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Islam MN, Rahman F, Papri SA, Faruk MO, Das AK, Adhikary N, Debrot AO, Ahsan MN. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.) as an alternative raw material for the production of bio-compost and handmade paper. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 294:113036. [PMID: 34146933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water hyacinth (WH) is considered as the worst aquatic weed in the world because of its rapid growth and fast spread into new areas of fresh water bodies. We investigated the potentiality of using WH as a raw material for production of handmade paper and compost in Bangladesh. Potash pulping was done using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at different alkali concentrations (8-12%) with a liquor to solid ratio of 7:1 at 145 °C for 2 h. The pulp was bleached using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and pulp properties (brightness, tear index and tensile index) of bleached and unbleached pulps were analyzed following the respective TAPPI standards. The produced black liquor was mixed with WH along with kitchen bio-wastes to produce compost. The properties of the compost were tested following the published protocols, i.e., wet digestion, Kjeldahl, vanadomolybdophosphoric acid, and Flame Spectrophotometry methods. Brightness, tensile index and tear index of bleached hand sheets were found to be 37.2%, 49.2 N m/g and 6.79 m.Nm2/g, respectively suggesting significant contribution of bleaching on WH paper quality. Addition of black liquor significantly increased the nitrogen and potassium content of bio-waste compost. Thus, WH can be used as a raw material for making handmade paper while the process by-product can be supplemented to improve the nutritional quality of compost. Such cottage-industry fabrication of WH green products could be developed to control the infestation of WH in water bodies, and this technology may provide for new possible sustainable livelihood option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazrul Islam
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh.
| | - Fatima Rahman
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Sumona Alom Papri
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Md Omar Faruk
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Atanu Kumar Das
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nipa Adhikary
- Soil, Water and Environment Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Nazmul Ahsan
- Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
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Shi D, Zhuang K, Chen Y, Hu Z, Shen Z. Phytotoxicity and accumulation of Cu in mature and young leaves of submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111684. [PMID: 33396016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxicity and accumulation of Cu in mature and young leaves of submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle were investigated by analyzing the chlorophyll contents, chloroplast ultrastructure and leaf surface structure under different Cu treatments (0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 f mg L-1). The results showed that 0.05 and 0.1 mg L-1 Cu treatment decreased the contents of Chl a and Chl b, and caused damage on leaf surface structure and chloroplast ultrastructure compared with control (0 mg L-1 Cu treatment). Higher concentration of Cu induced Chlorophyll decreases and the damages on the leaf surface structure and chloroplast ultrastructure were more pronounced in mature than in young leaves. It was observed that leaf Cu concentration increased almost linearly with exposure time and majority of the Cu accumulated in the cell walls. Among different cell wall fractions, the majority of Cu accumulated in cell walls was bound to the hemicellulose 1 and cellulose, followed by the pectin, hemicellulose 2. Mature leaves had significantly higher the concentrations of total Cu and bound-Cu in cell walls due to higher uronic acid content in their cell wall fractions (pectin, hemicellulose 1 and cellulose) than young leaves. Distinct cell wall composition might partially contribute to the different Cu toxicity and accumulation between mature and young leaves of submerged macrophyte H. verticillata. Our results show that mature leaves are more efficient in the uptake and accumulation of Cu than young leaves, which might explain why mature leaves sustain more severe damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlu Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kai Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Balachandar R, Biruntha M, Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Subbaiya R, Govarthanan M, Kumar P, Karmegam N. Earthworm intervened nutrient recovery and greener production of vermicompost from Ipomoea staphylina - An invasive weed with emerging environmental challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128080. [PMID: 33297079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The invasive weed, Ipomoea staphylina (IS) with cow dung (CD) and mushroom spent straw (MS) in four different combinations (IS:CD:MS), V1 (1:1:0), V2 (2:1:1), V3 (1:0:1) and V4 (1:1:1) were pre-decomposed for 21 days followed by 50 days vermicomposting using Eudrilus eugeniae in triplicates in order to alleviate and to utilize the weed biomass in an environment-friendly manner. The contents of organic matter, organic carbon, cellulose, lignin, C/N and C/P ratios showed a decrease, while electrical conductivity, total NPK, calcium, sodium, and nitrate-nitrogen showed a significant increase in vermicompost over control. Water-soluble organic carbon to organic nitrogen ratio and C/N ratio in V1 (0.52 and 17.55) and V4 (0.43 and 16.56), respectively, were in conformity with the maturity of vermicomposts. Scanning electron micrographs of the end products clearly showed more fragmented, fine, and porous particles in vermicompost. Copper, chromium, cadmium, lead, and zinc in vermicomposts were below the permissible limits. Dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, cellulase, and protease activities were significantly higher in V4 than other treatments, implying the role of MS and CD addition during vermicomposting. Though V3 combination supported worm biomass, V4 combination was found to favor the fecundity of Eudrilus eugeniae. Results reveal that 1:1:1 combination of SI + CD + MS (V4) is suitable for utilizing the weed biomass for vermicompost production and nutrient recovery. From the biomass of environmentally problematic weed, Ipomoea staphylina, nutrient-rich vermicompost can be produced through vermitechnology for sustainable environmental management and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Balachandar
- Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Missions University (Deemed to Be University), Paiyanoor, Chennai, 603 104, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muniyandi Biruntha
- Vermitechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box: 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Nsenga Kumwimba M, Dzakpasu M, Li X. Potential of invasive watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spp.) to remediate eutrophic waterbodies with organic and inorganic pollutants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 270:110919. [PMID: 32721351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum) is one of the world's most troublesome invasive aquatic weeds. Although current management practices may inhibit its expansion, it also impacts not only the quality of water but habitat deterioration. Therefore, the need for developing highly efficient and low-cost biotechnologies with resource recovery into the agriculture field as a complementary management strategy cannot be overstated. Here, we reviewe the scientific/grey literature to offer readers a precise and panoramic view of the invasive watermilfoil ecology, regional problems, impacts, ecosystem services, and management. In this regard, an in-depth review aimed to assess the potential for reducing non-point source inorganic and organic pollutants using invasive watermilfoil, with the sustainable approaches, while offering other services and mitigating ecological trade-offs is presented. Global distributions, growth, and current progress on the management and utilization of invasive watermilfoil biomass are summarized to develop the aim, which is to convey challenges during the implementation of large-scale weed use. In short, pollutant assimilation in plant and bacterial communities linked to this weed considerably contribute to the reduction and degradation of pollutants from both natural and artificial systems. Although several considerations in recycling and reusing biomass need to be considered, the potential reuse of the harvested material for livestock feed, compost and direct use in farming systems offer an additional strategy to achieve sustainable ecosystem restoration. Further research and development may focus on a more detailed economic modeling approach that integrates the costs (worker's wage, harvesting, transportation, and energy consumption), legal and regulatory barriers, health risks and ecosystem service benefits (biodiversity improvement, and pollutant removal) to holistically evaluate the economic, environmental, and societal value of reusing and recycling this waste material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nsenga Kumwimba
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo
| | - Mawuli Dzakpasu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xuyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Shi D, Zhuang K, Chen Y, Xu F, Hu Z, Shen Z. Effects of excess ammoniacal nitrogen (NH 4+-N) on pigments, photosynthetic rates, chloroplast ultrastructure, proteomics, formation of reactive oxygen species and enzymatic activity in submerged plant Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 226:105585. [PMID: 32763644 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although excess ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH4+-N) results in the disturbance of various important biochemical and physiological processes, a detailed study on the effects of NH4+-N stress on the photosynthesis and global changes in protein levels in submerged macrophytes is still lacking. Here, the changes of excess NH4+-N on physiological parameters in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, a submerged macrophyte were investigated, including the contents of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, net photosynthesis and respiration, glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities, chloroplast ultrastructure, chloroplast reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and protein levels. Our results showed that the net photosynthetic rate and pigment content reached maximum values when the plants were treated with 1 and 2 mg L-1 NH4+-N, respectively, and decreased at NH4+-N concentrations at 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg L-1. This decrease might be caused by ROS accumulation. Compared that in 0.02 mg L-1 NH4+-N as a control, ROS generation in chloroplasts significantly increased in the presence of more than 2 mg L-1 NH4+-N. Consistently, the damages caused by over-accumulated ROS were observed in chloroplast ultrastructure, showing a loose thylakoid membranes and swollen grana/stroma lamellae. Furthermore, through proteomic analysis, we identified 91 differentially expressed protein spots. Among them, six proteins involved in photosynthesis decreased in abundance in response to excess NH4+-N. Surprisingly, the abundance of all the identified proteins that were involved in nitrogen assimilation and amino acid metabolism tended to increase under excess NH4+-N compared with the control, suggestive of the imbalanced carbon and nitrogen (C-N) metabolisms. In support, activated GS and GOGAT cycle was observed, evidenced by higher activities of GS and GOGAT enzymes. To our knowledge, this work is the first description that excess NH4+-N results in chloroplast ultrastructural damages and the first proteomic evidence to support that excess NH4+-N can lead to a decline in photosynthesis and imbalance of C-N metabolism in submerged macrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlu Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Tazart Z, Douma M, Caldeira AT, Tebaa L, Mouhri K, Loudiki M. Highlighting of the antialgal activity of organic extracts of Moroccan macrophytes: potential use in cyanobacteria blooms control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19630-19637. [PMID: 32219655 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of algicidal compounds produced by macrophytes against microalgae. The aim of this study was to assess the algicidal activity of seven Moroccan macrophyte ethyl acetate extracts (MEA) to control harmful algal blooms (HABs). The response and sensitivity of prokaryotic toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) and eukaryotic microalgae (Chlorella sp.) were highlighted. The algicidal effect of MEA extracts against the two microalgae was assessed using both the paper disc diffusion and microdilution methods. This last was used in order to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum algicidal concentrations (MAC). Results showed that the growth of both microalgae was significantly inhibited by all MEA extracts. Myriophyllum spicatum organic extract shows the highest growth inhibition activity against M. aeruginosa (35.33 ± 1.53) and Chlorella sp. (30.33 ± 1.15 mm). This stronger inhibitory activity was confirmed by the low MIC (6.25, 12.5 mg/L) and MAC (6.25, 12.5 mg/L) values. Furthermore, results showed different sensitivity between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic microalgae into MEA extracts. Based on the MIC and MAC values, we can distinguish two groups of plants. The first one, including M. spicatum, Ranunculus aquatilis, and Enteromorpha sp., can be considered as a preferable anti-prokaryotic group with a stronger inhibitory activity on M. aeruginosa growth. The second group, constituted by Potamogeton natans, Nasturtium officinale, Elodea sp., and Ceratophyllum sp., has a preferable and stronger inhibitory effect against eukaryotic algae (Chlorella sp.). Overall the results reveal the potential algicidal activity of macrophytes and suggested that MEA extracts could play an important role in biocontrol of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Tazart
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
- HERCULES Laboratory & Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora University, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Mountasser Douma
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco.
- Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.
| | - Ana Teresa Caldeira
- HERCULES Laboratory & Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora University, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Lamiaa Tebaa
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Khadija Mouhri
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Loudiki
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
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Jain MS, Paul S, Kalamdhad AS. Recalcitrant carbon for composting of fibrous aquatic waste: Degradation kinetics, spectroscopic study and effect on physico-chemical and nutritional properties. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 251:109568. [PMID: 31539698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochar, a recalcitrant carbon, is known to enhance organic matter degradation and improve physical properties. The objective of the study is to examine the probable effect of biochar addition during composting of a fibrous aquatic waste, i.e., water hyacinth though degradation kinetics and spectroscopic (FTIR and PXRD) analysis. Four dosages of biochar (0, 2.5, 5, and 10% w/w) were mixed to a mixture of water hyacinth, cow-dung and saw-dust comprising a total weight of 150 kg and composted using rotary drum composter for 20 days in batch mode. The study outcomes indicated that the amendment of biochar prolonged the duration of the thermophilic temperatures, reduced salinity, and promoted nutritional quality of compost. Moreover, biochar amendment enhanced the organic matter degradation with a rate constant of 0.029 day-1 and increased the total Kjeldahl nitrogen content up to 1.75% from an initial value of 1.10% in the reactor with 2.5% biochar amendment. Concurrently, biochar amendment aided in reducing Cu and Cr in the final product inferring 2.5% biochar is best suited for composting of water hyacinth. However, future studies are encouraged to decipher the microbial shifts and bioavailability of metals due to biochar dosage during composting for mitigating and managing the menace of such fibrous waste like water hyacinth by converting it to a soil conditioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Shirish Jain
- School of Construction Management, National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Pune, 411045, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Siddhartha Paul
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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Jain MS, Kalamdhad AS. Drum composting of nitrogen-rich Hydrilla Verticillata with carbon-rich agents: Effects on composting physics and kinetics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 231:770-779. [PMID: 30415170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Composting of the Hydrilla verticillata, an invasive aquatic weed, signifies aquatic waste management as a safe and hygienic method that produces a nutrient-rich end product, i.e., compost. However, its higher moisture content, higher N-losses, and lower degradation rate have shown negative impacts on the composting process. Therefore the primary objective of this study was to assess the composting physics and the degradation kinetics after addition of three different carbon-rich agents with Hydrilla verticillata. To pursue this objective, three carbon-rich agents (viz. dry leaves in Run A, grass clippings in Run B and wood chips in Run C) each were mixed (10% w/w) to the optimized control mixture of Hydrilla verticillata, cow dung and sawdust (8:1:1) as reported in the earlier study. The composting experiments were performed in 550L rotary drum composter for 20 days to evaluate variation in physical, chemical, nutritional properties as well as degradation kinetics. The Run A and Run B were the only two mixtures that attained the temperature (55-70 °C) that indicates standard sterilization capacity in both with maximum moisture reduction (17%) and total Kjeldahl N increment (48%) in the latter. Organic matter losses throughout the process followed a first-order kinetic equation in all the Run (A-C) and control with the higher loss in Run B whereas least in control. Nevertheless, the addition of all carbon-rich agents is found to be beneficial to improve composting physics. Amongst all Runs (A-C), Run B achieved maximum reduction in the initial value of bulk density (64%) and increment in the initial value of free air space (20%). The study also concluded that all the carbon-rich agents have produced compost with the nutritional concentration suitable for agricultural proposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Shirish Jain
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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Defense Mechanisms of Two Pioneer Submerged Plants during Their Optimal Performance Period in the Bioaccumulation of Lead: A Comparative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122844. [PMID: 30551602 PMCID: PMC6313381 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, two pioneer, submerged plants, effectively remove heavy metals from contaminated water. The present work evaluates the bioaccumulation and defense mechanisms of these plants in the accumulation of lead from contaminated water during their optimal performance period. C. demersum and H. verticillata were investigated after 14 days of exposure to various lead concentrations (5–80 μM). The lead accumulation in both C. demersum and H. verticillata increased with an increasing lead concentration, reaching maximum values of 2462.7 and 1792 mg kg−1 dw, respectively, at 80 μM. The biomass and protein content decreased significantly in C. demersum when exposed to lead. The biomass of H. verticillata exposed to lead had no significant difference from that of the controls, and the protein content increased for the 5–10 μM exposure groups. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were much higher in C. demersum, suggesting considerable damage from lipid peroxidation and sensitivity to lead stress. Enzyme inhibition and inactivation were also observed in C. demersum at high lead concentrations (40–80 μM). The excellent growth status, low damage from lipid peroxidation, and high activity of catalase (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) observed in H. verticillata illustrate its better tolerance under the same lead stress.
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Jain MS, Kalamdhad AS. Efficacy of batch mode rotary drum composter for management of aquatic weed (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 221:20-27. [PMID: 29787969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Invasive aquatic weed management is one of the biggest challenges in the field of solid waste management. Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle pose some of the world's most noted aquatic weed problems. Previously reported studies on management of H. verticillata, a submersed aquatic plant, have shown that temporary removal, chemical treatment or biological control methods each have advantages and disadvantages. Removal programs that propose to compost harvested H. verticillata biomass may provide a novel technique to manage this issue. However, the properties of such compost as an agriculture resource are unclear. This study presents the different mix proportions of H. verticillata, cow dung and sawdust used for the composting of 550 L rotary drum composter. This work characterizes the biological, physicochemical, and respirometry properties of the various mixes over a 20-day composting period. The results suggest that the biomass of H. verticillata can be beneficially utilized to produce stable compost for potential use in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Shirish Jain
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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