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Nagwani AK, Melosik I, Kaczmarek Ł, Kmita H. Recovery from anhydrobiosis in the tardigrade Paramacrobiotus experimentalis: Better to be young than old and in a group than alone. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26807. [PMID: 38434295 PMCID: PMC10907786 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Desiccation-tolerant organisms can survive dehydration in a state of anhydrobiosis. Tardigrades can recover from anhydrobiosis at any life stage and are considered among the toughest animals on Earth. However, the factors that influence recovery from anhydrobiosis are not well understood. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of sex, age, the presence of other individuals and the combination of the number and duration of anhydrobiosis episodes on the recovery of Paramacrobiotus experimentalis. The activity of 1200 individuals for up to 48 h after rehydration was evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Age was the main factor influencing return to activity, followed by the combination of number and duration of anhydrobiosis episodes, influence of the presence of other individuals, and sex. More individuals returned to activity after repeated short than repeated long anhydrobiosis episodes and older individuals were less likely to recover than younger individuals. In addition, when compared to single animals, the presence of other individuals resulted in higher number of active animals after dehydration and rehydration. The effect of sex was significant, but there was no general tendency for one sex to recover from anhydrobiosis better than the other one. The results contribute to a better understanding of the anhydrobiosis ability of Paramacrobiotus experimentalis and provide background for full explanation of molecular, cellular and environmental mechanisms of anhydrobiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Nagwani
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | - Iwona Melosik
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Kmita
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
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2
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Wilanowska PA, Rzymski P, Kaczmarek Ł. Long-Term Survivability of Tardigrade Paramacrobiotus experimentalis (Eutardigrada) at Increased Magnesium Perchlorate Levels: Implications for Astrobiological Research. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:335. [PMID: 38541660 PMCID: PMC10971682 DOI: 10.3390/life14030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Perchlorate salts, including magnesium perchlorate, are highly toxic compounds that occur on Mars at levels far surpassing those on Earth and pose a significant challenge to the survival of life on this planet. Tardigrades are commonly known for their extraordinary resistance to extreme environmental conditions and are considered model organisms for space and astrobiological research. However, their long-term tolerance to perchlorate salts has not been the subject of any previous studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess whether the tardigrade species Paramacrobiotus experimentalis can survive and grow in an environment contaminated with high levels of magnesium perchlorates (0.25-1.0%, 1.5-6.0 mM ClO4- ions). The survival rate of tardigrades decreased with an increase in the concentration of the perchlorate solutions and varied from 83.3% (0.10% concentration) to 20.8% (0.25% concentration) over the course of 56 days of exposure. Tardigrades exposed to 0.15-0.25% magnesium perchlorate revealed significantly decreased body length. Our study indicates that tardigrades can survive and grow in relatively high concentrations of magnesium perchlorates, largely exceeding perchlorate levels observed naturally on Earth, indicating their potential use in Martian experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Anna Wilanowska
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
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3
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Ujaoney AK, Anaganti N, Padwal MK, Basu B. Tracing the serendipitous genesis of radiation resistance. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:142-151. [PMID: 38082498 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Free-living organisms frequently encounter unfavorable abiotic environmental factors. Those who adapt and cope with sudden changes in the external environment survive. Desiccation is one of the most common and frequently encountered stresses in nature. On the contrary, ionizing radiations are limited to high local concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive materials and related anthropogenic activities. Yet, resistance to high doses of ionizing radiation is evident across the tree of life. The evolution of desiccation resistance has been linked to the evolution of ionizing radiation resistance, although, evidence to support the idea that the evolution of desiccation tolerance is a necessary precursor to ionizing radiation resistance is lacking. Moreover, the presence of radioresistance in hyperthermophiles suggests multiple paths lead to radiation resistance. In this minireview, we focus on the molecular aspects of damage dynamics and damage response pathways comprising protective and restorative functions with a definitive survival advantage, to explore the serendipitous genesis of ionizing radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Kumar Ujaoney
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Narasimha Anaganti
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar Padwal
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Bhakti Basu
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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4
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Dey MK, Devireddy RV. Adult Stem Cells Freezing Processes and Cryopreservation Protocols. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2783:53-89. [PMID: 38478226 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3762-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The development of simple but effective storage protocols for adult stem cells will greatly enhance their use and utility in tissue-engineering applications. Cryopreservation has shown the most promise but is a fairly complex process, necessitating the use of chemicals called cryoprotective agents (CPAs), freezing equipment, and obviously, storage in liquid nitrogen. The purpose of this chapter is to present a general overview of cryopreservation storage techniques and the optimal protocols/results obtained in our laboratory for long-term storage of adult stem cells using freezing storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Kumar Dey
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Ram V Devireddy
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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5
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Ye C, Guo J, Zhou XQ, Chen DG, Liu J, Peng X, Jaremko M, Jaremko Ł, Guo T, Liu CG, Chen K. The Dsup coordinates grain development and abiotic stress in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 205:108184. [PMID: 37977025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is a serious threat to all living organisms and may be induced by environmental stressors. Previous studies have revealed that the tardigrade (Ramazzotius varieornatus) DNA damage suppressor protein Dsup has protective effects in human cells and tobacco. However, whether Dsup provides radiation damage protection more widely in crops is unclear. To explore the effects of Dsup in other crops, stable Dsup overexpression lines through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation were generated and their agronomic traits were deeply investigated. In this study, the overexpression of Dsup not only enhanced the DNA damage resistance at the seeds and seedlings stages, they also exhibited grain size enlargement and starch granule structure and cell size alteration by the scanning electron microscopy observation. Notably, the RNA-seq revealed that the Dsup plants increased radiation-related and abiotic stress-related gene expression in comparison to wild types, suggesting that Dsup is capable to coordinate normal growth and abiotic stress resistance in rice. Immunoprecipitation enrichment with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (IP-LC-MS) assays uncovered 21 proteins preferably interacting with Dsup in plants, suggesting that Dsup binds to transcription and translation related proteins to regulate the homeostasis between DNA protection and plant development. In conclusion, our data provide a detailed agronomic analysis of Dsup plants and potential mechanisms of Dsup function in crops. Our findings provide novel insights for the breeding of crop radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Ye
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genetic and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genetic and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xin-Qiao Zhou
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genetic and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Da-Gang Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genetic and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genetic and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genetic and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Łukasz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chuan-Guang Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genetic and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Ke Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genetic and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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6
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Kasianchuk N, Rzymski P, Kaczmarek Ł. The biomedical potential of tardigrade proteins: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114063. [PMID: 36495665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades are ubiquitous microinvertebrates exhibiting extreme tolerance to various environmental stressors like low and high temperatures, lack of water, or high radiation. Although exact pathways behind the tardigrade extremotolerance are yet to be elucidated, some molecules involved have been identified. Their evidenced properties may lead to novel opportunities in biomedical and pharmacological development. This review aims to present the general characteristics of tardigrade intrinsically disordered proteins (TDPs: Dsup, CAHS, SAHS, MAHS) and late embryogenesis-abundant proteins (LEA) and provide an updated overview of their features and relevance for potential use in biomedicine and pharmacology. The Dsup reveals a promising action in attenuating oxidative stress, DNA damage, and pyrimidine dimerization, as well as increasing radiotolerance in transfected human cells. Whether Dsup can perform these functions when delivered externally is yet to be understood by in vivo preclinical testing. In turn, CAHS and SAHS demonstrate properties that could benefit the preservation of pharmaceuticals (e.g., vaccines) and biomaterials (e.g., cells). Selected CAHS proteins can also serve as inspiration for designing novel anti-apoptotic agents. The LEA proteins also reveal promising properties to preserve desiccated biomaterials and can act as anti-osmotic agents. In summary, tardigrade molecules reveal several potential biomedical applications advocating further research and development. The challenge of extracting larger amounts of these molecules can be solved with genetic engineering and synthetic biology tools. With new species identified each year and ongoing studies on their extremotolerance, progress in the medical use of tardigrade proteins is expected shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiia Kasianchuk
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland; Faculty of Pharmacy, Bogomolets Nationals Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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7
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Poprawa I, Bartylak T, Kulpla A, Erdmann W, Roszkowska M, Chajec Ł, Kaczmarek Ł, Karachitos A, Kmita H. Verification of Hypsibius exemplaris Gąsiorek et al., 2018 (Eutardigrada; Hypsibiidae) application in anhydrobiosis research. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261485. [PMID: 35303010 PMCID: PMC8932574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhydrobiosis is considered to be an adaptation of important applicative implications because it enables resistance to the lack of water. The phenomenon is still not well understood at molecular level. Thus, a good model invertebrate species for the research is required. The best known anhydrobiotic invertebrates are tardigrades (Tardigrada), considered to be toughest animals in the world. Hypsibius. exemplaris is one of the best studied tardigrade species, with its name "exemplaris" referring to the widespread use of the species as a laboratory model for various types of research. However, available data suggest that anhydrobiotic capability of the species may be overestimated. Therefore, we determined anhydrobiosis survival by Hys. exemplaris specimens using three different anhydrobiosis protocols. We also checked ultrastructure of storage cells within formed dormant structures (tuns) that has not been studied yet for Hys. exemplaris. These cells are known to support energetic requirements of anhydrobiosis. The obtained results indicate that Hys. exemplaris appears not to be a good model species for anhydrobiosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Poprawa
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bartylak
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kulpla
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Poznań, Poland
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Poznań, Poland
| | - Weronika Erdmann
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Poznań, Poland
| | - Milena Roszkowska
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Chajec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andonis Karachitos
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Kmita
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Poznań, Poland
- * E-mail:
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8
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Malki A, Teulon J, Camacho‐Zarco AR, Chen SW, Adamski W, Maurin D, Salvi N, Pellequer J, Blackledge M. Intrinsically Disordered Tardigrade Proteins Self‐Assemble into Fibrous Gels in Response to Environmental Stress. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anas Malki
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA Institut de Biologie Structurale Grenoble France
| | - Jean‐Marie Teulon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA Institut de Biologie Structurale Grenoble France
| | | | - Shu‐wen W. Chen
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Department of Biochemical Science and Technology National (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Wiktor Adamski
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA Institut de Biologie Structurale Grenoble France
| | - Damien Maurin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA Institut de Biologie Structurale Grenoble France
| | - Nicola Salvi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA Institut de Biologie Structurale Grenoble France
| | - Jean‐Luc Pellequer
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA Institut de Biologie Structurale Grenoble France
| | - Martin Blackledge
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA Institut de Biologie Structurale Grenoble France
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9
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Malki A, Teulon JM, Camacho-Zarco AR, Chen SWW, Adamski W, Maurin D, Salvi N, Pellequer JL, Blackledge M. Intrinsically Disordered Tardigrade Proteins Self-Assemble into Fibrous Gels in Response to Environmental Stress. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202109961. [PMID: 34750927 PMCID: PMC9299615 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tardigrades are remarkable for their ability to survive harsh stress conditions as diverse as extreme temperature and desiccation. The molecular mechanisms that confer this unusual resistance to physical stress remain unknown. Recently, tardigrade-unique intrinsically disordered proteins have been shown to play an essential role in tardigrade anhydrobiosis. Here, we characterize the conformational and physical behaviour of CAHS-8 from Hypsibius exemplaris. NMR spectroscopy reveals that the protein comprises an extended central helical domain flanked by disordered termini. Upon concentration, the protein is shown to successively form oligomers, long fibres, and finally gels constituted of fibres in a strongly temperature-dependent manner. The helical domain forms the core of the fibrillar structure, with the disordered termini remaining highly dynamic within the gel. Soluble proteins can be encapsulated within cavities in the gel, maintaining their functional form. The ability to reversibly form fibrous gels may be associated with the enhanced protective properties of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Malki
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Marie Teulon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Aldo R Camacho-Zarco
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Shu-Wen W Chen
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wiktor Adamski
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Damien Maurin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicola Salvi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Pellequer
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Blackledge
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
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10
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Yagi-Utsumi M, Aoki K, Watanabe H, Song C, Nishimura S, Satoh T, Yanaka S, Ganser C, Tanaka S, Schnapka V, Goh EW, Furutani Y, Murata K, Uchihashi T, Arakawa K, Kato K. Desiccation-induced fibrous condensation of CAHS protein from an anhydrobiotic tardigrade. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21328. [PMID: 34737320 PMCID: PMC8569203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhydrobiosis, one of the most extensively studied forms of cryptobiosis, is induced in certain organisms as a response to desiccation. Anhydrobiotic species has been hypothesized to produce substances that can protect their biological components and/or cell membranes without water. In extremotolerant tardigrades, highly hydrophilic and heat-soluble protein families, cytosolic abundant heat-soluble (CAHS) proteins, have been identified, which are postulated to be integral parts of the tardigrades' response to desiccation. In this study, to elucidate these protein functions, we performed in vitro and in vivo characterizations of the reversible self-assembling property of CAHS1 protein, a major isoform of CAHS proteins from Ramazzottius varieornatus, using a series of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. We found that CAHS1 proteins homo-oligomerized via the C-terminal α-helical region and formed a hydrogel as their concentration increased. We also demonstrated that the overexpressed CAHS1 proteins formed condensates under desiccation-mimicking conditions. These data strongly suggested that, upon drying, the CAHS1 proteins form oligomers and eventually underwent sol-gel transition in tardigrade cytosols. Thus, it is proposed that the CAHS1 proteins form the cytosolic fibrous condensates, which presumably have variable mechanisms for the desiccation tolerance of tardigrades. These findings provide insights into molecular strategies of organisms to adapt to extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Yagi-Utsumi
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 465-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Chihong Song
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Seiji Nishimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 465-8603, Japan
| | - Tadashi Satoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 465-8603, Japan
| | - Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 465-8603, Japan
| | - Christian Ganser
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Sae Tanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, 997-0017, Japan
| | - Vincent Schnapka
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Ean Wai Goh
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yuji Furutani
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Arakawa
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, 997-0017, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 465-8603, Japan.
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11
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Wojciechowska D, Karachitos A, Roszkowska M, Rzeźniczak W, Sobkowiak R, Kaczmarek Ł, Kosicki JZ, Kmita H. Mitochondrial alternative oxidase contributes to successful tardigrade anhydrobiosis. Front Zool 2021; 18:15. [PMID: 33794934 PMCID: PMC8015188 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhydrobiosis can be described as an adaptation to lack of water that enables some organisms, including tardigrades, to survive extreme conditions, even some that do not exist on Earth. The cellular mechanisms underlying anhydrobiosis are still not completely explained including the putative contribution of mitochondrial proteins. Since mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), described as a drought response element in plants, was recently proposed for various invertebrates including tardigrades, we investigated whether AOX is involved in successful anhydrobiosis of tardigrades. Milnesium inceptum was used as a model for the study. We confirmed functionality of M. inceptum AOX and estimated its contribution to the tardigrade revival after anhydrobiosis of different durations. We observed that AOX activity was particularly important for M. inceptum revival after the long-term tun stage but did not affect the rehydration stage specifically. The results may contribute to our understanding and then application of anhydrobiosis underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Wojciechowska
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andonis Karachitos
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Milena Roszkowska
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wiktor Rzeźniczak
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Sobkowiak
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Z Kosicki
- Department of Avian Biology and Ecology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Kmita
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
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12
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Little AG, Pamenter ME, Sitaraman D, Templeman NM, Willmore WG, Hedrick MS, Moyes CD. WITHDRAWN: Utilizing comparative models in biomedical research. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 256:110938. [PMID: 33737041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Volume 255, 2021, 110593, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110593. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Divya Sitaraman
- Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael S Hedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA.
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13
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Little AG, Pamenter ME, Sitaraman D, Templeman NM, Willmore WG, Hedrick MS, Moyes CD. Utilizing comparative models in biomedical research. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110593. [PMID: 33779562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review serves as an introduction to a Special Issue of Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, focused on using non-human models to study biomedical physiology. The concept of a model differs across disciplines. For example, several models are used primarily to gain an understanding of specific human pathologies and disease states, whereas other models may be focused on gaining insight into developmental or evolutionary mechanisms. It is often the case that animals initially used to gain knowledge of some unique biochemical or physiological process finds foothold in the biomedical community and becomes an established model. The choice of a particular model for biomedical research is an ongoing process and model validation must keep pace with existing and emerging technologies. While the importance of non-mammalian models, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio and Xenopus laevis, is well known, we also seek to bring attention to emerging alternative models of both invertebrates and vertebrates, which are less established but of interest to the comparative biochemistry and physiology community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Divya Sitaraman
- Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael S Hedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
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14
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Analysis of Encystment, Excystment, and Cyst Structure in Freshwater Eutardigrade Thulinius ruffoi (Tardigrada, Isohypsibioidea: Doryphoribiidae). DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Encystment in tardigrades is relatively poorly understood. It is seen as an adaptive strategy evolved to withstand unfavorable environmental conditions. This process is an example of the epigenetic, phenotypic plasticity which is closely linked to the molting process. Thulinius ruffoi is a freshwater eutardigrade and a representative of one of the biggest eutardigrade orders. This species is able to form cysts. The ovoid-shaped cysts of this species are known from nature, but cysts may also be obtained under laboratory conditions. During encystment, the animals undergo profound morphological changes that result in cyst formation. The animals surround their bodies with cuticles that isolate them from the environment. These cuticles form a cuticular capsule (cyst wall) which is composed of three cuticles. Each cuticle is morphologically distinct. The cuticles that form the cuticular capsule are increasingly simplified. During encystment, only one, unmodified and possibly functional buccal-pharyngeal apparatus was found to be formed. Apart from the feeding apparatus, the encysted specimens also possess a set of claws, and their body is covered with its own cuticle. As a consequence, the encysted animals are fully adapted to the active life after leaving the cyst capsule.
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15
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Thermotolerance experiments on active and desiccated states of Ramazzottius varieornatus emphasize that tardigrades are sensitive to high temperatures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:94. [PMID: 31919388 PMCID: PMC6952461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming is already having harmful effects on habitats worldwide and it is therefore important to gain an understanding of how rising temperatures may affect extant animals. Here, we investigate the tolerance to high temperatures of Ramazzottius varieornatus, a tardigrade frequently found in transient freshwater habitats. Using logistic modelling on activity we evaluate the effect of 24 hour temperature exposures on active tardigrades, with or without a short acclimation period, compared to exposures of desiccated tardigrades. We estimate that the 50% mortality temperature for non-acclimated active tardigrades is 37.1 °C, with a small but significant increase to 37.6 °C following acclimation. Desiccated specimens tolerate much higher temperatures, with an estimated 50% mortality temperature of 82.7 °C following 1 hour exposures, but with a significant decrease to 63.1 °C following 24 hour exposures. Our results show that metabolically active tardigrades are vulnerable to high temperatures, yet acclimatization could provide a tolerance increase. Desiccated specimens show a much higher resilience—exposure-time is, however, a limiting factor giving tardigrades a restricted window of high temperature tolerance. Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to tolerate extreme conditions, but their endurance towards high temperatures clearly has an upper limit—high temperatures thus seem to be their Achilles heel.
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16
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Jönsson KI. Radiation Tolerance in Tardigrades: Current Knowledge and Potential Applications in Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1333. [PMID: 31505739 PMCID: PMC6770827 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades represent a phylum of very small aquatic animals in which many species have evolved adaptations to survive under extreme environmental conditions, such as desiccation and freezing. Studies on several species have documented that tardigrades also belong to the most radiation-tolerant animals on Earth. This paper gives an overview of our current knowledge on radiation tolerance of tardigrades, with respect to dose-responses, developmental stages, and different radiation sources. The molecular mechanisms behind radiation tolerance in tardigrades are still largely unknown, but omics studies suggest that both mechanisms related to the avoidance of DNA damage and mechanisms of DNA repair are involved. The potential of tardigrades to provide knowledge of importance for medical sciences has long been recognized, but it is not until recently that more apparent evidence of such potential has appeared. Recent studies show that stress-related tardigrade genes may be transfected to human cells and provide increased tolerance to osmotic stress and ionizing radiation. With the recent sequencing of the tardigrade genome, more studies applying tardigrade omics to relevant aspects of human medicine are expected. In particular, the cancer research field has potential to learn from studies on tardigrades about molecular mechanisms evolved to maintain genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ingemar Jönsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Bioscience, Kristianstad University, 291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden.
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17
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Kaczmarek Ł, Roszkowska M, Fontaneto D, Jezierska M, Pietrzak B, Wieczorek R, Poprawa I, Kosicki JZ, Karachitos A, Kmita H. Staying young and fit? Ontogenetic and phylogenetic consequences of animal anhydrobiosis. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ł. Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan Poznań Poland
| | - M. Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan Poznań Poland
- Department of Bioenergetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan Poznań Poland
| | - D. Fontaneto
- National Research Council Water Research Institute (CNR‐IRSA) Verbania Italy
| | - M. Jezierska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology University of Silesia in Katowice Katowice Poland
| | - B. Pietrzak
- Department of Hydrobiology Faculty of Biology Biological and Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw Warszawa Poland
| | - R. Wieczorek
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - I. Poprawa
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology University of Silesia in Katowice Katowice Poland
| | - J. Z. Kosicki
- Department of Avian Biology and Ecology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan Poznań Poland
| | - A. Karachitos
- Department of Bioenergetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan Poznań Poland
| | - H. Kmita
- Department of Bioenergetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan Poznań Poland
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18
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Rost-Roszkowska M, Janelt K, Poprawa I. Fine structure of the midgut epithelium of Thulinius ruffoi (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada, Parachela) in relation to oogenesis and simplex stage. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 49:128-136. [PMID: 30557624 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thulinius ruffoi is a small freshwater tardigrade that lives in both non-polluted and polluted freshwater environments. As a result of tardigradan body miniaturization, the digestive system is reduced and simplified. It consists of a short fore- and hindgut, and the midgut in the shape of a short tube is lined with a simple epithelium. The midgut epithelium is formed by the digestive cells and two rings of crescent-shaped cells were also detected. The anterior ring is located at the border between the fore- and midgut, while the posterior ring is situated between the mid- and hindgut. The precise ultrastructure of the digestive and crescent-shaped cells was examined using transmission electron microscopy, serial block face scanning electron microscopy and histochemical methods. We analyzed the changes that occurred in the midgut epithelial cells according to oogenesis (the species is parthenogenetic and there were only females in the laboratory culture). We focused on the accumulation of reserve material and the relationship between this and the intensity of autophagy. We concluded that autophagy supplies energy during a natural period of starvation (the simplex stage) and delivers the energy and probably the substances that are required during oogenesis. Apoptosis was not detected in the midgut epithelium of T. ruffoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Kamil Janelt
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Izabela Poprawa
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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19
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Vasanthan T, Nederveen JP, Stone J. Quantum-like decreased embryogenesis time with increased cold exposure time. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1229. [PMID: 30718526 PMCID: PMC6362279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Three theoretical models have been proposed to explain lifespan extension resulting from exposure to extreme conditions in microscopic animals: individuals become completely dormant and stop aging, continue to age or age but at a diminished rate. Here we show that the earliest life history stages, embryonic cell divisions, in the tardigrade species Hypsibius dujardini are retarded when eggs are reared at 0 °C. Compared to control specimens reared at 22 °C, juveniles that hatched from eggs exposed to 0 °C for 4 days and returned to 22 °C experienced a three-day lag, indicating that their biological age was less than their chronological age. As cold exposure duration increased (days = 10, 20, 40), incubation period at 22 °C decreased incrementally (days = 3, 2, 1), suggesting that tardigrades involve a threshold-determined, quantum-like, energetic-based system for controlling embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarushika Vasanthan
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Origins Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jonathon Stone
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. .,Origins Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada.
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20
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Thorat L, Nath BB. Insects With Survival Kits for Desiccation Tolerance Under Extreme Water Deficits. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1843. [PMID: 30622480 PMCID: PMC6308239 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The year 2002 marked the tercentenary of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of desiccation tolerance in animals. This remarkable phenomenon to sustain 'life' in the absence of water can be revived upon return of hydrating conditions. Today, coping with climate change-related factors, especially temperature-humidity imbalance, is a global challenge. Under such adverse circumstances, desiccation tolerance remains a prime mechanism of several plants and a few animals to escape the hostile consequences of fluctuating hydroperiodicity patterns in their habitats. Among small animals, insects have demonstrated impressive resilience to dehydration and thrive under physiological water deficits without compromising on revival and survival upon rehydration. The focus of this review is to compile research insights on insect desiccation tolerance, gathered over the past several decades from numerous laboratories worldwide working on different insect groups. We provide a comparative overview of species-specific behavioral changes, adjustments in physiological biochemistry and cellular and molecular mechanisms as few of the noteworthy desiccation-responsive survival kits in insects. Finally, we highlight the role of insects as potential mechanistic models in tracking global warming which will form the basis for translational research to mitigate periods of climatic uncertainty predicted for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Thorat
- Stress Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Bimalendu B Nath
- Stress Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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21
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The role of autophagy in the midgut epithelium of Parachela (Tardigrada). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2018; 137:501-509. [PMID: 30524174 PMCID: PMC6244646 DOI: 10.1007/s00435-018-0407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The process of cell death has been detected in the midgut epithelium of four tardigrade species which belong to Parachela: Macrobiotus diversus, Macrobiotus polonicus, Hypsibius dujardini and Xerobiotus pseudohufelandi. They originated from different environments so they have been affected by different stressors: M. polonicus was extracted from a moss sample collected from a railway embankment; M. diversus was extracted from a moss sample collected from a petrol station; X. pseudohufelandi originated from sandy and dry soil samples collected from a pine forest; H. dujardini was obtained commercially but it lives in a freshwater or even in wet terrestrial environment. Autophagy is caused in the digestive cells of the midgut epithelium by different factors. However, a distinct crosstalk between autophagy and necrosis in tardigrades' digestive system has been described at the ultrastructural level. Apoptosis has not been detected in the midgut epithelium of analyzed species. We also determined that necrosis is the major process that is responsible for the degeneration of the midgut epithelium of tardigrades, and "apoptosis-necrosis continuum" which is the relationship between these two processes, is disrupted.
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22
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Shaik S, Devireddy R. Cryopreservation Protocols for Human Adipose Tissue Derived Adult Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1773:231-259. [PMID: 29687394 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7799-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of simple but effective storage protocols for adult stem cells will greatly enhance their use and utility in tissue-engineering applications. Cryopreservation has shown to be most promising but is a fairly complex process, necessitating the use of chemicals called cryoprotective agents (CPAs), freezing equipment, and obviously, storage in liquid nitrogen. The purpose of this chapter is to present a general overview of cryopreservation storage techniques and the optimal protocols/results obtained in our laboratory for long-term storage of adult stem cells using freezing storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahensha Shaik
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Ram Devireddy
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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23
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24
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Czernekova M, Jönsson KI. Experimentally Induced Repeated Anhydrobiosis in the Eutardigrade Richtersius coronifer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164062. [PMID: 27828978 PMCID: PMC5102368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades represent one of the main animal groups with anhydrobiotic capacity at any stage of their life cycle. The ability of tardigrades to survive repeated cycles of anhydrobiosis has rarely been studied but is of interest to understand the factors constraining anhydrobiotic survival. The main objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of survival of the eutardigrade Richtersius coronifer under repeated cycles of desiccation, and the potential effect of repeated desiccation on size, shape and number of storage cells. We also analyzed potential change in body size, gut content and frequency of mitotic storage cells. Specimens were kept under non-cultured conditions and desiccated under controlled relative humidity. After each desiccation cycle 10 specimens were selected for analysis of morphometric characteristics and mitosis. The study demonstrates that tardigrades may survive up to 6 repeated desiccations, with declining survival rates with increased number of desiccations. We found a significantly higher proportion of animals that were unable to contract properly into a tun stage during the desiccation process at the 5th and 6th desiccations. Also total number of storage cells declined at the 5th and 6th desiccations, while no effect on storage cell size was observed. The frequency of mitotic storage cells tended to decline with higher number of desiccation cycles. Our study shows that the number of consecutive cycles of anhydrobiosis that R. coronifer may undergo is limited, with increased inability for tun formation and energetic constraints as possible causal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Czernekova
- School of Education and Environment, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - K. Ingemar Jönsson
- School of Education and Environment, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
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25
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Kletetschka G, Hruba J. Dissolved Gases and Ice Fracturing During the Freezing of a Multicellular Organism: Lessons from Tardigrades. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:209-17. [PMID: 26309797 PMCID: PMC4497649 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2015.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Three issues are critical for successful cryopreservation of multicellular material: gases dissolved in liquid, thermal conductivity of the tissue, and localization of microstructures. Here we show that heat distribution is controlled by the gas amount dissolved in liquids and that when changing the liquid into solid, the dissolved gases either form bubbles due to the absence of space in the lattice of solids and/or are migrated toward the concentrated salt and sugar solution at the cost of amount of heat required to be removed to complete a solid-state transition. These factors affect the heat distribution in the organs to be cryopreserved. We show that the gas concentration issue controls fracturing of ice when freezing. There are volumetric changes not only when changing the liquid into solid (volume increases) but also reduction of the volume when reaching lower temperatures (volume decreases). We discuss these issues parallel with observations of the cryosurvivability of multicellular organisms, tardigrades, and discuss their analogy for cryopreservation of large organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Kletetschka
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague , Prague, Czech Republic . ; Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences , v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic . ; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California
| | - Jolana Hruba
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague , Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Lalhmangaihi R, Ghatak S, Laha R, Gurusubramanian G, Kumar NS. Protocol for optimal quality and quantity pollen DNA isolation from honey samples. J Biomol Tech 2014; 25:92-5. [PMID: 25365793 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.14-2504-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study illustrates an optimized sample preparation method for an efficient DNA isolation from low quantities of honey samples. A conventional PCR-based method was validated, which potentially enables characterization of plant species from as low as 3 ml bee-honey samples. In the present study, an anionic detergent was used to lyse the hard outer pollen shell, and DTT was used for isolation of thiolated DNA, as it might facilitate protein digestion and assists in releasing the DNA into solution, as well as reduce cross-links between DNA and other biomolecules. Optimization of both the quantity of honey sample and time duration for DNA isolation was done during development of this method. With the use of this method, chloroplast DNA was successfully PCR amplified and sequenced from honey DNA samples.
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27
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Kneipp H, Møbjerg N, Jørgensen A, Bohr HG, Hélix-Nielsen C, Kneipp J, Kneipp K. Surface enhanced Raman scattering on Tardigrada--towards monitoring and imaging molecular structures in live cryptobiotic organisms. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:759-764. [PMID: 23225705 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tardigrades are microscopic metazoans which are able to survive extreme physical and chemical conditions by entering a stress tolerant state called cryptobiosis. At present, the molecular mechanisms behind cryptobiosis are still poorly understood. We show that surface enhanced Raman scattering supported by plasmonic gold nanoparticles can measure molecular constituents and their local distribution in live tardigrades. Surface enhanced Raman signatures allow to differentiate between two species and indicate molecular structural differences between tardigrades in water and in a dry state. This opens new avenues for exploring cryptobiosis by studying molecular changes in live cryptobiotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Kneipp
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 309, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Hoobin P, Burgar I, Zhu S, Ying D, Sanguansri L, Augustin MA. Water sorption properties, molecular mobility and probiotic survival in freeze dried protein–carbohydrate matrices. Food Funct 2013; 4:1376-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Schokraie E, Warnken U, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Grohme MA, Hengherr S, Förster F, Schill RO, Frohme M, Dandekar T, Schnölzer M. Comparative proteome analysis of Milnesium tardigradum in early embryonic state versus adults in active and anhydrobiotic state. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45682. [PMID: 23029181 PMCID: PMC3459984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades have fascinated researchers for more than 300 years because of their extraordinary capability to undergo cryptobiosis and survive extreme environmental conditions. However, the survival mechanisms of tardigrades are still poorly understood mainly due to the absence of detailed knowledge about the proteome and genome of these organisms. Our study was intended to provide a basis for the functional characterization of expressed proteins in different states of tardigrades. High-throughput, high-accuracy proteomics in combination with a newly developed tardigrade specific protein database resulted in the identification of more than 3000 proteins in three different states: early embryonic state and adult animals in active and anhydrobiotic state. This comprehensive proteome resource includes protein families such as chaperones, antioxidants, ribosomal proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, transporters, protein channels, nutrient reservoirs, and developmental proteins. A comparative analysis of protein families in the different states was performed by calculating the exponentially modified protein abundance index which classifies proteins in major and minor components. This is the first step to analyzing the proteins involved in early embryonic development, and furthermore proteins which might play an important role in the transition into the anhydrobiotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Schokraie
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus A. Grohme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Steffen Hengherr
- Department of Zoology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Förster
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralph O. Schill
- Department of Zoology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcus Frohme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ying D, Sun J, Sanguansri L, Weerakkody R, Augustin MA. Enhanced survival of spray-dried microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the presence of glucose. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
New work now shows that the dauer larvae of Caenorhabditis elegans can survive anhydrobiotically. The genetic tractability of this model organism may be useful in studying how organisms survive when losing most or all of their water.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wharton
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Long-term cold acclimation extends survival time at 0°C and modifies the metabolomic profiles of the larvae of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25025. [PMID: 21957472 PMCID: PMC3177886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drosophila melanogaster is a chill-susceptible insect. Previous studies on this fly focused on acute direct chilling injury during cold shock and showed that lower lethal temperature (LLT, approximately -5°C) exhibits relatively low plasticity and that acclimations, both rapid cold hardening (RCH) and long-term cold acclimation, shift the LLT by only a few degrees at the maximum. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found that long-term cold acclimation considerably improved cold tolerance in fully grown third-instar larvae of D. melanogaster. A comparison of the larvae acclimated at constant 25°C with those acclimated at constant 15°C followed by constant 6°C for 2 d (15°C→6°C) showed that long-term cold acclimation extended the lethal time for 50% of the population (Lt(50)) during exposure to constant 0°C as much as 630-fold (from 0.137 h to 86.658 h). Such marked physiological plasticity in Lt(50) (in contrast to LLT) suggested that chronic indirect chilling injury at 0°C differs from that caused by cold shock. Long-term cold acclimation modified the metabolomic profiles of the larvae. Accumulations of proline (up to 17.7 mM) and trehalose (up to 36.5 mM) were the two most prominent responses. In addition, restructuring of the glycerophospholipid composition of biological membranes was observed. The relative proportion of glycerophosphoethanolamines (especially those with linoleic acid at the sn-2 position) increased at the expense of glycerophosphocholines. CONCLUSION Third-instar larvae of D. melanogaster improved their cold tolerance in response to long-term cold acclimation and showed metabolic potential for the accumulation of proline and trehalose and for membrane restructuring.
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Hengherr S, Heyer AG, Brümmer F, Schill RO. Trehalose and vitreous states: desiccation tolerance of dormant stages of the crustaceans Triops and Daphnia. Physiol Biochem Zool 2011; 84:147-53. [PMID: 21460525 DOI: 10.1086/658499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Several aquatic organisms are able to withstand extreme desiccation in at least one of their life stages. This is commonly known as "anhydrobiosis." It was often thought that to tolerate such a desiccated state required high amounts of compatible solutes such as the nonreducing disaccharide trehalose, which protects cellular structures by water replacement and glass formation. Trehalose levels of dormant eggs and cysts of five freshwater crustaceans (Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, Triops longicaudatus, Triops cancriformis, and Triops australiensis) were observed in different states of hydration and dehydration. Although trehalose was detected in all species, the concentration was under 0.5% of the dry weight (0.05 μg/μg protein), and no change between the different states was observed. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements indicated that dried cysts of all Triops species were in a glassy state, supporting the vitrification hypothesis. No indication for a vitreous state was found in dried resting eggs of Daphnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hengherr
- Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Guil N, Giribet G. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of tardigrades-adding genes and taxa to a poorly resolved phylum-level phylogeny. Cladistics 2011; 28:21-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Gusev O, Cornette R, Kikawada T, Okuda T. Expression of heat shock protein-coding genes associated with anhydrobiosis in an African chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:81-90. [PMID: 20809134 PMCID: PMC3024092 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to survive in extreme environments, organisms need to develop special adaptations both on physiological and molecular levels. The sleeping chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki, inhabiting temporary water pools in semi-arid regions of Africa, is the only insect to have evolutionarily acquired the ability to withstand prolonged complete desiccation at larval stage, entering a state called anhydrobiosis. Even after years in a dry state, larvae are able to revive within a short period of time, completely restoring metabolism. Because of the possible involvement of stress proteins in the preservation of biomolecules during the anhydrobiosis of the sleeping chironomid, we have analyzed the expression of genes encoding six heat shock proteins (Pv-hsp90, Pv-hsp70, Pv-hsc70, Pv-hsp60, Pv-hsp20, and Pv-p23) and one heat shock factor (Pv-hsf1) in dehydrating, rehydrating, and heat-shocked larvae. All examined genes were significantly up-regulated in the larvae upon dehydration and several patterns of expression were detected. Gene transcript of Pv-hsf1 was up-regulated within 8 h of desiccation, followed by large shock proteins expression reaching peak at 24-48 h of desiccation. Heat-shock-responsive Pv-hsp70 and Pv-hsp60 showed a two-peak expression: in dehydrating and rehydrating larvae. Both small alpha-crystallin heat shock proteins (sHSP) transcripts were accumulated in the desiccated larvae, but showed different expression profiles. Both sHSP-coding genes were found to be heat-inducible, and Pv-hsp20 was up-regulated in the larvae at the early stage of desiccation. In contrast, expression of the second transcript, corresponding to Pv-p23, was limited to the late stages of desiccation, suggesting possible involvement of this protein in the glass-state formation in anhydrobiotic larvae. We discuss possible roles of proteins encoded by these stress genes during the different stages of anhydrobiosis in P. vanderplanki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Gusev
- Anhydrobiosis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan
| | - Richard Cornette
- Anhydrobiosis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan
| | - Takahiro Kikawada
- Anhydrobiosis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan
| | - Takashi Okuda
- Anhydrobiosis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan
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Abstract
The development of simple but effective storage protocols for adult stem cells will greatly enhance their use and utility in tissue-engineering applications. There are three primary storage techniques, freezing (cryopreservation), drying (anhydrobiosis), and freeze drying (lyophilization), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Cryopreservation has shown the most promise but is a fairly complex process, necessitating the use of chemicals called cryoprotective agents (CPAs), freezing equipment, and obviously, storage in liquid nitrogen. Preservation by desiccation is an alternative that attempts to reproduce a naturally occurring preservative technique, namely, the phenomenon of anhydrobiosis and requires the use of high (and possibly, toxic) concentration of CPAs as well as disaccharides (sugars). Lyophilization works by first cryopreserving (freezing) the material and then desiccating (drying) it by the process of sublimation or the conversion of ice (solid) to water vapor (gas phase). The purpose of this chapter is to present a general overview of these storage techniques and the optimal protocols/results obtained in our laboratory for long-term storage of adult stem cells using freezing storage and drying storage.
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Anhydrobiosis-associated nuclear DNA damage and repair in the sleeping chironomid: linkage with radioresistance. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14008. [PMID: 21103355 PMCID: PMC2982815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhydrobiotic chironomid larvae can withstand prolonged complete desiccation as well as other external stresses including ionizing radiation. To understand the cross-tolerance mechanism, we have analyzed the structural changes in the nuclear DNA using transmission electron microscopy and DNA comet assays in relation to anhydrobiosis and radiation. We found that dehydration causes alterations in chromatin structure and a severe fragmentation of nuclear DNA in the cells of the larvae despite successful anhydrobiosis. Furthermore, while the larvae had restored physiological activity within an hour following rehydration, nuclear DNA restoration typically took 72 to 96 h. The DNA fragmentation level and the recovery of DNA integrity in the rehydrated larvae after anhydrobiosis were similar to those of hydrated larvae irradiated with 70 Gy of high-linear energy transfer (LET) ions (4He). In contrast, low-LET radiation (gamma-rays) of the same dose caused less initial damage to the larvae, and DNA was completely repaired within within 24 h. The expression of genes encoding the DNA repair enzymes occurred upon entering anhydrobiosis and exposure to high- and low-LET radiations, indicative of DNA damage that includes double-strand breaks and their subsequent repair. The expression of antioxidant enzymes-coding genes was also elevated in the anhydrobiotic and the gamma-ray-irradiated larvae that probably functions to reduce the negative effect of reactive oxygen species upon exposure to these stresses. Indeed the mature antioxidant proteins accumulated in the dry larvae and the total activity of antioxidants increased by a 3–4 fold in association with anhydrobiosis. We conclude that one of the factors explaining the relationship between radioresistance and the ability to undergo anhydrobiosis in the sleeping chironomid could be an adaptation to desiccation-inflicted nuclear DNA damage. There were also similarities in the molecular response of the larvae to damage caused by desiccation and ionizing radiation.
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Mali B, Grohme MA, Förster F, Dandekar T, Schnölzer M, Reuter D, Wełnicz W, Schill RO, Frohme M. Transcriptome survey of the anhydrobiotic tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum in comparison with Hypsibius dujardini and Richtersius coronifer. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:168. [PMID: 20226016 PMCID: PMC2848246 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phenomenon of desiccation tolerance, also called anhydrobiosis, involves the ability of an organism to survive the loss of almost all cellular water without sustaining irreversible damage. Although there are several physiological, morphological and ecological studies on tardigrades, only limited DNA sequence information is available. Therefore, we explored the transcriptome in the active and anhydrobiotic state of the tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum which has extraordinary tolerance to desiccation and freezing. In this study, we present the first overview of the transcriptome of M. tardigradum and its response to desiccation and discuss potential parallels to stress responses in other organisms. Results We sequenced a total of 9984 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from two cDNA libraries from the eutardigrade M. tardigradum in its active and inactive, anhydrobiotic (tun) stage. Assembly of these ESTs resulted in 3283 putative unique transcripts, whereof ~50% showed significant sequence similarity to known genes. The resulting unigenes were functionally annotated using the Gene Ontology (GO) vocabulary. A GO term enrichment analysis revealed several GOs that were significantly underrepresented in the inactive stage. Furthermore we compared the putative unigenes of M. tardigradum with ESTs from two other eutardigrade species that are available from public sequence databases, namely Richtersius coronifer and Hypsibius dujardini. The processed sequences of the three tardigrade species revealed similar functional content and the M. tardigradum dataset contained additional sequences from tardigrades not present in the other two. Conclusions This study describes novel sequence data from the tardigrade M. tardigradum, which significantly contributes to the available tardigrade sequence data and will help to establish this extraordinary tardigrade as a model for studying anhydrobiosis. Functional comparison of active and anhydrobiotic tardigrades revealed a differential distribution of Gene Ontology terms associated with chromatin structure and the translation machinery, which are underrepresented in the inactive animals. These findings imply a widespread metabolic response of the animals on dehydration. The collective tardigrade transcriptome data will serve as a reference for further studies and support the identification and characterization of genes involved in the anhydrobiotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Mali
- Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany.
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Antioxidant defences in hydrated and desiccated states of the tardigrade Paramacrobiotus richtersi. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 156:115-21. [PMID: 20206711 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed in all aerobic organisms, potentially leading to oxidative damage of all biological molecules. A number of defence mechanisms have developed to protect the organism from attack by ROS. Desiccation tolerance is correlated with an increase in the antioxidant potential in several organisms, but the regulation of the antioxidant defence system is complex and its role in desiccation-tolerant organisms is not yet firmly established. To determine if anhydrobiotic tardigrades have an antioxidant defence system, capable of counteracting ROS, we compared the activity of several antioxidant enzymes, the fatty acid composition and Heat shock protein expression in two physiological states (desiccated vs. hydrated) of the tardigrade Paramacrobiotus richtersi. In hydrated tardigrades, superoxide dismutase and catalase show comparable activities, while in desiccated specimens the activity of superoxide dismutase increases. Both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione were induced by desiccation. The percentage of fatty acid composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances are higher in desiccated animals than in hydrated ones. Lastly, desiccated tardigrades did not differ significantly from the hydrated ones in the relative levels of Hsp70 and Hsp90. These results indicate that the possession of antioxidant metabolism could represent a crucial strategy to avoid damages during desiccation in anhydrobiotic tardigrades.
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Förster F, Liang C, Shkumatov A, Beisser D, Engelmann JC, Schnölzer M, Frohme M, Müller T, Schill RO, Dandekar T. Tardigrade workbench: comparing stress-related proteins, sequence-similar and functional protein clusters as well as RNA elements in tardigrades. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:469. [PMID: 19821996 PMCID: PMC2768748 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tardigrades represent an animal phylum with extraordinary resistance to environmental stress. Results To gain insights into their stress-specific adaptation potential, major clusters of related and similar proteins are identified, as well as specific functional clusters delineated comparing all tardigrades and individual species (Milnesium tardigradum, Hypsibius dujardini, Echiniscus testudo, Tulinus stephaniae, Richtersius coronifer) and functional elements in tardigrade mRNAs are analysed. We find that 39.3% of the total sequences clustered in 58 clusters of more than 20 proteins. Among these are ten tardigrade specific as well as a number of stress-specific protein clusters. Tardigrade-specific functional adaptations include strong protein, DNA- and redox protection, maintenance and protein recycling. Specific regulatory elements regulate tardigrade mRNA stability such as lox P DICE elements whereas 14 other RNA elements of higher eukaryotes are not found. Further features of tardigrade specific adaption are rapidly identified by sequence and/or pattern search on the web-tool tardigrade analyzer http://waterbear.bioapps.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de. The work-bench offers nucleotide pattern analysis for promotor and regulatory element detection (tardigrade specific; nrdb) as well as rapid COG search for function assignments including species-specific repositories of all analysed data. Conclusion Different protein clusters and regulatory elements implicated in tardigrade stress adaptations are analysed including unpublished tardigrade sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Förster
- Dept of Bioinformatics, Biocenter University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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