth Hospital of Huangshi, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, PR China.
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7
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Culbreth M, Zhang Z, Aschner M. Methylmercury augments Nrf2 activity by downregulation of the Src family kinase Fyn. Neurotoxicology 2017; 62:200-206. [PMID: 28736149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent developmental neurotoxicant that induces an oxidative stress response in the brain. It has been demonstrated that MeHg exposure increases nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that translocates to the nucleus in response to oxidative stress, and upregulates phase II detoxifying enzymes. Although, Nrf2 activity is augmented subsequent to MeHg exposure, it has yet to be established whether Nrf2 moves into the nucleus as a result. Furthermore, the potential effect MeHg might have on the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, Fyn, has not been addressed. Fyn phosphorylates Nrf2 in the nucleus, resulting in its inactivation, and consequent downregulation of the oxidative stress response. Here, we observe Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus subsequent to MeHg-induced oxidative stress. This response is concomitant with reduced Fyn expression and nuclear localization. Moreover, we detected an increase in phosphorylated Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) at activating and inhibitory sites, respectively. Akt phosphorylates and inhibits GSK-3β, which subsequently prevents Fyn phosphorylation to signal nuclear import. Our results demonstrate MeHg downregulates Fyn to maintain Nrf2 activity, and further illuminate a potential mechanism by which MeHg elicits neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Culbreth
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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Bynum JA, Wang X, Stavchansky SA, Bowman PD. Time Course Expression Analysis of 1[2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl]imidazole Induction of Cytoprotection in Human Endothelial Cells. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:1177625017701106. [PMID: 28469413 PMCID: PMC5398299 DOI: 10.1177/1177625017701106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1[2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl]imidazole (CDDO-Im), a synthetic derivative of oleanolic acid that exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in several animal and in vitro models, has been shown to be beneficial if given after injury. Although induction of heme oxygenase 1 appears to be a major effector of cytoprotection, the mechanism by which the overall effect is mediated is largely unknown. This study evaluated temporal gene expression profiles to better characterize the early transcriptional events and their relationship to the dynamics of the cytoprotective response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to CDDO-Im. Time-course gene expression profiling was performed on HUVEC treated with CDDO-Im for 0.5, 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours. More than 10 000 genes were statistically altered in their expression in at least 1 time point across the time course. Large alterations in immediate-early gene expression were readily detectable within 0.5 hour after administration of CDDO-Im.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bynum
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine-Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, USA
| | - Salomon A Stavchansky
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Wang M, Zhu K, Zhang L, Li L, Zhao J. Thioredoxin 1 protects astrocytes from oxidative stress by maintaining peroxiredoxin activity. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2864-70. [PMID: 26846911 PMCID: PMC4768962 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury caused by oxidative stress. While Trx1 is known to maintain the anti-oxidant activity of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prdxs), the underlying mechanisms of its protective effects have remained to be elucidated, which was the aim of the present study. For this, an in vitro ischemic model of hypoxemia lasting for 4 h, followed by 24 h of reperfusion was used. Primary astrocytes from neonatal rats were pre-treated with small interfering RNA targeting Trx1 prior to oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). MTS and lactate dehydrogenase assays were performed to evaluate cell viability. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis were employed to assess the mRNA and protein expression levels of Prdx1-4 and Prdx-SO3. Furthermore, a dual luciferase reporter assay was used to assess the interaction between activator protein-1 (AP-1) and Trx1. The present study demonstrated that OGD/R decreased the cell viability and increased cellular damage, which was more marked following Trx1 knockdown. The expression of Prdx1-4 and Prdx-SO3 protein was higher in the cells subjected to OGD/R. Knockdown of Trx1 markedly decreased the levels of Prdx1-4 but increased Prdx-SO3 mRNA and protein levels. The results of the present study also suggested that AP-1 directly activated the expression of Trx1. The present study demonstrated that Trx1 exerts its neuroprotective effects by preventing oxidative stress in astrocytes via maintaining Prdx expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Kunting Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Luyu Zhang
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Tan E, Kinoshita S, Suzuki Y, Ineno T, Tamaki K, Kera A, Muto K, Yada T, Kitamura S, Asakawa S, Watabe S. Different gene expression profiles between normal and thermally selected strains of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as revealed by comprehensive transcriptome analysis. Gene 2016; 576:637-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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