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Xu Z, Zhou H, Li T, Yi Q, Thakur A, Zhang K, Ma X, Qin JJ, Yan Y. Application of biomimetic nanovaccines in cancer immunotherapy: A useful strategy to help combat immunotherapy resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 75:101098. [PMID: 38833804 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in actual clinical applications have begun through vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy, which uses the body's immune system, both humoral and cellular, to attack malignant cells and fight diseases. However, conventional vaccine approaches still face multiple challenges eliciting effective antigen-specific immune responses, resulting in immunotherapy resistance. In recent years, biomimetic nanovaccines have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional vaccine approaches by incorporating the natural structure of various biological entities, such as cells, viruses, and bacteria. Biomimetic nanovaccines offer the benefit of targeted antigen-presenting cell (APC) delivery, improved antigen/adjuvant loading, and biocompatibility, thereby improving the sensitivity of immunotherapy. This review presents a comprehensive overview of several kinds of biomimetic nanovaccines in anticancer immune response, including cell membrane-coated nanovaccines, self-assembling protein-based nanovaccines, extracellular vesicle-based nanovaccines, natural ligand-modified nanovaccines, artificial antigen-presenting cells-based nanovaccines and liposome-based nanovaccines. We also discuss the perspectives and challenges associated with the clinical translation of emerging biomimetic nanovaccine platforms for sensitizing cancer cells to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Tongfei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Qiaoli Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kui Zhang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
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2
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Van de Steen A, Wilkinson HC, Dalby PA, Frank S. Encapsulation of Transketolase into In Vitro-Assembled Protein Nanocompartments Improves Thermal Stability. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3660-3674. [PMID: 38835217 PMCID: PMC11190991 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Protein compartments offer definitive structures with a large potential design space that are of particular interest for green chemistry and therapeutic applications. One family of protein compartments, encapsulins, are simple prokaryotic nanocompartments that self-assemble from a single monomer into selectively permeable cages of between 18 and 42 nm. Over the past decade, encapsulins have been developed for a diverse application portfolio utilizing their defined cargo loading mechanisms and repetitive surface display. Although it has been demonstrated that encapsulation of non-native cargo proteins provides protection from protease activity, the thermal effects arising from enclosing cargo within encapsulins remain poorly understood. This study aimed to establish a methodology for loading a reporter protein into thermostable encapsulins to determine the resulting stability change of the cargo. Building on previous in vitro reassembly studies, we first investigated the effectiveness of in vitro reassembly and cargo-loading of two size classes of encapsulins Thermotoga maritima T = 1 and Myxococcus xanthus T = 3, using superfolder Green Fluorescent Protein. We show that the empty T. maritima capsid reassembles with higher yield than the M. xanthus capsid and that in vitro loading promotes the formation of the M. xanthus T = 3 capsid form over the T = 1 form, while overloading with cargo results in malformed T. maritima T = 1 encapsulins. For the stability study, a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-probed industrially relevant enzyme cargo, transketolase, was then loaded into the T. maritima encapsulin. Our results show that site-specific orthogonal FRET labels can reveal changes in thermal unfolding of encapsulated cargo, suggesting that in vitro loading of transketolase into the T. maritima T = 1 encapsulin shell increases the thermal stability of the enzyme. This work supports the move toward fully harnessing structural, spatial, and functional control of in vitro assembled encapsulins with applications in cargo stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul A. Dalby
- Department of Biochemical
Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Stefanie Frank
- Department of Biochemical
Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
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3
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Helalat SH, Téllez RC, Dezfouli EA, Sun Y. Sortase A-Based Post-translational Modifications on Encapsulin Nanocompartments. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2762-2769. [PMID: 38689446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Protein-based encapsulin nanocompartments, known for their well-defined structures and versatile functionalities, present promising opportunities in the fields of biotechnology and nanomedicine. In this investigation, we effectively developed a sortase A-mediated protein ligation system in Escherichia coli to site-specifically attach target proteins to encapsulin, both internally and on its surfaces without any further in vitro steps. We explored the potential applications of fusing sortase enzyme and a protease for post-translational ligation of encapsulin to a green fluorescent protein and anti-CD3 scFv. Our results demonstrated that this system could attach other proteins to the nanoparticles' exterior surfaces without adversely affecting their folding and assembly processes. Additionally, this system enabled the attachment of proteins inside encapsulins which varied shapes and sizes of the nanoparticles due to cargo overload. This research developed an alternative enzymatic ligation method for engineering encapsulin nanoparticles to facilitate the conjugation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Helalat
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Coronel Téllez
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ehsan Ansari Dezfouli
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Yan H, Peng Y, Zhang J, Peng R, Feng X, Su J, Yi H, Lu Y, Gao S, Liu J, Yang M, Liu X, Gao S, Chen Z. Rapid and highly potent humoral responses to mpox nanovaccine candidates adjuvanted by thermostable scaffolds. Vaccine 2024; 42:2072-2080. [PMID: 38423815 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox (mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) of the orthopoxvirus genus. The emergence and global spread of mpox in 2022 was declared as a public health emergency by World Health Organization. This mpox pandemic alarmed us that mpox still threaten global public health. Live vaccines could be used for immunization for this disease with side effects. New alternative vaccines are urgently needed for this re-emerging disease. Specific antibody responses play key roles for protection against MPXV, therefore, vaccines that induce high humoral immunity will be ideal candidates. In the present study, we developed thermostable nanovaccine candidates for mpox by conjugating MPXV antigens with thermostable nanoscafolds. Three MPXV protective antigens, L1, A29, and A33, and the thermostable Aquafex aeolicus lumazine synthase (AaLS), were expressed in E. coli and purified by Ni-NTA methods. The nanovaccines were generated by conjugation of the antigens with AaLS. Thermal stability test results showed that the nanovaccines remained unchanged after one week storage under 37℃ and only partial degradation under 60℃, indicating high thermostability. Very interesting, one dose immunization with the nanovaccine could induce high potent antibody responses, and two dose induced 2-month high titers of antibodes. In vitro virus neutralization test showed that nanovaccine candidates induced significantly higher levels of neutralization antibodies than monomers. These results indicated that the AaLS conjugation nanovaccines of MPXV antigens are highly thermostable in terms of storage and antigenic, being good alternative vaccine candidates for this re-emerging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Yan
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuanli Peng
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruihao Peng
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - XiangNing Feng
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - JiaYue Su
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - HuaiMin Yi
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuying Lu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shan Gao
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mingwei Yang
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shenyang Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses, Jinzhou Medical University. Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses, Jinzhou Medical University. Jinzhou 121001, China.
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5
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Manchanda N, Vishkarma H, Goyal M, Shah S, Famta P, Talegaonkar S, Srivastava S. Surface Functionalized Lipid Nanoparticles in Promoting Therapeutic Outcomes: An Insight View of the Dynamic Drug Delivery System. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:278-300. [PMID: 38409709 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501285598240216065627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Compared to the conventional approach, nanoparticles (NPs) facilitate a non-hazardous, non-toxic, non-interactive, and biocompatible system, rendering them incredibly promising for improving drug delivery to target cells. When that comes to accomplishing specific therapeutic agents like drugs, peptides, nucleotides, etc., lipidic nanoparticulate systems have emerged as even more robust. They have asserted impressive ability in bypassing physiological and cellular barriers, evading lysosomal capture and the proton sponge effect, optimizing bioavailability, and compliance, lowering doses, and boosting therapeutic efficacy. However, the lack of selectivity at the cellular level hinders its ability to accomplish its potential to the fullest. The inclusion of surface functionalization to the lipidic NPs might certainly assist them in adapting to the basic biological demands of a specific pathological condition. Several ligands, including peptides, enzymes, polymers, saccharides, antibodies, etc., can be functionalized onto the surface of lipidic NPs to achieve cellular selectivity and avoid bioactivity challenges. This review provides a comprehensive outline for functionalizing lipid-based NPs systems in prominence over target selectivity. Emphasis has been put upon the strategies for reinforcing the therapeutic performance of lipidic nano carriers' using a variety of ligands alongside instances of relevant commercial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namish Manchanda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Government of NCT of Delhi, Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Pushp Vihar Sector-3, New Delhi-110017, Delhi (NCT), India
- Centre of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S Nagar, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Government of India, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali-160062, Punjab, India
| | - Harish Vishkarma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Government of NCT of Delhi, Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Pushp Vihar Sector-3, New Delhi-110017, Delhi (NCT), India
| | - Muskan Goyal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Government of NCT of Delhi, Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Pushp Vihar Sector-3, New Delhi-110017, Delhi (NCT), India
| | - Saurabh Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Government of India, Balanagar, Hyderabad-500037, Telangana, India
| | - Paras Famta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Government of India, Balanagar, Hyderabad-500037, Telangana, India
| | - Sushama Talegaonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Government of NCT of Delhi, Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Pushp Vihar Sector-3, New Delhi-110017, Delhi (NCT), India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Government of India, Balanagar, Hyderabad-500037, Telangana, India
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6
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Li Y, Gao H, Nepovimova E, Wu Q, Adam V, Kuca K. Recombinant ferritins for multimodal nanomedicine. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2219868. [PMID: 37263586 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2219868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In all living organisms, ferritins are a group of proteins important for maintaining iron homeostasis. Increasing amount of studies has shown that recombinant ferritins can be widely used in multimodal nanomedicine, especially for anticancer treatment and vaccination. Recombinant particles prepared by fusing viral proteins and ferritin subunits produce a better immune response and higher antibody titres. Moreover, actively-targeted ferritin nanoparticles can recognise receptors and deliver natural or chemical drugs specifically to the tumour tissue. In addition, ferritin-linked or loaded with contrast agents or fluorescent dyes can be used as multimodal particles useful cancer theranostics. In this review, we fully summarised the unitisation of recombinant ferritins in multimodal nanomedicine. The research progress of using recombinant ferritins as nanovaccines, nanozymes, and bioengineered nanocarriers for targeted therapy and bioimaging is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Gao
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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7
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Rudd SR, Miranda LS, Curtis HR, Bigot Y, Diaz-Mendoza M, Hice R, Nizet V, Park HW, Blaha G, Federici BA, Bideshi DK. The Parasporal Body of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis: A Unique Phage Capsid-Associated Prokaryotic Insecticidal Organelle. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1421. [PMID: 37998020 PMCID: PMC10669011 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The three most important commercial bacterial insecticides are all derived from subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Specifically, Bt subsp. kurstaki (Btk) and Bt subsp. aizawai (Bta) are used to control larval lepidopteran pests. The third, Bt subsp. israelensis (Bti), is primarily used to control mosquito and blackfly larvae. All three subspecies produce a parasporal body (PB) during sporulation. The PB is composed of insecticidal proteins that damage the midgut epithelium, initiating a complex process that results in the death of the insect. Among these three subspecies of Bt, Bti is unique as it produces the most complex PB consisting of three compartments. Each compartment is bound by a multilaminar fibrous matrix (MFM). Two compartments contain one protein each, Cry11Aa1 and Cyt1Aa1, while the third contains two, Cry4Aa1/Cry4Ba1. Each compartment is packaged independently before coalescing into the mature spherical PB held together by additional layers of the MFM. This distinctive packaging process is unparalleled among known bacterial organelles, although the underlying molecular biology is yet to be determined. Here, we present structural and molecular evidence that the MFM has a hexagonal pattern to which Bti proteins Bt152 and Bt075 bind. Bt152 binds to a defined spot on the MFM during the development of each compartment, yet its function remains unknown. Bt075 appears to be derived from a bacteriophage major capsid protein (MCP), and though its sequence has markedly diverged, it shares striking 3-D structural similarity to the Escherichia coli phage HK97 Head 1 capsid protein. Both proteins are encoded on Bti's pBtoxis plasmid. Additionally, we have also identified a six-amino acid motif that appears to be part of a novel molecular process responsible for targeting the Cry and Cyt proteins to their cytoplasmic compartments. This paper describes several previously unknown features of the Bti organelle, representing a first step to understanding the biology of a unique process of sorting and packaging of proteins into PBs. The insights from this research suggest a potential for future applications in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Rudd
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA; (S.R.R.); (L.S.M.); (H.R.C.); (H.-W.P.)
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Leticia Silva Miranda
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA; (S.R.R.); (L.S.M.); (H.R.C.); (H.-W.P.)
| | - Hannah R. Curtis
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA; (S.R.R.); (L.S.M.); (H.R.C.); (H.-W.P.)
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yves Bigot
- UMR CNRS7247, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France;
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Robert Hice
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA; (S.R.R.); (L.S.M.); (H.R.C.); (H.-W.P.)
| | - Gregor Blaha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Brian A. Federici
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Dennis K. Bideshi
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA; (S.R.R.); (L.S.M.); (H.R.C.); (H.-W.P.)
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8
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Levasseur MD, Hofmann R, Edwardson TGW, Hehn S, Thanaburakorn M, Bode JW, Hilvert D. Post-Assembly Modification of Protein Cages by Ubc9-Mediated Lysine Acylation. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200332. [PMID: 35951442 PMCID: PMC9826087 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although viruses have been successfully repurposed as vaccines, antibiotics, and anticancer therapeutics, they also raise concerns regarding genome integration and immunogenicity. Virus-like particles and non-viral protein cages represent a potentially safer alternative but often lack desired functionality. Here, we investigated the utility of a new enzymatic bioconjugation method, called lysine acylation using conjugating enzymes (LACE), to chemoenzymatically modify protein cages. We equipped two structurally distinct protein capsules with a LACE-reactive peptide tag and demonstrated their modification with diverse ligands. This modular approach combines the advantages of chemical conjugation and genetic fusion and allows for site-specific modification with recombinant proteins as well as synthetic peptides with facile control of the extent of labeling. This strategy has the potential to fine-tune protein containers of different shape and size by providing them with new properties that go beyond their biologically native functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikail D. Levasseur
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/108093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Raphael Hofmann
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/108093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thomas G. W. Edwardson
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/108093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Svenja Hehn
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/108093ZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/108093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/108093ZurichSwitzerland
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9
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Abstract
Subcellular compartmentalization is a defining feature of all cells. In prokaryotes, compartmentalization is generally achieved via protein-based strategies. The two main classes of microbial protein compartments are bacterial microcompartments and encapsulin nanocompartments. Encapsulins self-assemble into proteinaceous shells with diameters between 24 and 42 nm and are defined by the viral HK97-fold of their shell protein. Encapsulins have the ability to encapsulate dedicated cargo proteins, including ferritin-like proteins, peroxidases, and desulfurases. Encapsulation is mediated by targeting sequences present in all cargo proteins. Encapsulins are found in many bacterial and archaeal phyla and have been suggested to play roles in iron storage, stress resistance, sulfur metabolism, and natural product biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that they share a common ancestor with viral capsid proteins. Many pathogens encode encapsulins, and recent evidence suggests that they may contribute toward pathogenicity. The existing information on encapsulin structure, biochemistry, biological function, and biomedical relevance is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias W. Giessen
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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10
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Curley SM, Putnam D. Biological Nanoparticles in Vaccine Development. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:867119. [PMID: 35402394 PMCID: PMC8984165 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.867119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the most successful public health initiatives worldwide. However, despite the vast number of highly effective vaccines, some infectious diseases still do not have vaccines available. New technologies are needed to fully realize the potential of vaccine development for both emerging infectious diseases and diseases for which there are currently no vaccines available. As can be seen by the success of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, nanoscale platforms are promising delivery vectors for effective and safe vaccines. Synthetic nanoscale platforms, including liposomes and inorganic nanoparticles and microparticles, have many advantages in the vaccine market, but often require multiple doses and addition of artificial adjuvants, such as aluminum hydroxide. Biologically derived nanoparticles, on the other hand, contain native pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which can reduce the need for artificial adjuvants. Biological nanoparticles can be engineered to have many additional useful properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and are often able to self-assemble, thereby allowing simple scale-up from benchtop to large-scale manufacturing. This review summarizes the state of the art in biologically derived nanoparticles and their capabilities as novel vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Curley
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David Putnam
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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11
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Gao Y, Shah K, Kwok I, Wang M, Rome LH, Mahendra S. Immobilized fungal enzymes: Innovations and potential applications in biodegradation and biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 57:107936. [PMID: 35276253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial enzymes catalyze various reactions inside and outside living cells. Among the widely studied enzymes, fungal enzymes have been used for some of the most diverse purposes, especially in bioremediation, biosynthesis, and many nature-inspired commercial applications. To improve their stability and catalytic ability, fungal enzymes are often immobilized on assorted materials, conventional as well as nanoscale. Recent advances in fungal enzyme immobilization provide effective and sustainable approaches to achieve improved environmental and commercial outcomes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of commonly studied fungal enzymes and immobilization technologies. It also summarizes recent advances involving immobilized fungal enzymes for the degradation or assembly of compounds used in the manufacture of products, such as detergents, food additives, and fossil fuel alternatives. Furthermore, challenges and future directions are highlighted to offer new perspectives on improving existing technologies and addressing unexplored fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Kshitjia Shah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ivy Kwok
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Leonard H Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Shaily Mahendra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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12
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Sung HD, Kim N, Lee Y, Lee EJ. Protein-Based Nanoparticle Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13445. [PMID: 34948241 PMCID: PMC8703262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has upended healthcare systems and economies around the world. Rapid understanding of the structural biology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 has allowed the development of emergency use or FDA-approved vaccines and various candidate vaccines. Among the recently developed SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines, natural protein-based nanoparticles well suited for multivalent antigen presentation and enhanced immune stimulation to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses are currently being investigated. This mini-review presents recent innovations in protein-based nanoparticle vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The design and strategy of displaying antigenic domains, including spike protein, receptor-binding domain (RBD), and other domains on the surface of various protein-based nanoparticles and the performance of the developed nanoparticle-based vaccines are highlighted. In the final part of this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in clinical trials and provide an outlook on protein-based nanoparticle vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Dong Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Nayeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yeram Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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13
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Almeida AV, Carvalho AJ, Pereira AS. Encapsulin nanocages: Protein encapsulation and iron sequestration. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Qu Y, Zhang B, Wang Y, Yin S, Sun Y, Middelberg A, Bi J. Immunogenicity and Vaccine Efficacy Boosted by Engineering Human Heavy Chain Ferritin and Chimeric Hepatitis B Virus Core Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7147-7156. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Qu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Bingyang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yingli Wang
- Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Shuang Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Anton Middelberg
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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15
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Wu S, Xia Y, Hu Y, Ma G. Bio-mimic particles for the enhanced vaccinations: Lessons learnt from the natural traits and pathogenic invasion. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113871. [PMID: 34311014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the combat against pathogens, the immune systems were evolved with the immune recognitions against the various danger signals, which responded vigorously upon the pathogen invasions and elicited potent antibodies or T cell engagement against the re-infections. Envisage with the prevailing pandemics and increasing demands for cancer vaccines, bio-mimic particles were developed to imitate the natural traits of the pathogens, which conferred the optimal strategies to stimulate the immune engagement and let to the increased vaccine efficacy. Here, the recent development in bio-mimic particles, as well as the natural cues from the pathogens were discussed. As such, the designing principles that adapted from the physiochemical properties of the pathogens were unfolded as the surface characteristics (hydrophobic, nano-pattern, antigen display, charge), properties (size, shape, softness) and the delivered components (peptide, protein, nuclear acids, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist, antibody). Additionally, the strategies for the efficient delivery, regarding the biodistribution, internalization and presentation of the antigens were also illustrated. Through reviewing the state-of-art in biomimetic particles, the lesson learnt from the natural traits and pathogenic invasion may shed light on the rational design for the enhanced vaccinations.
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Chen L, Hong W, Ren W, Xu T, Qian Z, He Z. Recent progress in targeted delivery vectors based on biomimetic nanoparticles. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:225. [PMID: 34099630 PMCID: PMC8182741 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, great interest has been given to biomimetic nanoparticles (BNPs) since the rise of targeted drug delivery systems and biomimetic nanotechnology. Biological vectors including cell membranes, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and viruses are considered promising candidates for targeted delivery owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. BNPs, the integration of biological vectors and functional agents, are anticipated to load cargos or camouflage synthetic nanoparticles to achieve targeted delivery. Despite their excellent intrinsic properties, natural vectors are deliberately modified to endow multiple functions such as good permeability, improved loading capability, and high specificity. Through structural modification and transformation of the vectors, they are pervasively utilized as more effective vehicles that can deliver contrast agents, chemotherapy drugs, nucleic acids, and genes to target sites for refractory disease therapy. This review summarizes recent advances in targeted delivery vectors based on cell membranes, EVs, and viruses, highlighting the potential applications of BNPs in the fields of biomedical imaging and therapy industry, as well as discussing the possibility of clinical translation and exploitation trend of these BNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenyan Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyao He
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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17
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Chen X, Zhang R, Sun G, Jiang B, Fan K, Li Z, Yan X. Nanocage-Based Capture-Detection System for the Clinical Diagnosis of Autoimmune Disease. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101655. [PMID: 34028968 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The detection of autoantibodies is critical for diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. However, the sensitivity is often limited by the properties of the antigens and the detection systems such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here, employing the multidisplay ability of ferritin, a highly sensitive nanocage-based capture-detection system is designed, of which the sensitivity is 100-1000-fold higher than that of conventional ELISA methods. The capture nanocages are constructed by displaying the primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS)-related antigenic peptides on ferritin nanocage, which present epitopes effectively and high affinity, leading to tenfold higher capture capability for autoantibodies. Human IgG Fc-binding peptides are also engineered on ferritin nanocage, which enable high binding affinity and efficient horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeling. Compared with commercial HRP-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody, the nanocage-based detecting probe exhibited more than tenfold increased sensitivity. Autoantibodies are then examined in 91 sera from patients with pSS, 51 from rheumatoid arthritis, 54 from systemic lupus erythematosus, and 55 from healthy individuals by using the nanocage-based ELISA. The results indicate that the nanocage-based capture-detection system is an effective detection platform and provide a novel and more sensitive method for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingni Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jianlin Zhang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuehui Chen
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruofei Zhang
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guoming Sun
- Nanjing Nanozyme Tech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 211500, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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18
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Rodríguez JM, Allende-Ballestero C, Cornelissen JJLM, Castón JR. Nanotechnological Applications Based on Bacterial Encapsulins. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1467. [PMID: 34206092 PMCID: PMC8229669 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulins are proteinaceous nanocontainers, constructed by a single species of shell protein that self-assemble into 20-40 nm icosahedral particles. Encapsulins are structurally similar to the capsids of viruses of the HK97-like lineage, to which they are evolutionarily related. Nearly all these nanocontainers encase a single oligomeric protein that defines the physiological role of the complex, although a few encapsulate several activities within a single particle. Encapsulins are abundant in bacteria and archaea, in which they participate in regulation of oxidative stress, detoxification, and homeostasis of key chemical elements. These nanocontainers are physically robust, contain numerous pores that permit metabolite flux through the shell, and are very tolerant of genetic manipulation. There are natural mechanisms for efficient functionalization of the outer and inner shell surfaces, and for the in vivo and in vitro internalization of heterologous proteins. These characteristics render encapsulin an excellent platform for the development of biotechnological applications. Here we provide an overview of current knowledge of encapsulin systems, summarize the remarkable toolbox developed by researchers in this field, and discuss recent advances in the biomedical and bioengineering applications of encapsulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier M. Rodríguez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.); (C.A.-B.)
| | - Carolina Allende-Ballestero
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.); (C.A.-B.)
| | - Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - José R. Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.); (C.A.-B.)
- Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit CNB-CSIC-IMDEA, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Significant advances in enzyme discovery, protein and reaction engineering have transformed biocatalysis into a viable technology for the industrial scale manufacturing of chemicals. Multi-enzyme catalysis has emerged as a new frontier for the synthesis of complex chemicals. However, the in vitro operation of multiple enzymes simultaneously in one vessel poses challenges that require new strategies for increasing the operational performance of enzymatic cascade reactions. Chief among those strategies is enzyme co-immobilization. This review will explore how advances in synthetic biology and protein engineering have led to bioinspired co-localization strategies for the scaffolding and compartmentalization of enzymes. Emphasis will be placed on genetically encoded co-localization mechanisms as platforms for future autonomously self-organizing biocatalytic systems. Such genetically programmable systems could be produced by cell factories or emerging cell-free systems. Challenges and opportunities towards self-assembling, multifunctional biocatalytic materials will be discussed.
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Tan YQ, Xue B, Yew WS. Genetically Encodable Scaffolds for Optimizing Enzyme Function. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051389. [PMID: 33806660 PMCID: PMC7961827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme engineering is an indispensable tool in the field of synthetic biology, where enzymes are challenged to carry out novel or improved functions. Achieving these goals sometimes goes beyond modifying the primary sequence of the enzyme itself. The use of protein or nucleic acid scaffolds to enhance enzyme properties has been reported for applications such as microbial production of chemicals, biosensor development and bioremediation. Key advantages of using these assemblies include optimizing reaction conditions, improving metabolic flux and increasing enzyme stability. This review summarizes recent trends in utilizing genetically encodable scaffolds, developed in line with synthetic biology methodologies, to complement the purposeful deployment of enzymes. Current molecular tools for constructing these synthetic enzyme-scaffold systems are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Quan Tan
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (Y.Q.T.); (B.X.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Bo Xue
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (Y.Q.T.); (B.X.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (Y.Q.T.); (B.X.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6516-8624
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