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Hung CY, Zhu C, Kittur FS, He M, Arning E, Zhang J, Johnson AJ, Jawa GS, Thomas MD, Ding TT, Xie J. A plant-based mutant huntingtin model-driven discovery of impaired expression of GTPCH and DHFR. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:553. [PMID: 36251090 PMCID: PMC9576654 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiology associated with Huntington's disease (HD) has been studied extensively in various cell and animal models since the 1993 discovery of the mutant huntingtin (mHtt) with abnormally expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts as the causative factor. However, the sequence of early pathophysiological events leading to HD still remains elusive. To gain new insights into the early polyQ-induced pathogenic events, we expressed Htt exon1 (Httex1) with a normal (21), or an extended (42 or 63) number of polyQ in tobacco plants. Here, we show that transgenic plants accumulated Httex1 proteins with corresponding polyQ tracts, and mHttex1 induced protein aggregation and affected plant growth, especially root and root hair development, in a polyQ length-dependent manner. Quantitative proteomic analysis of young roots from severely affected Httex1Q63 and unaffected Httex1Q21 plants showed that the most reduced protein by polyQ63 is a GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) along with many of its related one-carbon (C1) metabolic pathway enzymes. GTPCH is a key enzyme involved in folate biosynthesis in plants and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) biosynthesis in mammals. Validating studies in 4-week-old R6/2 HD mice expressing a mHttex1 showed reduced levels of GTPCH and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, a key folate utilization/alternate BH4 biosynthesis enzyme), and impaired C1 and BH4 metabolism. Our findings from mHttex1 plants and mice reveal impaired expressions of GTPCH and DHFR and may contribute to a better understanding of mHtt-altered C1 and BH4 metabolism, and their roles in the pathogenesis of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Yueh Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Chuanshu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.,College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Farooqahmed S Kittur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Maotao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.,Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Erland Arning
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Dallas, TX, 75204, USA
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Asia J Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Gurpreet S Jawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.,DePuy Synthes Companies of Johnson & Johnson, West Chester, PA, 19380, USA
| | - Michelle D Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.,University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tomas T Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
| | - Jiahua Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
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Ramachandran P, J BJ, Maupin-Furlow JA, Uthandi S. Bacterial effectors mimicking ubiquitin-proteasome pathway tweak plant immunity. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126810. [PMID: 34246833 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria evade the host plant immune system by secreting Type III (T3E) and Type IV effector (T4E) proteins into the plant cytoplasm. Mostly T3Es are secreted into the plant cells to establish pathogenicity by affecting the vital plant process viz. metabolic pathways, signal transduction and hormonal regulation. Ubiquitin-26S proteasome system (UPS) exists as one of the important pathways in plants to control plant immunity and various cellular processes by employing several enzymes and enzyme components. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria are found to secrete effectors into plants with structural and/or functional similarity to UPS pathway components like ubiquitin E3 ligases, F-box domains, cysteine proteases, inhibitor of host UPS or its components, etc. The bacterial effectors mimic UPS components and target plant resistance proteins for degradation by proteasomes, thereby taking control over the host cellular activities as a strategy to exert virulence. Thus, the bacterial effectors circumvent plant cellular pathways leading to infection and disease development. This review highlights known bacterial T3E and T4E proteins that function and interfere with the ubiquitination pathway to regulate the immune system of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshini Ramachandran
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Beslin Joshi J
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sharma K, Goss EM, Dickstein ER, Smith ME, Johnson JA, Southwick FS, van Bruggen AHC. Exserohilum rostratum: characterization of a cross-kingdom pathogen of plants and humans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108691. [PMID: 25285444 PMCID: PMC4186819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen host shifts represent a major source of new infectious diseases. There are several examples of cross-genus host jumps that have caused catastrophic epidemics in animal and plant species worldwide. Cross-kingdom jumps are rare, and are often associated with nosocomial infections. Here we provide an example of human-mediated cross-kingdom jumping of Exserohilum rostratum isolated from a patient who had received a corticosteroid injection and died of fungal meningitis in a Florida hospital in 2012. The clinical isolate of E. rostratum was compared with two plant pathogenic isolates of E. rostratum and an isolate of the closely related genus Bipolaris in terms of morphology, phylogeny, and pathogenicity on one C3 grass, Gulf annual rye grass (Lolium multiflorum), and two C4 grasses, Japanese stilt grass (Microstegium vimineum) and bahia grass (Paspalum notatum). Colony growth and color, as well as conidia shape and size were the same for the clinical and plant isolates of E. rostratum, while these characteristics differed slightly for the Bipolaris sp. isolate. The plant pathogenic and clinical isolates of E. rostratum were indistinguishable based on morphology and ITS and 28S rDNA sequence analysis. The clinical isolate was as pathogenic to all grass species tested as the plant pathogenic strains that were originally isolated from plant hosts. The clinical isolate induced more severe symptoms on stilt grass than on rye grass, while this was the reverse for the plant isolates of E. rostratum. The phylogenetic similarity between the clinical and plant-associated E. rostratum isolates and the ability of the clinical isolate to infect plants suggests that a plant pathogenic strain of E. rostratum contaminated the corticosteroid injection fluid and was able to cause systemic disease in the affected patient. This is the first proof that a clinical isolate of E. rostratum is also an effective plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Erica M. Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogen Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ellen R. Dickstein
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Judith A. Johnson
- Emerging Pathogen Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Frederick S. Southwick
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ariena H. C. van Bruggen
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogen Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Vidau C, Panek J, Texier C, Biron DG, Belzunces LP, Le Gall M, Broussard C, Delbac F, El Alaoui H. Differential proteomic analysis of midguts from Nosema ceranae-infected honeybees reveals manipulation of key host functions. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 121:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Üstün Ş, Müller P, Palmisano R, Hensel M, Börnke F. SseF, a type III effector protein from the mammalian pathogen Salmonella enterica, requires resistance-gene-mediated signalling to activate cell death in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:1046-1060. [PMID: 22471508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Type III effector proteins (T3Es) of many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria manipulate highly conserved cellular processes, indicating conservation in virulence mechanisms during the infection of hosts of divergent evolutionary origin. In order to identify conserved effector functions, we used a cross-kingdom approach in which we expressed selected T3Es from the mammalian pathogen Salmonella enterica in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana and searched for possible virulence or avirulence phenotypes. We show that the T3E SseF of S. enterica triggers hypersensitive response (HR)-like symptoms, a hallmark of effector-triggered immunity in plants, either when transiently expressed in leaves of N. benthamiana by Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration or when delivered by Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria (Xcv) through the type III secretion system. The ability of SseF to elicit HR-like symptoms was lost upon silencing of suppressor of G2 allele of skp1 (SGT1), indicating that the S. enterica T3E is probably recognized by an R protein in N. benthamiana. Xcv translocating an AvrRpt2-SseF fusion protein was restricted in multiplication within leaves of N. benthamiana. Bacterial growth was not impaired but symptom development was rather accelerated in a compatible interaction with susceptible pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. We conclude that the S. enterica T3E SseF is probably recognized by the plant immune system in N. benthamiana, resulting in effector-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şuayib Üstün
- Department Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Petra Müller
- Infektionsbiologische Abteilung im Mikrobiologischen Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Wasserturmstr. 3-5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Palmisano
- Department Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Infektionsbiologische Abteilung im Mikrobiologischen Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Wasserturmstr. 3-5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frederik Börnke
- Department Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Karioti A, Sokovic M, Ciric A, Koukoulitsa C, Bilia AR, Skaltsa H. Antimicrobial properties of Quercus ilex L. proanthocyanidin dimers and simple phenolics: evaluation of their synergistic activity with conventional antimicrobials and prediction of their pharmacokinetic profile. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:6412-6422. [PMID: 21563833 DOI: 10.1021/jf2011535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial and antifungal activities of an ample number of phenolic compounds isolated from Quercus ilex leaves, belonging to the classes of flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids, are discussed. The isolation of A type proanthocyanidin, (+)-epigallocatechin-(2β→O→7, 4β→8)-(+)-catechin is reported for the first time. Its structure was established by means of highfield NMR (correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear single quantum correlation, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, and rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy) and MS spectral analyses, while its absolute configuration was determined by circular dichroism measurements. The isolated compounds were tested for their antimicrobial effects against eight human bacterial species and 14 fungal species. In a second step, the most potent compounds were tested in combination with the conventional fungicides, bifonazole and ketoconazole, to evaluate possible synergistic effects. Results showed that proanthocyanidins 3 and 4 when combined with bifonazole and ketoconazole increase the activity of both of these conventional fungicides. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic profile of the isolated compounds was investigated using computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Karioti
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Zhang Y, Hu Y, Yang B, Ma F, Lu P, Li L, Wan C, Rayner S, Chen S. Duckweed (Lemna minor) as a model plant system for the study of human microbial pathogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13527. [PMID: 21049039 PMCID: PMC2963604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant infection models provide certain advantages over animal models in the study of pathogenesis. However, current plant models face some limitations, e.g., plant and pathogen cannot co-culture in a contained environment. Development of such a plant model is needed to better illustrate host-pathogen interactions. Methodology/Principal Findings We describe a novel model plant system for the study of human pathogenic bacterial infection on a large scale. This system was initiated by co-cultivation of axenic duckweed (Lemna minor) plants with pathogenic bacteria in 24-well polystyrene cell culture plate. Pathogenesis of bacteria to duckweed was demonstrated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus as two model pathogens. P. aeruginosa PAO1 caused severe detriment to duckweed as judged from inhibition to frond multiplication and chlorophyll formation. Using a GFP-marked PAO1 strain, we demonstrated that bacteria colonized on both fronds and roots and formed biofilms. Virulence of PAO1 to duckweed was attenuated in its quorum sensing (QS) mutants and in recombinant strains overexpressing the QS quenching enzymes. RN4220, a virulent strain of S. aureus, caused severe toxicity to duckweed while an avirulent strain showed little effect. Using this system for antimicrobial chemical selection, green tea polyphenols exhibited inhibitory activity against S. aureus virulence. This system was further confirmed to be effective as a pathogenesis model using a number of pathogenic bacterial species. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrate that duckweed can be used as a fast, inexpensive and reproducible model plant system for the study of host-pathogen interactions, could serve as an alternative choice for the study of some virulence factors, and could also potentially be used in large-scale screening for the discovery of antimicrobial chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lamei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simon Rayner
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Lin YH, Gao R, Binns AN, Lynn DG. Capturing the VirA/VirG TCS of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 631:161-77. [PMID: 18792688 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78885-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCS) regulate pathogenic commitment in many interactions and provide an opportunity for unique therapeutic intervention. The VirA/VirG TCS of Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediates inter-kingdom gene transfer in the development of host tumors and sets in motion the events that underlie the great success of this multi-host plant pathogen. Significant proof for the feasibility of interventions has now emerged with the discovery of a natural product that effectively "blinds" the pathogen to the host via inhibition of VirA/VirG signal transduction. Moreover, the emerging studies on the mechanism of signal perception have revealed general sites suitable for intervention of TCS signaling. Given the extensive functional homology, it should now be possible to transfer the models discovered for VirA/VirG broadly to other pathogenic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Lin
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Molecular Evolution, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Huffaker A, Pearce G, Ryan CA. An endogenous peptide signal in Arabidopsis activates components of the innate immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10098-103. [PMID: 16785434 PMCID: PMC1502512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603727103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is initiated in animals and plants through the recognition of a variety of pathogen-associated molecules that in animals are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns and in plants are called elicitors. Some plant pathogen-derived elicitors have been identified as peptides, but peptide elicitors derived from the plant itself that activate defensive genes against pathogens have not been previously identified. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a 23-aa peptide from Arabidopsis, called AtPep1, which activates transcription of the defensive gene defensin (PDF1.2) and activates the synthesis of H(2)O(2), both being components of the innate immune response. The peptide is derived from a 92-aa precursor encoded within a small gene that is inducible by wounding, methyl jasmonate, and ethylene. Constitutive expression of the AtPep1 precursor gene PROPEP1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants causes a constitutive transcription of PDF1.2. When grown in soil, the transgenic plants exhibited an increased root development compared with WT plants and an enhanced resistance toward the root pathogen Pythium irregulare. Six paralogs of PROPEP1 are present in Arabidopsis, and orthologs have been identified in species of several agriculturally important plant families, where they are of interest for their possible use in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Huffaker
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340
| | - Gregory Pearce
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340
| | - Clarence A. Ryan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340
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Albrecht M, Takken FLW. Update on the domain architectures of NLRs and R proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 339:459-62. [PMID: 16271351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Albrecht
- Department of Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Stuhlsatzenhausweg 85, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Keon J, Rudd JJ, Antoniw J, Skinner W, Hargreaves J, Hammond-Kosack K. Metabolic and stress adaptation by Mycosphaerella graminicola during sporulation in its host revealed through microarray transcription profiling. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2005; 6:527-40. [PMID: 20565677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Pathogenic microbes must successfully adapt to the host environment, acquiring nutrients and tolerating immune/defence responses. Studies on host-pathogen interactions at the transcriptome level have predominantly investigated host responses. Here we present a broad-scale transcriptional analysis on a fungal pathogen during sporulation within its host environment. Septoria leaf blotch is an important fungal disease of cultivated wheat and is caused by the ascomycete fungus Septoria tritici (teleomorph Mycosphaerella graminicola). A cDNA microarray containing 2563 unigenes was generated and then used to compare fungal nutrition and development in vitro under nutrient-rich and nutrient-limiting conditions and in vivo at a late stage of plant infection. The data obtained provided clear insights into metabolic adaptation in all three conditions and an elevated stress adaptation/tolerance specifically in the host environment. We conclude that asexual sporulation of M. graminicola during the late stage of plant infection occurs in a rich nutritional environment involving adaptation to stresses imposed in part by the presence of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Keon
- Wheat Pathogenesis Programme, Plant-Pathogen Interactions Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, UK
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12
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Biron DG, Moura H, Marché L, Hughes AL, Thomas F. Towards a new conceptual approach to ‘parasitoproteomics’. Trends Parasitol 2005; 21:162-8. [PMID: 15780837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many parasitologists are betting heavily on proteomic studies to explain biochemical host-parasite interactions and, thus, to contribute to disease control. However, many "parasitoproteomic" studies are performed with powerful techniques but without a conceptual approach to determine whether the host genomic responses during a parasite infection represent a nonspecific response that might be induced by any parasite or any other stress. In this article, a new conceptual approach, based on evolutionary concepts of immune responses of a host to a parasite, is suggested for parasitologists to study the host proteome reaction after parasite invasion. Also, this new conceptual approach can be used to study other host-parasite interactions such as behavioral manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Biron
- GEMI, UMR CNRS, IRD 2724, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Pallen MJ, Beatson SA, Bailey CM. Bioinformatics, genomics and evolution of non-flagellar type-III secretion systems: a Darwinian perpective. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2005; 29:201-29. [PMID: 15808742 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the biology of non-flagellar type-III secretion systems from a Darwinian perspective, highlighting the themes of evolution, conservation, variation and decay. The presence of these systems in environmental organisms such as Myxococcus, Desulfovibrio and Verrucomicrobium hints at roles beyond virulence. We review newly discovered sequence homologies (e.g., YopN/TyeA and SepL). We discuss synapomorphies that might be useful in formulating a taxonomy of type-III secretion. The problem of information overload is likely to be ameliorated by launch of a web site devoted to the comparative biology of type-III secretion ().
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Pallen
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK.
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