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Wallbridge SP, Archer S, Elsegood MRJ, Wagner JL, Christie JK, Dann SE. An investigation into the adsorption mechanism of n-butanol by ZIF-8: a combined experimental and ab initio molecular dynamics approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:19911-19922. [PMID: 37458457 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02493h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The zeolitic imidazolate framework, ZIF-8, has been shown by experimental methods to have a maximum saturation adsorption capacity of 0.36 g g-1 for n-butanol from aqueous solution, equivalent to a loading of 14 butanol molecules per unit cell or 7 molecules per sodalite β-cage. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) shows the presence of hydrogen bonding between adsorbed butanol molecules within the cage; the presence of three different O-H stretching modes indicates the formation of butanol clusters of varying size. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the butanol molecules, with an average hydrogen-bond coordination number of 0.9 after 15 ps simulation time. The simulations also uniquely demonstrate the presence of weaker interactions between the alcohol O-H group and the π-orbital of the imidazole ring on the internal surface of the cage during early stages of adsorption. The calculated adsorption energy per butanol molecule is -33.7 kJ mol-1, confirming that the butanol is only weakly bound, driven primarily by the hydrogen bonding. Solid-state MAS NMR spectra suggest that the adsorbed butanol molecules possess a reasonable degree of mobility in their adsorbed state, rather than being rigidly held in specific sites. 2D 13C-1H heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) experiments show interactions between the butanol aliphatic chain and the ZIF-8 framework experimentally, suggesting that O-H interactions with the π-orbital are only short lived. The insight gained from these results will allow the design of more efficient ways of recovering and isolating n-butanol, an important biofuel, from low-concentration solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart Archer
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | | | - Jonathan L Wagner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Sandra E Dann
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
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2
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Cypher SM, Pauly M, Castro LG, Donley CL, Maggard PA, Goldberg KI. Ethanol Upgrading to n-Butanol Using Transition-Metal-Incorporated Poly(triazine)imide Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37486020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The upgrading of ethanol to n-butanol was performed using a molecular catalyst integrated into a carbon nitride support, one of the first examples of a supported molecular catalyst performing the Guerbet process. Initial studies using crystalline poly(triazine)imide (PTI) with lithium or transition-metal cations imbedded in the support together with a base as the catalyst system did not produce any significant amounts of n-butanol. However, when using the catalyst material formed by treatment of PTI-LiCl with [(Cp*)IrCl2]2 (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) along with sodium hydroxide, a 59% selectivity for butanol (13% yield) was obtained at 145 °C. This PTI-(Cp*)Ir material exhibited distinct UV-vis absorption features and powder X-ray diffractions which differ from those of the parent PTI-LiCl and [(Cp*)IrCl2]2. The PTI-(Cp*)Ir material was found to have a metal loading of 27% iridium per empirical unit of the framework. Along with the formation of n-butanol from the Guerbet reaction, the presence of higher chain alcohols was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine M Cypher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Magnus Pauly
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie G Castro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Carrie L Donley
- Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Paul A Maggard
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Karen I Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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3
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Rathinasamy V, Arjunan A, Ramaswamy KK, Balasubramanian V, Kannan S. Bimetallic Ni–Cu/CeO2–Al2O3 catalysts for conversion of ethanol to higher alcohols. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-023-02347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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4
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Review of alternative technologies for acetone-butanol-ethanol separation: Principles, state-of-the-art, and development trends. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Saeed S, Samer M, Mohamed MSM, Abdelsalam E, Mohamed YMA, Abdel-Hafez SH, Attia YA. Implementation of graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials and laser irradiation for increasing bioethanol production from potato processing wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:34887-34897. [PMID: 35040058 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural and agro-industrial wastes (e.g., potato peel waste) are causing severe environmental problems. The processes of pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation are the major obstacles in bioethanol production from wastes and must be overcome by efficient novel techniques. The effect of exposing the fungi (yeast) Saccharomyces cerevisiae to laser source with the addition of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4) with different concentrations on bioethanol production was investigated through the implementation of a batch anaerobic system and using potato peel waste (PPW). Dichromate test was implemented as quantitative analysis for quantification of the bioethanol yield. The benefits of this test were the appearance of green color indicating the identification of ethanol (C2H5OH) by bare eye and the ease to calculate the bioethanol yield through UV-visible spectrophotometry. The control sample (0.0 ppm of g-C3N4) showed only a 4% yield of bioethanol; however, by adding 150 ppm to PPW medium, 22.61% of ethanol was produced. Besides, laser irradiations (blue and red) as influencing parameters were studied with and without the addition of g-C3N4 nanomaterials aiming to increase the bioethanol. It was determined that the laser irradiation can trigger the bioethanol production (in case of red: 13.13% and in case of blue: 16.14% yields, respectively) compared to the control sample (in absence of g-C3N4). However, by adding different concentrations of g-C3N4 nanomaterials from 5 to 150 ppm, the bioethanol yield was increased as follows: in case of red: 56.11% and, in case of blue: 56.77%, respectively. It was found that using fungi and exposing it to the blue laser diode source having a wavelength of 450 nm and a power of 250 mW for a duration of 30 min with the addition of 150 mg L-1 of g-C3N4 nanomaterials delivered the highest bioethanol yield from PPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Saeed
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Samer
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S M Mohamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Essam Abdelsalam
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Yasser M A Mohamed
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Shams H Abdel-Hafez
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser A Attia
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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6
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Eisenacher M, Venschott M, Dylong D, Hoelderich WF, Schütz J, Bonrath W. Upgrading bio-based acetone to diacetone alcohol by aldol reaction using Amberlyst A26-OH as catalyst. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aldol reaction of bio acetone in presence of a strongly basic ion exchange resin was carried out with and without the addition of water in a temperature range between − 30 °C and 45 °C. The conversion, selectivity and service time of the ion exchange resins were investigated in a stirred batch reactor and a continuous fixed bed reactor. For the batch experiments, both conversion and selectivity increased with decreasing temperature. Furthermore, the addition of water to the reaction medium has a positive effect on selectivity and catalyst service time of the resins. For the continuous flow experiments carried out in a fixed bed reactor, the selectivity towards diacetone alcohol is higher than in a batch reactor. This high selectivity is favored by a short contact time which inhibits as expected most of the consecutive reactions.
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7
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Du G, Wu Y, Kang W, Xu Y, Li S, Xue C. Enhanced butanol production in Clostridium acetobutylicum by manipulating metabolic pathway genes. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Shenbagamuthuraman V, Patel A, Khanna S, Banerjee E, Parekh S, Karthick C, Ashok B, Velvizhi G, Nanthagopal K, Ong HC. State of art of valorising of diverse potential feedstocks for the production of alcohols and ethers: Current changes and perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131587. [PMID: 34303047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alcohols could be the biggest factor for the improvement of world biofuel economy in the present century due to their excellent properties compared to petroleum products. The primary concerns of sustainable alcohol production for meeting the growing energy demand owing to the selection of viable feedstock and this might enhance the opportunities for developing numerous advanced techniques. In this review, the valorization of alcohol production from several production routes has been exposed by covering the traditional routes to the present state of the art technologies. Even though the fossil fuel conversion could be dominant method for methanol production, many recent innovations like photo electrochemical synthesis and electrolysis methods might play vital role in production of renewable methanol in future. There have been several production routes for production of ethanol and among which the fermentation of lignocellulose biomass would be the ultimate choice for large scale shoot up. The greenhouse gas recovery in the form of alcohols through electrochemistry technique and hydrogenation method are the important methods for commercialization of alcohols in future. It is also observed that algae based renewable bio-alcohols is highly influenced by carbohydrate content and sustainable approaches in algae conversion to bio-alcohols would bring greater demand in future market. There is a lack of innovation in higher alcohols production in single process and this could be bounded by combining dehydrogenation and decarboxylation techniques. Finally, this review enlists the opportunities and challenges of existing alcohols production and recommended the possible routes for making significant enhancement in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shenbagamuthuraman
- Engine Testing Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Adamya Patel
- School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Shaurya Khanna
- School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Eleena Banerjee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Shubh Parekh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - C Karthick
- Engine Testing Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - B Ashok
- Engine Testing Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India.
| | - G Velvizhi
- CO(2) Research and Green Technology Center, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - K Nanthagopal
- Engine Testing Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India.
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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9
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Ibrahim MF, Talib NN, Alias NH, Bakar INA, Aziz SA, Yee PL. Utilization of agricultural biomass for bio-butanol production. VALUE-CHAIN OF BIOFUELS 2022:235-248. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824388-6.00019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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10
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Du G, Zhu C, Wu Y, Kang W, Xu M, Yang ST, Xue C. Effects of orphan histidine kinases on clostridial sporulation progression and metabolism. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:226-235. [PMID: 34687217 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Solventogenesis and sporulation of clostridia are the main responsive adaptations to the acidic environment during acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. It was hypothesized that five orphan histidine kinases (HKs) including Cac3319, Cac0323, Cac0903, Cac2730, and Cac0437 determined the cell fates between sporulation and solventogenesis. In this study, the comparative genomic analysis revealed that a mutation in cac0437 appeared to contribute to the nonsporulating feature of ATCC 55025. Hence, the individual and interactive roles of five HKs in regulating cell growth, metabolism, and sporulation were investigated. The fermentation results of mutants with different HK expression levels suggested that cac3319 and cac0437 played critical roles in regulating sporulation and acids and butanol biosynthesis. Morphological analysis revealed that cac3319 knockout abolished sporulation (Stage 0) whereas cac3319 overexpression promoted spore development (Stage VII), and cac0437 knockout initiated but blocked sporulation before Stage II, indicating the progression of sporulation was altered through engineering HKs. By combinatorial HKs knockout, the interactive effects between two different HKs were investigated. This study elucidated the regulatory roles of HKs in clostridial differentiation and demonstrated that HK engineering can be effectively used to control sporulation and enhance butanol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqing Du
- Engineering Research Center of Application and Transformation for Synthetic Biology, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Application and Transformation for Synthetic Biology, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Youduo Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Application and Transformation for Synthetic Biology, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Engineering Research Center of Application and Transformation for Synthetic Biology, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chuang Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Application and Transformation for Synthetic Biology, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
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11
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Fu H, Hu J, Guo X, Feng J, Yang ST, Wang J. Butanol production from Saccharina japonica hydrolysate by engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum: The effects of pretreatment method and heat shock protein overexpression. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 335:125290. [PMID: 34023662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgal biomass is currently considered as a potential candidate for biofuel production. In this study, the effects of pretreatment method and heat shock protein overexpression were investigated for efficient butanol production from Saccharina japonica using engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum. First, various pretreatment methods including acid hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis and enzymatic saccharification, and ultrasonic-assisted acid hydrolysis were employed to obtain the fermentable sugars, and the resulted hydrolysates were evaluated for butanol fermentation. The results showed that ultrasonic-assisted acid hydrolysate obtained the highest butanol yield (0.26 g/g) and productivity (0.19 g/L⋅h). Then, the effects of homologous or heterologous heat shock protein overexpression on butanol production and tolerance were examined. Among all the engineered strains, Ct-pMA12G exhibited improved butanol tolerance and enhanced butanol production (12.15 g/L butanol with a yield of 0.34 g/g and productivity of 0.15 g/L⋅h) from 1.8-fold concentrated S. japonica hydrolysate, which was the highest level ever reported for macroalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jialei Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaolong Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jufang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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12
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Iyyappan J, Bharathiraja B, Vaishnavi A, Prathiba S. Overview of Current Developments in Biobutanol Production Methods and Future Perspectives. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2290:3-21. [PMID: 34009579 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1323-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Renewable biobutanol production is receiving more attention toward substituting fossil-based nonrenewable fuels. Biobutanol is recognized as the top most biofuel with extraordinary properties as compared with gasoline. The demand for biobutanol production is increasing enormously due to application in various industries as chemical substituent. Biobutanol production technology has attracted many researchers toward implementation of replacing cost-effective substrate and easy method to recover from the fermentation broth. Sugarcane bagasse, algal biomass, crude glycerol, and lignocellulosic biomass are potential cost-effective substrates which could replace consistent glucose-based substrates. The advantages and limitations of these substrates have been discussed in this chapter. Moreover, finding the integrated biobutanol recovery methods is an important factor parameter in production of biobutanol. This chapter also concentrated on possibilities and drawbacks of obtainable integrated biobutanol recovery methods. Thus, successful process involving cost-effective substrate and biobutanol recovery methods could help to implementation of biobutanol production industry. Overall, this chapter has endeavored to increase the viability of industrial production of biobutanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iyyappan
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, India
| | - B Bharathiraja
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, India.
| | - A Vaishnavi
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, India
| | - S Prathiba
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, India
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13
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Lecaros RLG, Valbuena RE, Tayo LL, Hung WS, Hu CC, Tsai HA, Huang SH, Lee KR, Lai JY. Tannin-based thin-film composite membranes integrated with nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots for butanol dehydration through pervaporation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Gao Y, Zhou X, Zhang MM, Liu YJ, Guo XP, Lei CR, Li WJ, Lu D. Response characteristics of the membrane integrity and physiological activities of the mutant strain Y217 under exogenous butanol stress. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2455-2472. [PMID: 33606076 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Butanol inhibits bacterial activity by destroying the cell membrane of Clostridium acetobutylicum strains and altering functionality. Butanol toxicity also results in destruction of the phosphoenolpyruvate-carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS), thereby preventing glucose transport and phosphorylation and inhibiting transmembrane transport and assimilation of sugars, amino acids, and other nutrients. In this study, based on the addition of exogenous butanol, the tangible macro indicators of changes in the carbon ion beam irradiation-mutant Y217 morphology were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mutant has lower microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon (MATH) value than C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 strain. FDA fluorescence intensity and conductivity studies demonstrated the intrinsically low membrane permeability of the mutant membrane, with membrane potential remaining relatively stable. Monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) accounted for 35.17% of the mutant membrane, and the saturated fatty acids (SFA)/unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) ratio in the mutant cell membrane was 1.65. In addition, we conducted DNA-level analysis of the mutant strain Y217. Expectedly, through screening, we found gene mutant sites encoding membrane-related functions in the mutant, including ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-related genes, predicted membrane proteins, and the PTS transport system. It is noteworthy that an unreported predicted membrane protein (CAC 3309) may be related to changes in mutant cell membrane properties. KEY POINTS: • Mutant Y217 exhibited better membrane integrity and permeability. • Mutant Y217 was more resistant to butanol toxicity. • Some membrane-related genes of mutant Y217 were mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Miao-Miao Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation and Application, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.,Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Guo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cai-Rong Lei
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Jian Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation and Application, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Dong Lu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Gansu Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation and Application, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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15
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Jiang Y, Wu R, Lu J, Dong W, Zhou J, Zhang W, Xin F, Jiang M. Quantitative proteomic analysis to reveal expression differences for butanol production from glycerol and glucose by Clostridium sp. strain CT7. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:12. [PMID: 33422075 PMCID: PMC7797090 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium sp. strain CT7 is a new emerging microbial cell factory with high butanol production ratio owing to its non-traditional butanol fermentation mode with uncoupled acetone and 1,3-propanediol formation. Significant changes of metabolic products profile were shown in glycerol- and glucose-fed strain CT7, especially higher butanol and lower volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production occurred from glycerol-fed one. However, the mechanism of this interesting phenomenon was still unclear. To better elaborate the bacterial response towards glycerol and glucose, the quantitative proteomic analysis through iTRAQ strategy was performed to reveal the regulated proteomic expression levels under different substrates. Proteomics data showed that proteomic expression levels related with carbon metabolism and solvent generation under glycerol media were highly increased. In addition, the up-regulation of hydrogenases, ferredoxins and electron-transferring proteins may attribute to the internal redox balance, while the earlier triggered sporulation response in glycerol-fed media may be associated with the higher butanol production. This study will pave the way for metabolic engineering of other industrial microorganisms to obtain efficient butanol production from glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, 211800, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ruofan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, 211800, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiasheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, 211800, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, 211800, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 211800, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, 211800, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, 211800, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 211800, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, 211800, Nanjing, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 211800, Nanjing, P.R. China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, 211800, Nanjing, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 211800, Nanjing, P.R. China.
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16
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How to outwit nature: Omics insight into butanol tolerance. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 46:107658. [PMID: 33220435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The energy crisis, depletion of oil reserves, and global climate changes are pressing problems of developed societies. One possibility to counteract that is microbial production of butanol, a promising new fuel and alternative to many petrochemical reagents. However, the high butanol toxicity to all known microbial species is the main obstacle to its industrial implementation. The present state of the art review aims to expound the recent advances in modern omics approaches to resolving this insurmountable to date problem of low butanol tolerance. Genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics show that butanol tolerance is a complex phenomenon affecting multiple genes and their expression. Efflux pumps, stress and multidrug response, membrane transport, and redox-related genes are indicated as being most important during butanol challenge, in addition to fine-tuning of global regulators of transcription (Spo0A, GntR), which may further improve tolerance. Lipidomics shows that the alterations in membrane composition (saturated lipids and plasmalogen increase) are very much species-specific and butanol-related. Glycomics discloses the pleiotropic effect of CcpA, the role of alternative sugar transport, and the production of exopolysaccharides as alternative routes to overcoming butanol stress. Unfortunately, the strain that simultaneously syntheses and tolerates butanol in concentrations that allow its commercialization has not yet been discovered or produced. Omics insight will allow the purposeful increase of butanol tolerance in natural and engineered producers and the effective heterologous expression of synthetic butanol pathways in strains hereditary butanol-resistant up to 3.2 - 4.9% (w/v). Future breakthrough can be achieved by a detailed study of the membrane proteome, of which 21% are proteins with unknown functions.
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Thieme N, Panitz JC, Held C, Lewandowski B, Schwarz WH, Liebl W, Zverlov V. Milling byproducts are an economically viable substrate for butanol production using clostridial ABE fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8679-8689. [PMID: 32915256 PMCID: PMC7502454 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Butanol is a platform chemical that is utilized in a wide range of industrial products and is considered a suitable replacement or additive to liquid fuels. So far, it is mainly produced through petrochemical routes. Alternative production routes, for example through biorefinery, are under investigation but are currently not at a market competitive level. Possible alternatives, such as acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by solventogenic clostridia are not market-ready to this day either, because of their low butanol titer and the high costs of feedstocks. Here, we analyzed wheat middlings and wheat red dog, two wheat milling byproducts available in large quantities, as substrates for clostridial ABE fermentation. We could identify ten strains that exhibited good butanol yields on wheat red dog. Two of the best ABE producing strains, Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and Clostridium diolis DSM 15410, were used to optimize a laboratory-scale fermentation process. In addition, enzymatic pretreatment of both milling byproducts significantly enhanced ABE production rates of the strains C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and C. diolis DSM 15410. Finally, a profitability analysis was performed for small- to mid-scale ABE fermentation plants that utilize enzymatically pretreated wheat red dog as substrate. The estimations show that such a plant could be commercially successful.Key points• Wheat milling byproducts are suitable substrates for clostridial ABE fermentation.• Enzymatic pretreatment of wheat red dog and middlings increases ABE yield.• ABE fermentation plants using wheat red dog as substrate are economically viable. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Thieme
- Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Johanna C Panitz
- Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudia Held
- Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
- TDK Electronics AG, Rosenheimer Str. 141e, 81671, Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Lewandowski
- Fritzmeier Umwelttechnik GmbH & Co KG, Dorfstraße 7, 85653, Aying, Germany
- Electrochaea GmbH, Semmelweisstrasse 3, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Schwarz
- Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
- aspratis GmbH, Huebnerstrasse 11, 80637, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Vladimir Zverlov
- Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, RAS, Kurchatov Sq 2, 123128, Moscow, Russia.
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18
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Negative impact of butyric acid on butanol recovery by pervaporation with a silicalite-1 membrane from ABE fermentation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Our planet urgently needs sustainable solutions to alleviate the anthropogenic global warming and climate change. Homogeneous catalysis has the potential to play a fundamental role in this process, providing novel, efficient, and at the same time eco-friendly routes for both chemicals and energy production. In particular, pincer-type ligation shows promising properties in terms of long-term stability and selectivity, as well as allowing for mild reaction conditions and low catalyst loading. Indeed, pincer complexes have been applied to a plethora of sustainable chemical processes, such as hydrogen release, CO2 capture and conversion, N2 fixation, and biomass valorization for the synthesis of high-value chemicals and fuels. In this work, we show the main advances of the last five years in the use of pincer transition metal complexes in key catalytic processes aiming for a more sustainable chemical and energy production.
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20
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Ashani PN, Shafiei M, Karimi K. Biobutanol production from municipal solid waste: Technical and economic analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 308:123267. [PMID: 32251861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel processes for the production of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) from municipal solid waste (MSW) were developed and simulated using Aspen Plus®. In scenario 1, a conventional distillation system was used, while a gas stripping system was coupled with a fermenter in scenario 2. In scenario 3, pervaporation (PV) and gas stripping systems right after the fermentation reactor were applied. Gas stripping increased the total ABE produced while the addition of the PV module decreased the number of distillation columns from 6 to 2 as well as created 6.4% increments in the amount of butanol in comparison with scenario 1. Economical evaluation resulted in having payout periods of 15.9, 4.4, and 2.9 years for scenarios 1 to 3, respectively. These results show that using MSW as an inexpensive sugar-rich feedstock together with gas stripping PV system is a promising solution to overcome the major obstacles in the way of the ABE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Nazemi Ashani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | | | - Keikhosro Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Industrial Biotechnology Group, Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
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21
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Gan L, Chidambaram A, Fonquernie PG, Light ME, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Huang H, Solano E, Fraile J, Viñas C, Teixidor F, Navarro JAR, Stylianou KC, Planas JG. A Highly Water-Stable meta-Carborane-Based Copper Metal–Organic Framework for Efficient High-Temperature Butanol Separation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8299-8311. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gan
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arunraj Chidambaram
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Rue de l’Industrie 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Pol G. Fonquernie
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark E. Light
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Duane Choquesillo-Lazarte
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, IACT, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Av. de las Palmeras 4, E-18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Hongliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Eduardo Solano
- NCD-SWEET Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Fraile
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge A. R. Navarro
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Kyriakos C. Stylianou
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Rue de l’Industrie 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - José G. Planas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Levi Hevroni B, Moraïs S, Ben-David Y, Morag E, Bayer EA. Minimalistic Cellulosome of the Butanologenic Bacterium Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum. mBio 2020; 11:e00443-20. [PMID: 32234813 PMCID: PMC7157769 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00443-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum is a mesophilic, anaerobic, butanol-producing bacterium, originally isolated from soil. It was recently reported that C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum possesses multiple cellulosomal elements and would potentially form the smallest cellulosome known in nature. Its genome contains only eight dockerin-bearing enzymes, and its unique scaffoldin bears two cohesins (Cohs), three X2 modules, and two carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). In this study, all of the cellulosome-related modules were cloned, expressed, and purified. The recombinant cohesins, dockerins, and CBMs were tested for binding activity using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based techniques. All the enzymes were tested for their comparative enzymatic activity on seven different cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates, thus revealing four cellulases, a xylanase, a mannanase, a xyloglucanase, and a lichenase. All dockerin-containing enzymes interacted similarly with the second cohesin (Coh2) module, whereas Coh1 was more restricted in its interaction pattern. In addition, the polysaccharide-binding properties of the CBMs within the scaffoldin were examined by two complementary assays, affinity electrophoresis and affinity pulldown. The scaffoldin of C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum exhibited high affinity for cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates, specifically to microcrystalline cellulose and xyloglucan. Evidence that supports substrate-dependent in vivo secretion of cellulosomes is presented. The results of our analyses contribute to a better understanding of simple cellulosome systems by identifying the key players in this minimalistic system and the binding pattern of its cohesin-dockerin interaction. The knowledge gained by our study will assist further exploration of similar minimalistic cellulosomes and will contribute to the significance of specific sets of defined cellulosomal enzymes in the degradation of cellulosic biomass.IMPORTANCE Cellulosome-producing bacteria are considered among the most important bacteria in both mesophilic and thermophilic environments, owing to their capacity to deconstruct recalcitrant plant-derived polysaccharides (and notably cellulose) into soluble saccharides for subsequent processing. In many ecosystems, the cellulosome-producing bacteria are particularly effective "first responders." The massive amounts of sugars produced are potentially amenable in industrial settings to further fermentation by appropriate microbes to biofuels, notably ethanol and butanol. Among the solvent-producing bacteria, Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum has the smallest cellulosome system known thus far. The importance of investigating the building blocks of such a small, multifunctional nanomachine is crucial to understanding the fundamental activities of this efficient enzymatic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosmat Levi Hevroni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonit Ben-David
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ely Morag
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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23
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Xin X, Cheng C, Du G, Chen L, Xue C. Metabolic Engineering of Histidine Kinases in Clostridium beijerinckii for Enhanced Butanol Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:214. [PMID: 32266241 PMCID: PMC7098912 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium beijerinckii, a promising industrial microorganism for butanol production, suffers from low butanol titer and lack of high-efficiency genetical engineering toolkit. A few histidine kinases (HKs) responsible for Spo0A phosphorylation have been demonstrated as functionally important components in regulating butanol biosynthesis in solventogenic clostridia such as C. acetobutylicum, but no study about HKs has been conducted in C. beijerinckii. In this study, six annotated but uncharacterized candidate HK genes sharing partial homologies (no less than 30%) with those in C. acetobutylicum were selected based on sequence alignment. The encoding region of these HK genes were deleted with CRISPR-Cas9n-based genome editing technology. The deletion of cbei2073 and cbei4484 resulted in significant change in butanol biosynthesis, with butanol production increased by 40.8 and 17.3% (13.8 g/L and 11.5 g/L vs. 9.8 g/L), respectively, compared to the wild-type. Faster butanol production rates were observed, with butanol productivity greatly increased by 40.0 and 20.0%, respectively, indicating these two HKs are important in regulating cellular metabolism in C. beijerinckii. In addition, the sporulation frequencies of two HKs inactivated strains decreased by 96.9 and 77.4%, respectively. The other four HK-deletion (including cbei2087, cbei2435, cbei4925, and cbei1553) mutant strains showed few phenotypic changes compared with the wild-type. This study demonstrated the role of HKs on sporulation and solventogenesis in C. beijerinckii, and provided a novel engineering strategy of HKs for improving metabolite production. The hyper-butanol-producing strains generated in this study have great potentials in industrial biobutanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xin
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chi Cheng
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Guangqing Du
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chuang Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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24
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Li S, Huang L, Ke C, Pang Z, Liu L. Pathway dissection, regulation, engineering and application: lessons learned from biobutanol production by solventogenic clostridia. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:39. [PMID: 32165923 PMCID: PMC7060580 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The global energy crisis and limited supply of petroleum fuels have rekindled the interest in utilizing a sustainable biomass to produce biofuel. Butanol, an advanced biofuel, is a superior renewable resource as it has a high energy content and is less hygroscopic than other candidates. At present, the biobutanol route, employing acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation in Clostridium species, is not economically competitive due to the high cost of feedstocks, low butanol titer, and product inhibition. Based on an analysis of the physiological characteristics of solventogenic clostridia, current advances that enhance ABE fermentation from strain improvement to product separation were systematically reviewed, focusing on: (1) elucidating the metabolic pathway and regulation mechanism of butanol synthesis; (2) enhancing cellular performance and robustness through metabolic engineering, and (3) optimizing the process of ABE fermentation. Finally, perspectives on engineering and exploiting clostridia as cell factories to efficiently produce various chemicals and materials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Li Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Chengzhu Ke
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Zongwen Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005 China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
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25
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Wu Y, Bai Y, Zhang D, Cheng C, Chen L, Bai F, Xue C. Pleiotropic regulation of a glucose-specific PTS in Clostridium acetobutylicum for high-efficient butanol production from corn stover without detoxification. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:264. [PMID: 31709013 PMCID: PMC6836401 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1604-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn stover (CS) is evaluated as the most favorable candidate feedstock for butanol production via microbial acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum. By independent acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentable sugars (mainly glucose and xylose) were released, of which glucose was naturally utilized as the most preferred carbon source by C. acetobutylicum. However, the ABE fermentation using corn stover hydrolysate (CSH) without detoxification is typically limited to poor sugars utilization, butanol production and productivity. In the presence of pretreatment-derived inhibitors, the intracellular ATP and NADH, as important factors involved in cell growth, solventogenesis initiation and stress response, are exceedingly challenged owing to disrupted glucose phosphotransferase system (PTS). Therefore, there is a necessity to develop effective engineering approaches to overcome these limitations for high-efficient butanol production from CSH without detoxification. RESULTS PTS-engineered C. acetobutylicum strains were constructed via overexpression and knockout of gene glcG encoding glucose-specific PTS IICBA, which pleiotropically regulated glucose utilization, cell growth, solventogenesis and inhibitors tolerance. The PTSGlcG-overexpressing strain exhibited high fermentation efficiency, wherein butanol production and productivity was 11.1 g/L and 0.31 g/L/h, compared to those of 11.0 g/L and 0.15 g/L/h with the PTSGlcG-deficient strain. During CSH culture without detoxification, the PTSGlcG-overexpressing strain exhibited desirable inhibitors tolerance and solventogenesis with butanol production of 10.0 g/L, increased by 300% and 400% compared to those of 2.5 and 2.0 g/L with the control and PTSGlcG-deficient strains, respectively. As a result of extra glucose and 10 g/L CaCO3 addition into CSH, butanol production and productivity were further maximized to 12.5 g/L and 0.39 g/L/h. These validated improvements on the PTSGlcG-overexpressing strain were ascribed to not only efficient glucose transport but also its cascading effects on intracellular ATP and NADH generation, solventogenesis initiation and inhibitors tolerance at the exponential growth phase. CONCLUSION The PTSGluG regulation could be an effective engineering approach for high-efficient ABE fermentation from lignocellulosic hydrolysates without detoxification or wastewater generation, providing fundamental information for economically sustainable butanol production with high productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youduo Wu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Yidi Bai
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Daojing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Chi Cheng
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Lijie Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Fengwu Bai
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Chuang Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024 China
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26
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Lin Z, Liu H, Wu J, Patakova P, Branska B, Zhang J. Effective continuous acetone-butanol-ethanol production with full utilization of cassava by immobilized symbiotic TSH06. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:219. [PMID: 31534478 PMCID: PMC6745785 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butanol production by fermentation has recently attracted increasingly more attention because of its mild reaction conditions and environmentally friendly properties. However, traditional feedstocks, such as corn, are food supplies for human beings and are expensive and not suitable for butanol production at a large scale. In this study, acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) fermentation with non-pretreated cassava using a symbiotic TSH06 was investigated. RESULTS In batch fermentation, the butanol concentration of 11.6 g/L was obtained with a productivity of 0.16 g/L/h, which was similar to that obtained from glucose system. A full utilization system of cassava was constructed to improve the fermentation performance, cassava flour was used as the substrate and cassava peel residue was used as the immobilization carrier. ABE fermentation with immobilized cells resulted in total ABE and butanol concentrations of 20 g/L and 13.3 g/L, which were 13.6% and 14.7% higher, respectively, than those of free cells. To further improve the solvent productivity, continuous fermentation was conducted with immobilized cells. In single-stage continuous fermentation, the concentrations of total ABE and butanol reached 9.3 g/L and 6.3 g/L with ABE and butanol productivities of 1.86 g/L/h and 1.26 g/L/h, respectively. In addition, both of the high product concentration and high solvent productivity were achieved in a three-stage continuous fermentation. The ABE productivity and concentration was 1.12 g/L/h and 16.8 g/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that TSH06 could produce solvents from cassava effectively. This study shows that ABE fermentation with cassava as a substrate could be an efficient and economical method of butanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangnan Lin
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Hongjuan Liu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Petra Patakova
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Branska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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27
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Techno-economic analysis of acetone-butanol-ethanol distillation sequences feeding the biphasic condensate after in situ gas stripping separation. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Engineering Clostridium for improved solvent production: recent progress and perspective. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5549-5566. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abdelaal AS, Jawed K, Yazdani SS. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated engineering of Escherichia coli for n-butanol production from xylose in defined medium. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:965-975. [PMID: 30982114 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Butanol production from agricultural residues is the most promising alternative for fossil fuels. To reach the economic viability of biobutanol production, both glucose and xylose should be utilized and converted into butanol. Here, we engineered a dual-operon-based synthetic pathway in the genome of E. coli MG1655 to produce n-butanol using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Further deletion of competing pathway followed by fed-batch cultivation of the engineered strain in a bioreactor with glucose-containing complex medium yielded 5.4 g/L n-butanol along with pyruvate as major co-product, indicating a redox imbalance. To ferment xylose into butanol in redox-balanced manner, we selected SSK42, an ethanologenic E. coli strain engineered and evolved in our laboratory to produce ethanol from xylose, for integrating synthetic butanol cassette in its genome via CRISPR/Cas9 after deleting the gene responsible for endogenous ethanol production. The engineered plasmid- and marker-free strain, ASA02, produced 4.32 g/L butanol in fed-batch fermentation in completely defined AM1-xylose medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Samy Abdelaal
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Kamran Jawed
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Shams Yazdani
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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Continuous Butanol Fermentation of Dilute Acid-Pretreated De-oiled Rice Bran by Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4622. [PMID: 30874578 PMCID: PMC6420626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40840-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous fermentation of dilute acid-pretreated de-oiled rice bran (DRB) to butanol by the Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1 strain was investigated. Pretreatment of DRB with dilute sulfuric acid (1%) resulted in the production of 42.12 g/L total sugars, including 25.57 g/L glucose, 15.1 g/L xylose and 1.46 g/L cellobiose. Pretreated-DRB (SADRB) was used as a fermentation medium at various dilution rates, and a dilution rate of 0.02 h-1 was optimal for solvent production, in which 11.18 g/L of total solvent was produced (acetone 4.37 g/L, butanol 5.89 g/L and ethanol 0.92 g/L). Detoxification of SADRB with activated charcoal resulted in the high removal of fermentation inhibitory compounds. Fermentation of detoxified-SADRB in continuous fermentation with a dilution rate of 0.02 h-1 achieved higher concentrations of solvent (12.42 g/L) and butanol (6.87 g/L), respectively, with a solvent productivity of 0.248 g/L.h. This study showed that the solvent concentration and productivity in continuous fermentation from SADRB was higher than that obtained from batch culture fermentation. This study also provides an economic assessment for butanol production in continuous fermentation process from DRB to validate the commercial viability of this process.
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Grisales Díaz VH, von Stosch M, Willis MJ. Butanol production via vacuum fermentation: An economic evaluation of operating strategies. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kolesinska B, Fraczyk J, Binczarski M, Modelska M, Berlowska J, Dziugan P, Antolak H, Kaminski ZJ, Witonska IA, Kregiel D. Butanol Synthesis Routes for Biofuel Production: Trends and Perspectives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E350. [PMID: 30678076 PMCID: PMC6384976 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Butanol has similar characteristics to gasoline, and could provide an alternative oxygenate to ethanol in blended fuels. Butanol can be produced either via the biotechnological route, using microorganisms such as clostridia, or by the chemical route, using petroleum. Recently, interest has grown in the possibility of catalytic coupling of bioethanol into butanol over various heterogenic systems. This reaction has great potential, and could be a step towards overcoming the disadvantages of bioethanol as a sustainable transportation fuel. This paper summarizes the latest research on butanol synthesis for the production of biofuels in different biotechnological and chemical ways; it also compares potentialities and limitations of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kolesinska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Justyna Fraczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Michal Binczarski
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Modelska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Berlowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Dziugan
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Hubert Antolak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew J Kaminski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Izabela A Witonska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kregiel
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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Luo H, Zheng P, Xie F, Yang R, Liu L, Han S, Zhao Y, Bilal M. Co-production of solvents and organic acids in butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum in the presence of lignin-derived phenolics. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6919-6927. [PMID: 35518483 PMCID: PMC9061099 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-production of solvents (butanol, acetone, and ethanol) and organic acids (butyrate and acetate) by Clostridium acetobutylicum using lignocellulosic biomass as a substrate could further enlarge the application scope of butanol fermentation. This is mainly because solvents and organic acids could be used for production of fine chemicals such as butyl butyrate, butyl oleate, etc. However, many phenolic fermentation inhibitors are formed during the pretreatment process because of lignin degradation. The present study investigated the effects of five typical lignin-derived phenolics on the biosynthesis of solvents and organic acids in C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Results obtained in 100 mL anaerobic bottles indicated that butanol concentration was enhanced from 10.29 g L−1 to 11.36 g L−1 by the addition of 0.1 g L−1 vanillin. Subsequently, a pH-control strategy was proposed in a 5 L anaerobic fermenter to alleviate the “acid crash” phenomenon and improve butanol fermentation performance, simultaneously. Notably, organic acid concentration was enhanced from 6.38 g L−1 (control) to a high level of 9.21–12.57 g L−1 with vanillin or/and vanillic acid addition (0.2 g L−1) under the pH-control strategy. Furthermore, the butyrate/butanol ratio reached the highest level of 0.80 g g−1 with vanillin/vanillic acid co-addition, and solvent concentration reached 13.85 g L−1, a comparable level to the control (13.69 g L−1). The effectiveness and robustness of the strategy for solvent and organic acid co-production was also verified under five typical phenolic environments. In conclusion, these results suggest that the proposed process strategy would potentially promote butanol fermentative products from renewable biomass. Lignin-derived phenolics enhance solvent and organic acid biosynthesis in butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Panli Zheng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Fang Xie
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Rongling Yang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Lina Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Chemistry
- Missouri University of Science and Technology
- Rolla
- USA
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
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Wang J, Yang H, Qi G, Liu X, Gao X, Shen Y. Effect of lignocellulose-derived weak acids on butanol production byClostridium acetobutylicumunder different pH adjustment conditions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:1967-1975. [PMID: 35516100 PMCID: PMC9059770 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08678h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of formic acid, acetic acid and levulinic acid on acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation under different pH adjustment conditions were investigated using Clostridium acetobutylicum as the fermentation strain. CaCO3 supplementation can alleviate the inhibitory effect of formic acid on ABE production. The ABE titers from the medium containing 0.5 g L−1 formic acid with pH adjusted by CaCO3 and KOH were 11.08 g L−1 and 1.04 g L−1, which reached 64.8% and 6.3% of the control group, respectively. Compared with CaCO3 pH adjustment, fermentation results with higher ABE titers and yields were obtained from the medium containing acetic acid or levulinic acid, when the pH was adjusted by KOH. When formic acid, acetic acid, and levulinic acid co-existed in the medium, better fermentation result was achieved by adjusting the pH by CaCO3. Moreover, 12.50 g L−1 ABE was obtained from the medium containing 2.0 g L−1 acetic acid, 0.4 g L−1 formic acid, and 1.0 g L−1 levulinic acid as compared to 3.98 g L−1 ABE obtained from the same medium when the pH was adjusted by KOH. CaCO3 supplementation is a more favorable pH adjustment method for ABE medium preparation from lignocellulosic hydrolysate. The effects of formic acid, acetic acid and levulinic acid on acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation under different pH adjustment conditions were investigated using Clostridium acetobutylicum as the fermentation strain.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wang
- National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- College of Environment and Resources
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Gaoxaing Qi
- National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Xuecheng Liu
- College of Environment and Resources
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Xu Gao
- National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Yu Shen
- National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
- College of Environment and Resources
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Abomohra AEF, Elshobary M. Biodiesel, Bioethanol, and Biobutanol Production from Microalgae. MICROALGAE BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BIOFUEL AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT 2019:293-321. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2264-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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36
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Amiri H, Karimi K. Pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic wastes for butanol production: Challenges and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:702-721. [PMID: 30195696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Butanol is acknowledged as a drop-in biofuel that can be used in the existing transportation infrastructure, addressing the needs for sustainable liquid fuel. However, before becoming a thoughtful alternative for fossil fuel, butanol should be produced efficiently from a widely-available, renewable, and cost-effective source. In this regard, lignocellulosic materials, the main component of organic wastes from agriculture, forestry, municipalities, and even industries seems to be the most promising source. The butanol-producing bacteria, i.e., Clostridia sp., can uptake a wide range of hexoses, pentoses, and oligomers obtained from hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose content of lignocelluloses. The present work is dedicated to reviewing different processes containing pretreatment and hydrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose developed for preparing fermentable hydrolysates for biobutanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Amiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran; Environmental Research Institute, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran.
| | - Keikhosro Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Industrial Biotechnology Group, Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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Swidah R, Ogunlabi O, Grant CM, Ashe MP. n-Butanol production in S. cerevisiae: co-ordinate use of endogenous and exogenous pathways. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9857-9866. [PMID: 30171268 PMCID: PMC6208969 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
n-Butanol represents a key commodity chemical and holds significant potential as a biofuel. It can be produced naturally by Clostridia species via the ABE pathway. However, butanol production via such systems can be associated with significant drawbacks. Therefore, substantial efforts have been made toward engineering a suitable industrial host for butanol production. For instance, we previously generated a metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that produces ~300 mg/L butanol from combined endogenous and exogenous pathways. In this current study, the endogenous and exogenous pathways of butanol production were further characterised, and their relative contribution to the overall butanol titre was assessed. Deletion of any single component of the exogenous ABE pathway was sufficient to significantly reduce butanol production. Further evidence for a major contribution from the ABE pathway came with the discovery that specific yeast deletion mutants only affected butanol production from this pathway and had a significant impact on butanol levels. In previous studies, the threonine-based ketoacid (TBK) pathway has been proposed to explain endogenous butanol synthesis in ADH1 mutants. However, we find that key mutants in this pathway have little impact on endogenous butanol production; hence, this pathway does not explain endogenous butanol production in our strains. Instead, endogenous butanol production appears to rely on glycine metabolism via an α-ketovalerate intermediate. Indeed, yeast cells can utilise α-ketovalerate as a supplement to generate high butanol titres (> 2 g/L). The future characterisation and optimisation of the enzymatic activities required for this pathway provides an exciting area in the generation of robust butanol production strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Swidah
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - O Ogunlabi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - C M Grant
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - M P Ashe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., M13 9PT, Manchester, UK.
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Chen H, Cai D, Chen C, Wang J, Qin P, Tan T. Novel distillation process for effective and stable separation of high-concentration acetone-butanol-ethanol mixture from fermentation-pervaporation integration process. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:286. [PMID: 30377445 PMCID: PMC6195753 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major obstacles of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation from renewable biomass resources is the energy-intensive separation process. To decrease the energy demand of the ABE downstream separation processes, hybrid in situ separation system with conventional distillation is recognized as an effective method. However, in the distillation processes, the high reflux ratio of the ethanol column and the accumulation of ethanol on top of the water and butanol columns led to poor controllability and high operation cost of the distillations. In this study, vacuum distillation process which is based on a decanter-assisted ethanol-butanol-water recycle loop named E-TCD sequence was developed to improve the conventional separation sequence for ABE separation. The permeate of in situ pervaporation system was used as the feed. RESULTS The distillation processes were simulated and optimized by iterative strategies. ABE mixture with acetone, butanol and ethanol concentrations of 115.8 g/L, 191.4 g/L and 17.8 g/L (the other composition was water) that obtained from fermentation-pervaporation integration process was used as the feed. A plant scaled to 1025 kg/h of ABE mixture was performed, and the product purities were 100 wt% of butanol, 99.7 wt% of acetone and 95 wt% of ethanol, respectively. Results showed that only 5.3 MJ/kg (of butanol) was required for ABE separation, which was only 37.54% of the energy cost in conventional distillation processes. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the drawbacks of ethanol accumulation in butanol-water recycle loop and the extremely high recovery rate of ethanol in conventional distillation processes, simulation results obtained in the current work avoided the accumulation of ethanol based on the novel E-TCD sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
- Center for Process Simulation & Optimization, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Cai
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Changjing Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
- Center for Process Simulation & Optimization, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiyong Qin
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
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Hijosa-Valsero M, Garita-Cambronero J, Paniagua-García AI, Díez-Antolínez R. Biobutanol production from coffee silverskin. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:154. [PMID: 30261894 PMCID: PMC6158808 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffee silverskin, a by-product from coffee roasting industries, was evaluated as a feedstock for biobutanol production by acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation. This lignocellulosic biomass contained approximately 30% total carbohydrates and 30% lignin. Coffee silverskin was subjected to autohydrolysis at 170 °C during 20 min, with a biomass-to-solvent ratio of 20%, and a subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis with commercial enzymes in order to release simple sugars. The fermentability of the hydrolysate was assessed with four solventogenic strains from the genus Clostridium. In addition, fermentation conditions were optimised via response surface methodology to improve butanol concentration in the final broth. RESULTS The coffee silverskin hydrolysate contained 34.39 ± 2.61 g/L total sugars, which represents a sugar recovery of 34 ± 3%. It was verified that this hydrolysate was fermentable without the need of any detoxification method and that C. beijerinckii CECT 508 was the most efficient strain for butanol production, attaining final values of 4.14 ± 0.21 g/L acetone, 7.02 ± 0.27 g/L butanol and 0.25 ± 0.01 g/L ethanol, consuming 76.5 ± 0.8% sugars and reaching a butanol yield of 0.269 ± 0.008 gB/gS under optimal conditions. CONCLUSIONS Coffee silverskin could be an adequate feedstock for butanol production in biorefineries. When working with complex matrices like lignocellulosic biomass, it is essential to select an adequate bacterial strain and to optimize its fermentation conditions (such as pH, temperature or CaCO3 concentration).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Hijosa-Valsero
- Centro de Biocombustibles y Bioproductos, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Villarejo de Órbigo, 24358, León, Spain.
| | - Jerson Garita-Cambronero
- Centro de Biocombustibles y Bioproductos, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Villarejo de Órbigo, 24358, León, Spain
| | - Ana I Paniagua-García
- Centro de Biocombustibles y Bioproductos, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Villarejo de Órbigo, 24358, León, Spain
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales (IRENA), Universidad de León, Avenida de Portugal 42, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Rebeca Díez-Antolínez
- Centro de Biocombustibles y Bioproductos, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Villarejo de Órbigo, 24358, León, Spain
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales (IRENA), Universidad de León, Avenida de Portugal 42, 24071, León, Spain
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Gómez-Pérez C, Espinosa J. Design method for continuous bioreactors in series with recirculation and productivity optimization. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Solvent production from xylose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8707-8715. [PMID: 30109398 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Xylose is the second most abundant sugar derived from lignocellulose; it is considered less desirable than glucose for fermentation, and strategies that specifically increase xylose utilization in wild type or engineered cells are goals for biofuel production. Issues arise with xylose utilization because of carbohydrate catabolite repression, which is the preferential utilization of glucose relative to xylose in fermentations with both pure and mixed cultures. Taken together the low substrate utilization rates and solvent yields with xylose compared to glucose, many industrial fermentations ignore the xylolytic portion of the reaction in lieu of methods to maintain high glucose. This is shortsighted given the massive potential for xylose generation from a number of sustainable biomass feedstocks, based on utilization of the hemicellulose fraction(s) that enter pretreatment. A number of strategies have been developed in recent years to address xylose utilization and solvent production from xylose in systems with just xylose, or in systems with mixtures of glucose plus xylose, which are more typical of pretreated lignocellulose. The approaches vary in terms of complexity, stability, and ease of introduction to existing fermentation infrastructure (i.e., so-called drop-in fermentation strategies). Some approaches can be considered traditional engineering approaches (e.g., change the reaction conditions), while others are more subtle cellular approaches to eliminate the impacts of catabolite repression. Finally, genetic engineering has been used to increase xylose utilization, although this can be considered a relatively nascent approach compared to manipulations completed to date for glucose utilization.
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Oleate esters production by bridging Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentation and Candida sp. 99–125 full-cell catalysis based on gas stripping-pervaporation unit. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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43
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Díaz VHG, Tost GO. Economic optimization of in situ extraction of inhibitors in acetone-ethanol-butanol (ABE) fermentation from lignocellulose. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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Yang Y, Nie X, Jiang Y, Yang C, Gu Y, Jiang W. Metabolic regulation in solventogenic clostridia: regulators, mechanisms and engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:905-914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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Zhang Y, Dong R, Zhang M, Gao H. Native efflux pumps of Escherichia coli responsible for short and medium chain alcohol. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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High biobutanol production integrated with in situ extraction in the presence of Tween 80 by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Luo H, Yang R, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Liu Z, Huang M, Zeng Q. Recent advances and strategies in process and strain engineering for the production of butyric acid by microbial fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 253:343-354. [PMID: 29329775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Butyric acid is an important platform chemical, which is widely used in the fields of food, pharmaceutical, energy, etc. Microbial fermentation as an alternative approach for butyric acid production is attracting great attention as it is an environmentally friendly bioprocessing. However, traditional fermentative butyric acid production is still not economically competitive compared to chemical synthesis route, due to the low titer, low productivity, and high production cost. Therefore, reduction of butyric acid production cost by utilization of alternative inexpensive feedstock, and improvement of butyric acid production and productivity has become an important target. Recently, several advanced strategies have been developed for enhanced butyric acid production, including bioprocess techniques and metabolic engineering methods. This review provides an overview of advances and strategies in process and strain engineering for butyric acid production by microbial fermentation. Additionally, future perspectives on improvement of butyric acid production are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Rongling Yang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Mengyu Huang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Qingwei Zeng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
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Yamada R, Nishikawa R, Wakita K, Ogino H. Rapid and stable production of 2,3-butanediol by an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain in a continuous airlift bioreactor. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 45:305-311. [PMID: 29605870 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of renewable feedstocks for the production of bio-based bulk chemicals, such as 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO), by engineered strains of the non-pathogenic yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has recently become an attractive option. In this study, to realize rapid production of 2,3-BDO, a flocculent, 2,3-BDO-producing S. cerevisiae strain YPH499/dPdAdG/BDN6-10/FLO1 was constructed from a previously developed 2,3-BDO-producing strain. Continuous 2,3-BDO fermentation was carried out by the flocculent strain in an airlift bioreactor. The strain consumed more than 90 g/L of glucose, which corresponded to 90% of the input, and stably produced more than 30 g/L of 2,3-BDO over 380 h. The maximum 2,3-BDO productivity was 7.64 g/L/h at a dilution rate of 0.200/h, which was higher than the values achieved by continuous fermentation using pathogenic bacteria in the previous reports. These results demonstrate that continuous 2,3-BDO fermentation with flocculent 2,3-BDO-producing S. cerevisiae is a promising strategy for practical 2,3-BDO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Riru Nishikawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuki Wakita
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Ogino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
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Li T, Zhang C, Yang KL, He J. Unique genetic cassettes in a Thermoanaerobacterium contribute to simultaneous conversion of cellulose and monosugars into butanol. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:e1701475. [PMID: 29740597 PMCID: PMC5938282 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for cellulosic biofuels is on the rise because of the anticipation for sustainable energy and less greenhouse gas emissions in the future. However, production of cellulosic biofuels, especially cellulosic butanol, has been hampered by the lack of potent microbes that are capable of converting cellulosic biomass into biofuels. We report a wild-type Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum strain TG57, which is capable of using microcrystalline cellulose directly to produce butanol (1.93 g/liter) as the only final product (without any acetone or ethanol produced), comparable to that of engineered microbes thus far. Strain TG57 exhibits significant advances including unique genes responsible for a new butyrate synthesis pathway, no carbon catabolite repression, and the absence of genes responsible for acetone synthesis (which is observed as the main by-product in most Clostridium strains known today). Furthermore, the use of glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose posed a selection pressure to facilitate isolation of strain TG57 with deletion/silencing of carbon catabolite repressor genes-the ccr and xylR genes-and thus is able to simultaneously ferment glucose, xylose, and arabinose to produce butanol (7.33 g/liter) as the sole solvent. Combined analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data revealed unusual aspects of genome organization, numerous determinants for unique bioconversions, regulation of central metabolic pathways, and distinct transcriptomic profiles. This study provides a genome-level understanding of how cellulose is metabolized by T. thermosaccharolyticum and sheds light on the potential of competitive and sustainable biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinggang Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Kun-Lin Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Jianzhong He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
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Wu X, Fang G, Tong Y, Jiang D, Liang Z, Leng W, Liu L, Tu P, Wang H, Ni J, Li X. Catalytic Upgrading of Ethanol to n-Butanol: Progress in Catalyst Development. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:71-85. [PMID: 28895302 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Because n-butanol as a fuel additive has more advantageous physicochemical properties than those of ethanol, ethanol valorization to n-butanol through homo- or heterogeneous catalysis has received much attention in recent decades in both scientific and industrial fields. Recent progress in catalyst development for upgrading ethanol to n-butanol, which involves homogeneous catalysts, such as iridium and ruthenium complexes, and heterogeneous catalysts, including metal oxides, hydroxyapatite (HAP), and, in particular, supported metal catalysts, is reviewed herein. The structure-activity relationships of catalysts and underlying reaction mechanisms are critically examined, and future research directions on the design and improvement of catalysts are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Wu
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Geqian Fang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Tong
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Dahao Jiang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Liang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Leng
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Liu Liu
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Pengxiang Tu
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hongjing Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ni
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonian Li
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
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