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K S V, Prapanchan VN, Selvan VNI, Karmegam N, Kim W, Barcelo D, Govarthanan M. Microplastics, their abundance, and distribution in water and sediments in North Chennai, India: An assessment of pollution risk and human health impacts. J Contam Hydrol 2024; 263:104339. [PMID: 38564944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Plastic particles, measuring <5 mm in size, mainly originate from larger plastic debris undergoing degradation, fragmenting into even smaller fragments. The goal was to analyze the spatial diversity and polymer composition of microplastics (MPs) in North Chennai, South India, aiming to evaluate their prevalence and features like composition, dimensions, color, and shape. In 60 sediment samples, a combined count of 1589 particles were detected, averaging 26 particles per 5 g-1 of dry sediment. The water samples from the North Chennai vicinity encompassed a sum of 1588 particles across 71 samples, with an average of 22 items/L. The majority of MPs ranged in size from 1 mm to 500 μm. The ATR-FTIR results identified the predominant types of MPs as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polypropylene in sediment and water. The spatial variation analysis revealed high MPs concentration in landfill sites, areas with dense populations, and popular tourist destinations. The pollution load index in water demonstrated that MPs had contaminated all stations. Upon evaluating the polymeric and pollution risks, it was evident that they ranged from 5.13 to 430.15 and 2.83 to 15,963.2, which is relatively low to exceedingly high levels. As the quantity of MPs and hazardous polymers increased, the level of pollution and corresponding risks also escalated significantly. The existence of MPs in lake water, as opposed to open well water, could potentially pose a cancer risk for both children and adults who consume it. Detecting MPs in water samples highlights the significance of implementing precautionary actions to alleviate the potential health hazards they create.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh K S
- Centre for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V N Prapanchan
- Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - V N Indhiya Selvan
- Department of Geography, University of Madras, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India; Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India.
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2
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Maheswaran B, Sebastin Raj J, Pandiyarajan P, Jaya Santhi R, Mythili R, K S V, Kim W, Karmegam N, Govarthanan M. Polyurethane degradation by extracellular urethanase producing bacterial isolate Moraxella catarrhalis strain BMPPS3. Environ Res 2024; 251:118631. [PMID: 38452914 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Plastic waste has become a global issue and a threat to the ecosystem. The present study isolated polyurethane (PU) degrading bacterial species from soil dumped with plastic wastes. Four bacterial isolates, RS1, RS6, RS9 and RS13 were obtained and their ability to degrade PU in a synthetic medium with PU as a sole source of carbon was assessed individually. After thirty days of incubation, the highest PU weight loss of 67.36 ± 0.32% was recorded in the medium containing RS13 isolate. The results of FTIR revealed the occurrence of carbonyl peaks. The putative isolate RS13 confirmed with the genus Moraxella according to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the isolate was specified as Moraxella catarrhalis strain BMPPS3. The restriction analysis of Moraxella catarrhalis strain BMPPS3 revealed that the GCAT content to 51% and 49% correspondingly. Moraxella catarrhalis strain BMPPS3 was able to colonize on PU surface and form a biofilm as revealed by SEM investigation. Fatty acids and alkanes were found to be the degradation products by GC-MS analysis. The presence of these metabolites facilitated the growth of strain RS13 and suggested that ester hydrolysis products had been mineralized into CO2 and H2O. Extracellular biosurfactant synthesis has also been found in Moraxella catarrhalis strain BMPPS13 inoculated with synthetic media and mineral salt media containing PU and glucose as carbon sources, respectively with a significant level of cell-surface hydrophobicity (32%). The production and activity of extracellular esterase showed consistent increase from day 1-15 which peaked (1.029 mM/min/mg) on day 24 significantly at P < 0.001. Crude biosurfactants were lipopeptide-based, according to the characteristic investigation. According to this study findings, Moraxella catarrhalis produces biosurfactants of the esterase, urethanase and lipase (lipopeptide) types when carbon source PU is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Maheswaran
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University, Sivakasi, 626124, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joseph Sebastin Raj
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Biotechnology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Pandiselvam Pandiyarajan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Jaya Santhi
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Auxilium College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, 632006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Mythili
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Vignesh K S
- Centre for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Preethi PS, Hariharan NM, Kumar SD, Rameshpathy M, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N. Actinobacterial peroxidase-mediated biodeterioration of hazardous explosive, 2, 4, 6, trinitrophenol by in silico and in vitro approaches. Environ Geochem Health 2024; 46:102. [PMID: 38433158 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01903-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Explosives are perilous and noxious to aquatic biota disrupting their endocrinal systems. Supplementarily, they exhibit carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects on humans and animals. Henceforth, the current study has been targeted to biotransform the explosive, 2, 4, 6 trinitrophenol (TNP) by wetland peroxidase from Streptomyces coelicolor. A total peroxidase yield of 20,779 mg/l with 51.6 folds of purification was observed. In silico molecular docking cum in vitro appraisals were accomplished to assess binding energy and interacting binding site residues of peroxidase and TNP complex. TNP required a minimal binding energy of-6.91 kJ/mol and was subjected to biodeterioration (89.73%) by peroxidase in purified form, with 45 kDa and a similarity score of 34 by MASCOT protein analysis. Moreover, the peroxidase activity was confirmed with Zymogram analysis. Characterization of peroxidase revealed that optimum values of pH and temperature as 6 and 40 °C, respectively, with their corresponding stability varying from 3.5 to 7. Interestingly, the kinetic parameters such as Km and Vmax on 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and H2O2 were 19.27 µm and 0.41 µm/min; 21.4 µm and 0.1 µm/min, respectively. Among the diverse substrates, chemicals and trace elements, ABTS (40 mM), citric acid (5 mM) and Fe2+ (5 mM) displayed the highest peroxidase activity. Computational docking and in vitro results were corroborative and UV-Vis spectroscopy, HPLC, FTIR and GC-MS indicated the presence of simple metabolites of TNP such as nitrophenols and benzoquinone, showcasing the efficacy of S. coelicolor peroxidase to biotransform TNP. Henceforth, the current study offers a promising channel for biological treatment of explosive munitions, establishing a sustainable green earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasath Sai Preethi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600123, India
| | - N M Hariharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600123, India
| | - Shanmugam Dilip Kumar
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India
| | - Manian Rameshpathy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 007, India.
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Bolan S, Padhye LP, Jasemizad T, Govarthanan M, Karmegam N, Wijesekara H, Amarasiri D, Hou D, Zhou P, Biswal BK, Balasubramanian R, Wang H, Siddique KHM, Rinklebe J, Kirkham MB, Bolan N. Impacts of climate change on the fate of contaminants through extreme weather events. Sci Total Environ 2024; 909:168388. [PMID: 37956854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The direct impacts of climate change involve a multitude of phenomena, including rising sea levels, intensified severe weather events such as droughts and flooding, increased temperatures leading to wildfires, and unpredictable fluctuations in rainfall. This comprehensive review intends to examine firstly the probable consequences of climate change on extreme weather events such as drought, flood and wildfire. This review subsequently examines the release and transformation of contaminants in terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric environments in response to extreme weather events driven by climate change. While drought and flood influence the dynamics of inorganic and organic contaminants in terrestrial and aquatic environments, thereby influencing their mobility and transport, wildfire results in the release and spread of organic contaminants in the atmosphere. There is a nascent awareness of climate change's influence of climate change-induced extreme weather events on the dynamics of environmental contaminants in the scientific community and decision-making processes. The remediation industry, in particular, lags behind in adopting adaptive measures for managing contaminated environments affected by climate change-induced extreme weather events. However, recognizing the need for assessment measures represents a pivotal first step towards fostering more adaptive practices in the management of contaminated environments. We highlight the urgency of collaboration between environmental chemists and climate change experts, emphasizing the importance of jointly assessing the fate of contaminants and rigorous action to augment risk assessment and remediation strategies to safeguard the health of our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australia
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tahereh Jasemizad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, South Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Dhulmy Amarasiri
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingfan Zhou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Basanta Kumar Biswal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australia.
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Ratchnashree SR, Karmegam N, Selvam M, Manikandan S, Deena SR, Subbaiya R, Vickram AS, Kim W, Govarthanan M. Advanced technologies for the determination of quantitative structure-activity relationships and degradation efficiency of micropollutants and their removal in water - A review. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166563. [PMID: 37647970 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The growing concentrations of micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems are a global water quality issue. Understanding micropollutants varied chemical composition and potency is essential to solving this complex issue. Micropollutants management requires identifying contaminants to reduce, optimal reduction targets, and the best wastewater recycling locations. Management requires appropriate technological measures. Pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, hormones, and other micropollutants can enter the aquatic environment from point and diffuse sources, with wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) distributing them in urban areas. Micropollutants like pharmaceuticals and hormones may not be removed by conventional WWTPs. Micropollutants affect the EU, especially in densely populated areas where surface water is consumed. This review examines several technological options that can be integrated into existing treatment methods to address this issue. In this work, oxidation, activated carbon, and their combinations as potential solutions, considering their efficacy and cost were evaluated. This study illuminates micropollutants origin and physico-chemical properties, which affect distribution, persistence, and environmental impacts. Understanding these factors helps us develop targeted micropollutant mitigation strategies to protect water quality. This review can inform policy and decision-making to reduce micropollutant impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Ratchnashree
- Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai 600 095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Masilamani Selvam
- Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai 600 095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Santhana Raj Deena
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia.
| | - A S Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - M Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India.
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Vickram S, Manikandan S, Deena SR, Mundike J, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Jones S, Kumar Yadav K, Chang SW, Ravindran B, Kumar Awasthi M. Advanced biofuel production, policy and technological implementation of nano-additives for sustainable environmental management - A critical review. Bioresour Technol 2023; 387:129660. [PMID: 37573978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
This review article critically evaluates the significance of adopting advanced biofuel production techniques that employ lignocellulosic materials, waste biomass, and cutting-edge technology, to achieve sustainable environmental stewardship. Through the analysis of conducted research and development initiatives, the study highlights the potential of these techniques in addressing the challenges of feedstock supply and environmental impact and implementation policies that have historically plagued the conventional biofuel industry. The integration of state-of-the-art technologies, such as nanotechnology, pre-treatments and enzymatic processes, has shown considerable promise in enhancing the productivity, quality, and environmental performance of biofuel production. These developments have improved conversion methods, feedstock efficiency, and reduced environmental impacts. They aid in creating a greener and sustainable future by encouraging the adoption of sustainable feedstocks, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and accelerating the shift to cleaner energy sources. To realize the full potential of these techniques, continued collaboration between academia, industry representatives, and policymakers remains essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaram Vickram
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S R Deena
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jhonnah Mundike
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Mines & Mineral Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside Jambo Drive, PO Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumathi Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER, Chennai, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal 462044, India; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea; Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
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Manikandan S, Vickram S, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Woong Chang S, Ravindran B, Kumar Awasthi M. Comprehensive review on recent production trends and applications of biochar for greener environment. Bioresour Technol 2023; 388:129725. [PMID: 37683709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of biochar as a supplement for environmental restoration varies significantly based on the type of feedstocks used and the parameters of the pyrolysis process. This study comprehensively examines several aspects of biochar's potential benefits, its capacity to enhance crop yields, improve nutrient availability, support the co-composting, water restoration and enhance overall usage efficiency. The supporting mechanistic evidence for these claims is also evaluated. Additionally, the analysis identifies various gaps in research and proposes potential directions for further exploration to enhance the understanding of biochar application. As a mutually advantageous approach, the integration of biochar into agricultural contexts not only contributes to environmental restoration but also advances ecological sustainability. The in-depth review underscores the diverse suitability of biochar as a supplement for environmental restoration, contingent upon the specific feedstock sources and pyrolysis conditions used. However, concerns have been raised regarding potential impacts on human health within agricultural sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasubramanian Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaram Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692 Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
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Priyadharsan A, Ranjith R, Karmegam N, Thennarasu G, Ragupathy S, Hwan Oh T, Ramasundaram S. Effect of metal doping and non-metal loading on light energy driven degradation of organic dye using ZnO nanocatalysts. Chemosphere 2023; 330:138708. [PMID: 37072085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes is seen as a viable technique for addressing environmental and energy concerns simultaneously. Therefore, the primary requirement is the creation of a better catalyst with adequate product selectivity for removal efficiency under solar light. Herein, pure ZnO and Cu (0.10 M) doped cotton stalk activated carbons with ZnO (Cu-doped ZnO/CSAC) were produced, and these are labelled as CZ1, CZ2, CZ3, and CZ3/CSAC, respectively. The optoelectronic and photodegradation efficiencies were examined regarding the impact of doping and loading samples. The XRD patterns confirmed that the CZ3/CSAC sample exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure. The XPS survey confirmed that Cu ions were incorporated into the ZnO lattice in a Cu2+ oxidation state. The band gap value (CZ3/CSAC) was reduced (2.38 eV) compared to pure ZnO and CZ3. Moreover, PL and EIS analysis proved more efficient at separating photoinduced charged carriers for CZ3/CSAC than all other samples. The CZ3/CSAC sample showed improved photocatalytic degradation efficiency (93.09%) compared to the pure ZnO and CZ3 samples using brilliant green (BG) dye under sunlight irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Priyadharsan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - R Ranjith
- Department of Physics, KSR College of Engineering, Thiruchengode, 637 215, Tamilnadu, India
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Thennarasu
- Department of Chemistry, C. Kandaswami Naidu College for Men (A Unit of Pachaiyappa's Trust), Anna Nagar East, Chennai, 600 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Ragupathy
- Department of Physics, E.R.K. Arts and Science College, Erumiyampatti, Dharmapuri, 636905, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Physics, Government Arts & Science College for women, Karimangalam, Dharmapuri-635111, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Tae Hwan Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38436, Republic of Korea
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Hemalatha P, Abda EM, Shah S, Venkatesa Prabhu S, Jayakumar M, Karmegam N, Kim W, Govarthanan M. Multi-faceted CRISPR-Cas9 strategy to reduce plant based food loss and waste for sustainable bio-economy - A review. J Environ Manage 2023; 332:117382. [PMID: 36753844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, international development requires innovative solutions to address imminent challenges like climate change, unsustainable food system, food waste, energy crisis, and environmental degradation. All the same, addressing these concerns with conventional technologies is time-consuming, causes harmful environmental impacts, and is not cost-effective. Thus, biotechnological tools become imperative for enhancing food and energy resilience through eco-friendly bio-based products by valorisation of plant and food waste to meet the goals of circular bioeconomy in conjunction with Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDGs). Genome editing can be accomplished using a revolutionary DNA modification tool, CRISPR-Cas9, through its uncomplicated guided mechanism, with great efficiency in various organisms targeting different traits. This review's main objective is to examine how the CRISPR-Cas system, which has positive features, could improve the bioeconomy by reducing food loss and waste with all-inclusive food supply chain both at on-farm and off-farm level; utilising food loss and waste by genome edited microorganisms through food valorisation; efficient microbial conversion of low-cost substrates as biofuel; valorisation of agro-industrial wastes; mitigating greenhouse gas emissions through forestry plantation crops; and protecting the ecosystem and environment. Finally, the ethical implications and regulatory issues that are related to CRISPR-Cas edited products in the international markets have also been taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Hemalatha
- Department of Biotechnology, Center of Excellence for Biotechnology and Bioprocess, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, PO Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ebrahim M Abda
- Department of Biotechnology, Center of Excellence for Biotechnology and Bioprocess, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, PO Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shipra Shah
- Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Kings Road, Koronivia, P. O. Box 1544, Nausori, Republic of Fiji
| | - S Venkatesa Prabhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Excellence for Biotechnology and Bioprocess, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, PO Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - M Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - M Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India.
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10
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Ranjith R, Karmegam N, Alsawalha M, Hu X, Jothimani K. Construction of g-C 3N 4/CdS/BiVO 4 ternary nanocomposite with enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity toward methylene blue dye degradation in the aqueous phase. J Environ Manage 2023; 330:117132. [PMID: 36584468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the ternary CdS/BiVO4/g-C3N4 (CBG) hybrid semiconductor photocatalyst was prepared via a hydrothermal technique. The synthesized photocatalysts were thoroughly characterized using powder XRD, XPS, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and UV-DRS to investigate the microstructural, morphological attributes, and optical properties. The photocatalytic activity of the ternary CBG hybrid semiconductor was assessed through the photodegradation of Methylene Blue (MB) aqueous dye under visible light. The outcomes exhibited that the CBG hybrid semiconductor showed excellent photocatalytic activity (about 94.5% after 120 min) compared to the results obtained with the pristine materials or the other composite (CdS/BiVO4). The enhancement of photocatalytic activity can be due to the construction of heterojunctions among g-C3N4, CdS, and BiVO4, which improves charge transfer efficiency and hence favors the degradation of organic dyes. Moreover, the as-prepared photocatalyst showed excellent stability after five cycles, indicating good stability and reusability. Subsequently, a possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on the experimental results. The current investigation provides a promising strategy to promote photocatalytic activity to eliminate waterborne contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ranjith
- Department of Physics, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Namakkal, 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murad Alsawalha
- Industrial Chemistry Division, Chemical Engineering Department, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box 10099, Jubail, 31961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - K Jothimani
- Department of Biotechnology, Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to Be a University), Salem, 636 308, Tamil Nadu, India.
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11
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Manikandan S, Vickram S, Sirohi R, Subbaiya R, Krishnan RY, Karmegam N, Sumathijones C, Rajagopal R, Chang SW, Ravindran B, Awasthi MK. Critical review of biochemical pathways to transformation of waste and biomass into bioenergy. Bioresour Technol 2023; 372:128679. [PMID: 36706818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biofuel or biogas have become the primary source of bio-energy, providing an alternative to conventionally used energy that can meet the growing energy demand for people all over the world while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Enzyme hydrolysis in bioethanol production is a critical step in obtaining sugars fermented during the final fermentation process. More efficient enzymes are being researched to provide a more cost-effective technique during enzymatic hydrolysis. The exploitation of microbial catabolic biochemical reactions to produce electric energy can be used for complex renewable biomasses and organic wastes in microbial fuel cells. In hydrolysis methods, a variety of diverse enzyme strategies are used to promote efficient bioethanol production from various lignocellulosic biomasses like agricultural wastes, wood feedstocks, and sea algae. This paper investigates the most recent enzyme hydrolysis pathways, microbial fermentation, microbial fuel cells, and anaerobic digestion in the manufacture of bioethanol/bioenergy from lignocellulose biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasubramanian Manikandan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road3#, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaram Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248001 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Radhakrishnan Yedhu Krishnan
- Department of Food Technology, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally, Kottayam 686 518, Kerala, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Sumathijones
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - Rajinikanth Rajagopal
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road3#, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China.
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12
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Krishnan RY, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Kim W, Govarthanan M. Recent approaches and advanced wastewater treatment technologies for mitigating emerging microplastics contamination - A critical review. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159681. [PMID: 36302412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have been identified as an emerging pollutant due to their irrefutable prevalence in air, soil, and particularly, the aquatic ecosystem. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are seen as the last line of defense which creates a barrier between microplastics and the environment. These microplastics are discharged in large quantities into aquatic bodies due to their insufficient containment during water treatment. As a result, WWTPs are regarded as point sources of microplastics release into the environment. Assessing the prevalence and behavior of microplastics in WWTPs is therefore critical for their control. The removal efficiency of microplastics was 65 %, 0.2-14 %, and 0.2-2 % after the successful primary, secondary and tertiary treatment phases in WWTPs. In this review, other than conventional treatment methods, advanced treatment methods have also been discussed. For the removal of microplastics in the size range 20-190 μm, advanced treatment methods like membrane bioreactors, rapid sand filtration, electrocoagulation and photocatalytic degradation was found to be effective and these methods helps in increasing the removal efficiency to >99 %. Bioremediation based approaches has found that sea grasses, lugworm and blue mussels has the ability to mitigate microplastics by acting as a natural trap to the microplastics pollutants and could act as candidate species for possible incorporation in WWTPs. Also, there is a need for controlling the use and unchecked release of microplastics into the environment through laws and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Yedhu Krishnan
- Department of Food Technology, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally, Kottayam 686 518, Kerala, India
| | - Sivasubramanian Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
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13
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Thanigaivel S, Vickram S, Dey N, Jeyanthi P, Subbaiya R, Kim W, Govarthanan M, Karmegam N. Ecological disturbances and abundance of anthropogenic pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem: Critical review of impact assessment on the aquatic animals. Chemosphere 2023; 313:137475. [PMID: 36528154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic toxins are discharged into the environment and distributed through a variety of environmental matrices. Trace contaminant detection and analysis has advanced dramatically in recent decades, necessitating further specialized technique development. These pollutants can be mobile and persistent in small amounts in the environment, and ecological receptors will interact with it. Despite the fact that few researches have been undertaken on invertebrate exposure, accumulation, and biological implications, it is apparent that a wide range of pollutants can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic insects, earthworms, amphipod crustaceans, and mollusks. Due to long-term stability during long-distance transit, a number of chemical and microbiological agents that were not previously deemed pollutants have been found in various environmental compartments. The uptake of such pollutants by the aquatic organism is done through the process of bioaccumulation when dangerous compounds accumulate in living beings while biomagnification is the process of a pollutant becoming more hazardous as it moves up the trophic chain. Organic and metal pollution harms animals of every species studied so far, from bacteria to phyla in between. The environmental protection agency says these poisons harm humans as well as a variety of aquatic organisms when the water quality is sacrificed in typical wastewater treatment systems. Contrary to popular belief, treated effluents discharged into aquatic bodies contain considerable levels of Anthropogenic contaminants. This evolution necessitates a more robust and recent advancement in the field of remediation and their techniques to completely discharge the various organic and inorganic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaram Thanigaivel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Sundaram Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nibedita Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanivelu Jeyanthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 062, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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14
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Krishnan RY, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Biruntha M, Balachandar R, Karmegam N. Origin, transport and ecological risk assessment of illicit drugs in the environment - A review. Chemosphere 2023; 311:137091. [PMID: 36356815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs are a novel group of emerging pollutants. A growing global environmental load and ecological risk is created by the ongoing release of these toxins into the environment. Conventional water processing plants fail to completely remove drugs of abuse from both surface water and wastewater. The origin, environmental fate and ecological repercussions of illicit drugs, despite their detection in surface waterways around the world, are not well understood. In this review, illicit drug detections in potable water, surface water and wastewater globally have been studied during the past 15 years in order to establish a baseline for future years. The most common drugs with abuse potential detected in different sources of potable and surface water were methadone (0.12-22.7 ng/L), cocaine (0.05-506.6 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (0.07-1019 ng/L), amphetamine (1.4-342.6 ng/L), and codeine (0.002-42 ng/L). The bulk of research only looked at a small number of drugs of abuse, indicating that despite widespread use, a large spectrum of these intoxicants has yet to be detected. This review focuses on the origin of illicit drug contaminants in water bodies, air, and soil, their persistence in the environment, and the typical concentrations at which they occur in the environment. The impact of these drugs on aquatic organisms like Elliptio complanata mussels, crayfish and zebrafish has also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yedhu Krishnan
- Department of Food Technology, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally, Kottayam, 686 518, Kerala, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - M Biruntha
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Balachandar
- Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Engineering College, Chennai, 602 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Maheswaran B, Al-Ansari M, Al-Humaid L, Sebastin Raj J, Kim W, Karmegam N, Mohamed Rafi K. In vivo degradation of polyethylene terephthalate using microbial isolates from plastic polluted environment. Chemosphere 2023; 310:136757. [PMID: 36228720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of plastics alarms a risk to the environment worldwide. As polyethylene pterephthalate (PET) degrades slowly and produces hazardous substances, therefore, it is now essential to eliminate plastic wastes from the environment. Given that, the current study is concerned with PET degradation potential of naturally occurring microbial strains isolated from plastic waste dumping sites, Sarcina aurantiaca (TB3), Bacillus subtilis (TB8), Aspergillus flavus (STF1), Aspergillus niger (STF2). To test the biodegradability of PET films, the films were incubated for 60 days at 37 °C with the microorganisms designated as TB3, TB8, STF1, STF2 and the microbial consortium (TB3+TB8+STF1+STF2) in Minimal Salt Medium and Bushnell Hass Broth. Hydrophobicity, viability, and total protein content of isolates were investigated. Using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry to measure variations in functional groups and carbonyl index on PET surface, biodegradation process was affirmed by fissures and modified surfaces. Results revealed that the microbial consortium (S. aurantiaca + B. subtilis + A. flavus + A. niger) that the weight loss of PET films was 28.78%. The microbial consortium could be used to treat PET waste, posing no health or environmental risks. The developed microbial consortium has the potential to degrade PET, hence can be employed for eliminating PET in plastic contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Maheswaran
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Biotechnology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mysoon Al-Ansari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Latifah Al-Humaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph Sebastin Raj
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Biotechnology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kasim Mohamed Rafi
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 020, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Manimegalai S, Vickram S, Deena SR, Rohini K, Thanigaivel S, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Kim W, Govarthanan M. Carbon-based nanomaterial intervention and efficient removal of various contaminants from effluents - A review. Chemosphere 2023; 312:137319. [PMID: 36410505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water treatment is a worldwide issue. This review aims to present current problems and future challenges in water treatments with the existing methodologies. Carbon nanotube production, characterization, and prospective uses have been the subject of considerable and rigorous research around the world. They have a large number of technical uses because of their distinct physical characteristics. Various catalyst materials are used to make carbon nanotubes. This review's primary focus is on integrated and single-treatment technologies for all kinds of drinking water resources, including ground and surface water. Inorganic non-metallic matter, heavy metals, natural organic matter, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, disinfection by-products and microbiological pollutants are among the contaminants that these treatment systems can remediate in polluted drinking water resources. Significant advances in the antibacterial and adsorption capabilities of carbon-based nanomaterials have opened up new options for excluding organic/inorganic and biological contaminants from drinking water in recent years. The advancements in multifunctional nanocomposites synthesis pave the possibility for their use in enhanced wastewater purification system design. The adsorptive and antibacterial characteristics of six main kinds of carbon nanomaterials are single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, fullerene and single-walled carbon nanohorns. This review potentially addressed the essential metallic and polymeric nanocomposites, are described and compared. Barriers to use these nanoparticles in long-term water treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sengani Manimegalai
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Rampuram, Chennai, 600087, India
| | - Sundaram Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Santhana Raj Deena
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karunakaran Rohini
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Malaysia; Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, (Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences) SIMATS, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaram Thanigaivel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - M Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India.
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17
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Preethi PS, Vickram S, Das R, Hariharan NM, Rameshpathy M, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Kim W, Govarthanan M. Bioprospecting of novel peroxidase from Streptomyces coelicolor strain SPR7 for carcinogenic azo dyes decolorization. Chemosphere 2023; 310:136836. [PMID: 36243089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidase (POX) is a heme-containing oxidoreductase, its voluminous immuno-diagnostic and bioremediatory intuitions have incited optimization and large scale-generation from novel microbial repertoires. Azo dyes are the most detrimental classes of synthetic dyes and they are the common ecotoxic industrial pollutants in wastewater. In addition, azo dyes are refractory to degradation owing to their chemical nature, comprising of azoic linkages, amino moieties with recalcitrant traits. Moreover, they are major carcinogenic and mutagenic on humans and animals, whereby emphasizing the need for decolorization. In the present study, a novel POX from Streptomyces coelicolor strain SPR7 was investigated for the deterioration of ecotoxic dyestuffs. The initial medium component screening for POX production was achieved using, One Factor at a Time and Placket-Burman methodologies with starch, casein and temperature as essential parameters. In auxiliary, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was recruited and followed by model validation using Back propagation algorithm (BPA). RSM-BPA composite approach prophesied that combination of starch, casein, and temperature at optimal values 2.5%, 0.035% and 35 °C respectively, has resulted in 7 folds enhancement of POX outturn (2.52 U/mL) compared to the unoptimized media (0.36 U/mL). The concentrated enzyme decolorized 75.4% and 90% of the two azo dyes with lignin (10 mM), respectively. Hence, this investigation confirms the potentiality of mangrove actinomycete derived POX for elimination of noxious azo dyes to overcome their carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects on humans and aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sai Preethi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chembarambakkam, 600 123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaram Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raja Das
- School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N M Hariharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chembarambakkam, 600 123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Rameshpathy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P. O. Box, 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - M Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Yasasve M, Manjusha M, Manojj D, Hariharan NM, Sai Preethi P, Asaithambi P, Karmegam N, Saravanan M. Unravelling the emerging carcinogenic contaminants from industrial waste water for prospective remediation by electrocoagulation - A review. Chemosphere 2022; 307:136017. [PMID: 35977566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The need of the hour relies on finding new but sustainable ways to curb rising pollution levels. The accelerated levels of urbanization and increase in population deplete the finite resources essential for human sustenance. In this aspect, water is one of the non-renewable sources that is running out very fast and is polluted drastically day by day. One way of tackling the problem is to reduce the pollution levels by decreasing the usage of chemicals in the process, and the other is to find ways to reuse or reduce the contaminants in the effluent by treatment methods. Most of the available water recycling or treatment methods are not sustainable. Some of them even use toxic chemicals in the processing steps. Treatment of organic wastes from industries is a challenging task as they are hard to remove. Electrocoagulation is one of the emerging water treatment technologies that is highly sustainable and has a comparatively cheaper operating cost. Being a broad-spectrum treatment process, it is suitable for treating the most common water pollutants ranging from oils, bacteria, heavy metals, and others. The process is also straightforward, where electrical current is used to coagulate the contaminates. The presence of carcinogens in these waste water increases the need for its treatment towards further use. The present investigation is made as an extensive analysis of the emerging carcinogens and their various sources from process industries, especially in the form of organic waste and their removal by electrocoagulation and its coupled techniques. The paper also aims to ascertain why the electrocoagulation technique may be a better alternative compared with other methods for the removal of carcinogens in organic wastewater, an analysis which has not been explored before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan Yasasve
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology (Affiliated to Anna University), Chembarambakkam, Chennai, 600123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muralidharan Manjusha
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhinakaran Manojj
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology (Affiliated to Anna University), Chembarambakkam, Chennai, 600123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N M Hariharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology (Affiliated to Anna University), Chembarambakkam, Chennai, 600123, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - P Sai Preethi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology (Affiliated to Anna University), Chembarambakkam, Chennai, 600123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Asaithambi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Po Box - 378, Ethiopia
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- AMR and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
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19
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Dey N, Vickram S, Thanigaivel S, Kamatchi C, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Govarthanan M. Graphene materials: Armor against nosocomial infections and biofilm formation - A review. Environ Res 2022; 214:113867. [PMID: 35843279 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has revolutionized the field of energy and storage sectors. Out of the total number of nosocomial infections diagnosed all around the world, the majority of the cases (around 70%) are found to be due to the medical device or assistance utilized while treating the patient. Combating these diseases is vital as they cause a nuisance to the patients and medical practitioners. Coatings of graphene and its derivatives hold the key to the formation of special surfaces that can rupture microbial cells using their sharp edges, ultimately leading to nuclear and cellular fragmentation. Their incorporation as a whole or as a part in the hospital apparel and the medical device has aided medical practitioners to combat many nosocomial diseases. Graphene is found to be highly virulent with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against nosocomial strains and biofilm formation. Their alternate mode of action like trapping and charge transfer has also been discussed well in the present review. The various combinational forms of graphene with its conjugates as a suitable agent to combat nosocomial infections and a potential coating for newer challenges like COVID-19 infections has also been assessed in the current study. Efficiency of graphene sheets has been found to be around 89% with a reaction time as less as 3 h. Polymers with graphene seem to have a higher potency against biofilm formation. When combined with graphene oxide, silver nanoparticles provide 99% activity against nosocomial pathogens. In conclusion, this review would be a guiding light for scientists working with graphene-based coatings to unfold the potentials of this marvelous commodity to tackle the present and future pandemics to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibedita Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India
| | - Sundaram Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India
| | - Sundaram Thanigaivel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Kamatchi
- Department of Biotechnology, The Oxford College of Science, Bengaluru, 560102, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box, 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Keerthana Devi M, Manikandan S, Oviyapriya M, Selvaraj M, Assiri MA, Vickram S, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Awasthi MK. Recent advances in biogas production using Agro-Industrial Waste: A comprehensive review outlook of Techno-Economic analysis. Bioresour Technol 2022; 363:127871. [PMID: 36041677 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Agrowaste sources can be utilized to produce biogas by anaerobic digestion reaction. Fossil fuels have damaged the environment, while the biogas rectifies the issues related to the environment and climate change problems. Techno-economic analysis of biogas production is followed by nutrient recycling, reducing the greenhouse gas level, biorefinery purpose, and global warming effect. In addition, biogas production is mediated by different metabolic reactions, the usage of different microorganisms, purification process, upgrading process and removal of CO₂ from the gas mixture techniques. This review focuses on pre-treatment, usage of waste, production methods and application besides summarizing recent advancements in biogas production. Economical, technical, environmental properties and factors affecting biogas production as well as the future perspective of bioenergy are highlighted in the review. Among all agro-industrial wastes, sugarcane straw produced 94% of the biogas. In the future, to overcome all the problems related to biogas production and modify the production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Keerthana Devi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3# Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Oviyapriya
- Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Near Virudhunagar, Madurai 625 701, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manickam Selvaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sundaram Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - N Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S W Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3# Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China.
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21
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Keerthana Devi M, Karmegam N, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Song H, Kwon EE, Sarkar B, Bolan N, Kim W, Rinklebe J, Govarthanan M. Removal of nanoplastics in water treatment processes: A review. Sci Total Environ 2022; 845:157168. [PMID: 35817120 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics are drawing a significant attention as a result of their propensity to spread across the environment and pose a threat to all organisms. The presence of nanoplastics in water is given attention nowadays as the transit of nanoplastics occurs through the aquatic ecosphere besides terrestrial mobility. The principal removal procedures for macro-and micro-plastic particles are effective, but nanoparticles escape from the treatment, increasing in the water and significantly influencing the society. This critical review is aimed to bestow the removal technologies of nanoplastics from aquatic ecosystems, with a focus on the treatment of freshwater, drinking water, and wastewater, as well as the importance of transit and its impact on health concerns. Still, there exists a gap in providing a collective knowledge on the methods available for nanoplastics removal. Hence, this review offered various nanoplastic removal technologies (microorganism-based degradation, membrane separation with a reactor, and photocatalysis) that could be the practical/effective measures along with the traditional procedures (filtration, coagulation, centrifugation, flocculation, and gravity settling). From the analyses of different treatment systems, the effectiveness of nanoplastics removal depends on various factors, source, size, and type of nanoplastics apart from the treatment method adopted. Combined removal methods, filtration with coagulation offer great scope for the removal of nanoplastics from drinking water with >99 % efficiency. The collected data could serve as base-line information for future research and development in water nanoplastics cleanup.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Keerthana Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Hocheol Song
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - M Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India.
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22
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Thanigaivel S, Vickram S, Manikandan S, Deena SR, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Govarthanan M, Kim W. Sustainability and carbon neutralization trends in microalgae bioenergy production from wastewater treatment: A review. Bioresour Technol 2022; 364:128057. [PMID: 36195218 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reducing CO2 emissions using biomass is gaining popularity as an environmentally friendly strategy. Due to high growth rates, low production costs, and ability to withstand harsh conditions, microalgae have become quite popular. Microalgae may also undertake photosynthesis, converting CO2 and solar energy into sugar before becoming biomass, making them an excellent source of renewable and promising biofuels. CO2 sequestration and biofixation was utilized to compare the synthesis of biodiesel as a third-generation biofuel from various types of wastewater was also used as a source for the algal cultivation. This review article focuses on recent developments, research discoveries in the field of microalgal CO2 capture modification and the optimization of conversion efficiency. This review is intended to serve as a helpful and reference for the use of wastewater treatment with microalgae to collect CO2. The overarching objective of this study is to assist wastewater treatment systems in achieving carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaram Thanigaivel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai - 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaram Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivasubramanian Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Santhana Raj Deena
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Sai Preethi P, Hariharan NM, Vickram S, Rameshpathy M, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Yadav V, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Kumar Awasthi M. Advances in bioremediation of emerging contaminants from industrial wastewater by oxidoreductase enzymes. Bioresour Technol 2022; 359:127444. [PMID: 35691504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bioremediation of emerging recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater via enzyme biotechnology has been evolving as cost-effective with an input of low-energy technological approach. However, the enzyme based bioremediation technology is still not fully developed at a commercial level. The oxidoreductases being the domineering biocatalysts are promising candidates for wastewater treatments. Henceforth, comprehending their global market and biotransformation efficacy is mandatory for establishing these techno-economic bio-enzymes in commercial scale. The biocatalytic strategy can be established as a combinatorial approach with existing treatment technology to achieve towering bioremediation and effective removal of emerging pollutants from wastewater. This review provides a novel insight on the toxicological xenobiotics released from industries such as paper and pulps, soap and detergents, pharmaceuticals, textiles, pesticides, explosives and aptitude of peroxidases, nitroreductase and cellobiose dehydrogenase in their bio-based treatment. Moreover, the review comprehensively covers environmental relevance of wastewater pollution and the critical challenges based on remediation achieved through biocatalysts for future prospectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sai Preethi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3# Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chembarambakkam - 600 123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N M Hariharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chembarambakkam - 600 123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaram Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Rameshpathy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore - 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - N Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, South Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S W Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3# Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China.
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Dayana Priyadharshini S, Manikandan S, Kiruthiga R, Rednam U, Babu PS, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Kim W, Govarthanan M. Graphene oxide-based nanomaterials for the treatment of pollutants in the aquatic environment: Recent trends and perspectives - A review. Environ Pollut 2022; 306:119377. [PMID: 35490997 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide can be used to store energy, as electrodes and purify industrial and domestic wastewater as photocatalysts and adsorbents because of its remarkable thermal, electrical, and chemical capabilities. Toward understanding graphene oxide (GO) based nanomaterials considering the background factors, the present review study investigated their characteristics, preparation methods, and characterization processes. The removal of contaminants from wastewater has recently been a focus of attention for materials based on GO. Progress in GO synthesis and surface modification has shown that they can be used to immobilize enzymes. It is possible to immobilize enzymes with varying characteristics on graphene-oxide-based substrates without sacrificing their functioning, thus developing a new environmental remediation platform utilizing nano biocatalysts. GO doping and co-doping with a variety of heterogeneous semiconductor-based metal oxides were included in a brief strategy for boosting GO efficiency. A high band-gap material was also explored as a possibility for immobilization, which shifts the absorption threshold to the visible range and increases photoactivity. For water treatment applications, graphene-based nanomaterials were used in Fenton reactions, photocatalysis, ozonation, photo electrocatalysis, photo-Fenton, and a combination of photon-Fenton and photocatalysis. Nanoparticles made from GO improved the efficiency of composite materials when used for their intended applications. As a result of the analysis, prospects and improvements are clear, especially when it comes to scaling up GO-based wastewater treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Kiruthiga
- Instituto de Investigaciónes Científicas y Tecnológicas (IDICTEC), Universidad de Atacama, Copayapu 485, Copiapo, Chile
| | - Udayabhaskar Rednam
- Instituto de Investigaciónes Científicas y Tecnológicas (IDICTEC), Universidad de Atacama, Copayapu 485, Copiapo, Chile
| | - P Suresh Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - N Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - M Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Deena SR, Vickram AS, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Awasthi MK. Enhanced biogas production from food waste and activated sludge using advanced techniques - A review. Bioresour Technol 2022; 355:127234. [PMID: 35489575 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biogas generation using food waste anaerobic co-digestion with activated sludge provides a cleaner addressable system, an excellent solution to global challenges, the increasing energy demands, fuel charges, pollution and wastewater treatment. Regardless of the anaerobic digestate end product values, the technology lacks efficiency and process instability due to substrate irregularities. Process parameters and substrate composition, play a vital role in the efficiency and outcome of the system. Intrinsic biochar properties such as pore size, specific surface properties and cation exchange capacity make it an ideal additive that enriches microbial functions and enhances anaerobic digestion. The pretreatment and co-digestion of food waste and activated sludge are found to be significant for efficient biogas generation. The advantages, drawbacks, limitations, and technical improvements are covered extensively in the present review besides the recent advancement in the anaerobic digestion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhana Raj Deena
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, TaichengRoad3# Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A S Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - N Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, TaichengRoad3# Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China.
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26
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Maheswaran B, Karmegam N, Al-Ansari M, Subbaiya R, Al-Humaid L, Sebastin Raj J, Govarthanan M. Assessment, characterization, and quantification of microplastics from river sediments. Chemosphere 2022; 298:134268. [PMID: 35276113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP), as a pollutant, is currently posing a biological hazard to the aquatic environment. The study aims to isolate, quantify, and characterize the MP pollutants in sediment samples from 14 study sites at Kaveri River, Killa Chinthamani, Tiruchirappalli, South India. With Sediment-MP Isolation (SMI) unit, density separation was done with a hydrogen peroxide solution. Four forms of MPs namely, fragments, films, foams, and fibers with orange, white, green, and saffron red were observed. The plenitude and distribution of four forms of MPs and natural substrates were geometrically independent, with large amounts of microfragments within the research region accounting for 79.72% variation by Principal Component Analysis. FT-IR analyses of MPs showed the presence of polyamide, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed that the MPs have differential surface morphology with rough surfaces, porous structures, fissures, and severe damage. Most MPs comprised Si, Mg, Cu, and Al, according to energy dispersive X-ray analyses. The combined SMI, instrumental analyses and evaluation (heat map) of MPs in river sediments help assess contamination levels and types of MPs. The findings might provide an insight into the status of MPs in Kavery River sediments that could help in formulating regulations for MPs reduction and contamination in rivers eventually to protect the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Maheswaran
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Biotechnology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mysoon Al-Ansari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box, 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Latifah Al-Humaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph Sebastin Raj
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Biotechnology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India.
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Madhumitha CT, Karmegam N, Biruntha M, Arun A, Al Kheraif AA, Kim W, Kumar P. Extraction, identification, and environmental risk assessment of microplastics in commercial toothpaste. Chemosphere 2022; 296:133976. [PMID: 35176298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics in personal care and food products are given much importance globally due to the adverse impact of microplastics on living beings. In the present study, microplastics from ten different commercially sold toothpaste in India were extracted by vacuum filtration and characterized with microscopic and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analyses. Results revealed that colorless fragments and fibers were the microparticle types of common occurrence which ranged from 0.2 to 0.9% weight in the toothpaste with an abundance range of 32.7-83.2%. Fifty percent of the toothpaste samples showed more than 50% microplastic particle abundance indicating that the microplastic plastic particles were added by the manufacturers. The minimum size of microplastics recorded in the present study was 3.5 μm with a maximum size exceeding 400 μm. The maximum number of microplastics in the toothpaste was 167, 508 and 193 respectively, distributed in the size range of <100 μm, 100-400 μm, and >400 μm. The present study recorded four major polymer types, viz., cellophane, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyamide in the toothpaste samples. Surprisingly, polyethylene-a common polymer reported in toothpaste was not traced in the present samples. Regarding the Indian context, the current study is a new addition to the knowledge of the occurrence of microplastics in toothpaste. The average annual addition of microplastics into the environment through toothpaste was calculated as 1.4 billion g/year for India, posing a significant threat to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidhambaram T Madhumitha
- Toxicogenomics and Systems Toxicology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muniyandi Biruntha
- Vermitechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alagarsamy Arun
- Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdulaziz A Al Kheraif
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Toxicogenomics and Systems Toxicology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Jayakumar M, Emana AN, Subbaiya R, Ponraj M, Ashok Kumar KK, Muthusamy G, Kim W, Karmegam N. Detoxification of coir pith through refined vermicomposting engaging Eudrilus eugeniae. Chemosphere 2022; 291:132675. [PMID: 34710456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous coir industrial waste, coir pith has been subjected to 50 days vermicomposting with Eudrilus eugeniae by amending nitrogenous legume plant, Gliricidia sepium together with cattle dung in different combinations, after 21 days precomposting using Pleurotus sajor-caju spawn. An increase in electrical conductivity, total NPK and calcium, and a decrease in organic matter, total organic carbon, C/N ratio, C/P ratio and total phenolic content in the final vermicompost were observed. Dehydrogenase, urease and cellulase activity peaked up to 30 days of vermicomposting and then declined. The phytotoxicity studies with Brassica juncea, C/N ratio and enzyme activities confirmed the stability and maturity of vermicompost. The results also demonstrated that the 2:3:1 ratio (coir pith + Gliricidia sepium + cow dung) is a suitable effective combination for nutrient-rich (N: 2.43%; P: 0.92%; K: 2.09%) vermicompost production. The total phenolic contents declined during the vermicomposting with a lower final content of 21.26 mg/g GAE in 2:3:1 combination of substrates from the initial level (105.56 mg/g GAE). Besides, the concentration of total phenol contents inversely related to the germination index of Brassica juncea (r = -0.761), indicating that the phenolic content could also play an important role in phytotoxicity. Growth and fecundity of Eudrilus eugeniae in 2:3:1 combination revealed the acceptability and rapid decomposition of coir pith substrate into vermifertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdi Nemera Emana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box: 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Mohanadoss Ponraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box: 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Krishna Kumar Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, 600 117, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govarthanan Muthusamy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Jayakumar M, Gebeyehu KB, Selvakumar KV, Parvathy S, Kim W, Karmegam N. Waste Ox bone based heterogeneous catalyst synthesis, characterization, utilization and reaction kinetics of biodiesel generation from Jatropha curcas oil. Chemosphere 2022; 288:132534. [PMID: 34648786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation has been carried out to utilize waste animal (Ox) bone for the progress of an innovative, low-budget, pollution free, and extremely resourceful heterogeneous catalyst synthesis for Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) conversion into biodiesel. The heterogeneous catalyst synthesized was characterized by its basic strength and subjected to spectroscopic (Fourier TransformInfrared and X-Ray Diffraction) and thermogravimetric analyses. Also, the physical properties of produced biodiesel were studied. The calcined Ox bone catalyst characterization distinctly showed that there was a tremendous catalytic activity for biodiesel synthesis. The kinetic study was accomplished employing a tri-necked RB flask furnished with a condenser and agitator. At the agitation speed of 500 rpm, 5% catalyst loading rate (w/w) of oil and 12:1 methanol-oil ratio (molar), biodiesel yields were tracked based on reaction time (1-4 h) and temperature (313-338 K). The temperature at 338 K was found to be optimal to obtain maximum (96.82%) biodiesel yield. Pseudo-first order kinetics was followed in the reaction. The energy required for the activation (Ea) was 38.55 kJ mol-1 with a frequency factor (ko) of 7.03 × 106 h-1. The reusability studies demonstrated that the calcined animal bone catalyst was much stable up to three cycles with >90% FAME yield, which was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) to 61% in the fourth cycle. The outcome of this investigation brought to light the possibilities of utilizing calcined Ox bone catalyst and JCO as low-cost and frequently obtainable discarded waste materials that can be used as feedstock for the commercial-scale generation of biodiesel to fulfill the prospective community demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Bizuneh Gebeyehu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Subramanian Parvathy
- Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ravindran B, Karmegam N, Awasthi MK, Chang SW, Selvi PK, Balachandar R, Chinnappan S, Azelee NIW, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G. Valorization of food waste and poultry manure through co-composting amending saw dust, biochar and mineral salts for value-added compost production. Bioresour Technol 2022; 346:126442. [PMID: 34848334 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study proposes a system for co-composting food waste and poultry manure amended with rice husk biochar at different doses (0, 3, 5, 10%, w/w), saw dust, and salts. The effect of rice husk biochar on the characteristics of final compost was evaluated through stabilization indices such as electrical conductivity, bulk density, total porosity, gaseous emissions and nitrogen conservation. Results indicated that when compared to control, the biochar amendment extended the thermophilic stage of the composting, accelerated the biodegradation and mineralization of substrate mixture and helped in the maturation of the end product. Carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia emissions were reduced and the nitrogen conservation was achieved at a greater level in the 10% (w/w) biochar amended treatments. This study implies that the biochar and salts addition for co-composting food waste and poultry manure is beneficial to enhance the property of the compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea; Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, TaichengRoad3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - P K Selvi
- Central Pollution Control Board, Nisarga Bhawan, Shivanagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ramalingam Balachandar
- Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Missions University (Deemed to Be University), Paiyanoor, Chennai, 603 104, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sasikala Chinnappan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Izyan Wan Azelee
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ganesh Munuswamy-Ramanujam
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiology Division, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM-IST, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram Dist, TN, India
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Rajadurai M, Karmegam N, Kannan S, Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R. Vermiremediation of engine oil contaminated soil employing indigenous earthworms, Drawida modesta and Lampito mauritii. J Environ Manage 2022; 301:113849. [PMID: 34619586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engine oil consists of hazardous substances that adversely affect the environment and soil quality. Bioremediation (employing organisms) is an appropriate technique to mitigate engine oil pollution. In the present study, the earthworm species, Drawida modesta (epigeic) and Lampito mauritii (anecic) were used to restore the soil polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) from used engine oil. Four treatments were set up in addition to positive and negative controls. A maximum of 68.6% PAHs and 34.3% TPHs removal in the treatment with soil (1 kg), cow dung (50 g), used engine oil (7.5 mL) and earthworms was recorded after 60 days. Undoubtedly, earthworms effectively removed PAHs and TPHs from the oil-contaminated soil. PAHs were more strongly accumulated in D. modesta (16.25 mg kg-1) than in L. mauritii (13.25 mg kg-1). Further, histological analysis revealed the epidermal surface irregularity, cellular disintegration, and cellular debris in earthworms. The pH (6.3%), electrical conductivity (12.7%), and total organic carbon (35.4%) were significantly (at P < 0.05) decreased after 60 days; while, total nitrogen (62%), total potassium (76.2%), and total phosphorus (19.2%) were substantially increased at the end of the experiment. The seed germination assay with fenugreek indicates that germination percentage (95%), and germination index (179), were dramatically increased in earthworm inoculated treatments when compared to the negative control (without earthworms). The results reveal that there is a great scope for utilizing the earthworms, D. modesta and L. mauritii for the bioremediation of soils contaminated with PAHs and TPHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Rajadurai
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 007, India.
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India.
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Ravindran B, Awasthi MK, Karmegam N, Chang SW, Chaudhary DK, Selvam A, Nguyen DD, Rahman Milon A, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G. Co-composting of food waste and swine manure augmenting biochar and salts: Nutrient dynamics, gaseous emissions and microbial activity. Bioresour Technol 2022; 344:126300. [PMID: 34752882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The prominent characteristics of the biochar, high porosity, sorption capacity with low density improve the aeration, making it a desirable amendment material for composting process. The composting efficiency was analysed by the impact of rice husk biochar amendment (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%) in the presence of salts for the co-composting of food waste and swine manure, in composting reactors for 50 days. Results revealed that biochar amendment had improved the degradation rates by microbial activities in comparison with control. The final compost quality was improved by reducing the bulk density (29-53%), C/N ratio (29-57%), gaseous emissions (CO2, CH4, and NH3) and microbial pathogens (Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.). However, 6% biochar amendment had significant improvement in compost quality, degradation rates and nutritional value which is recommended as the ideal ratio for obtaining mature compost from the feedstock, food waste and swine manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea; Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong campus, 2511, Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ammaiyappan Selvam
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, India
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam
| | - Ashequr Rahman Milon
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Munuswamy-Ramanujam
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiology Division, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM-IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
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Dilip Kumar S, Yasasve M, Karthigadevi G, Aashabharathi M, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Govarthanan M. Efficiency of microbial fuel cells in the treatment and energy recovery from food wastes: Trends and applications - A review. Chemosphere 2022; 287:132439. [PMID: 34606889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The rising global population and their food habits result in food wastage and cause an obstacle in its treatment and disposal. Due to the rapid shift in the lifestyle of the human population and urbanization, almost one-third of the food produced is wasted from various sectors like domestic sources, agricultural sectors, and industrial sectors. These food resources squandered are rich in organic biomolecules which can cause complications upon direct disposal in the environment. Conventional disposal methods like composting, landfills and incineration demand high costs besides causing severe environmental and health issues. To overcome these demerits of the conventional methods and to avoid the loss of rich organic food resources, there is an immediate need for a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for the valorization of the food wastes. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are gaining attention, due to their ideal approach in the production of electricity and parallel treatment of organic food wastes. The MFCs are significant as an innovative approach using microorganisms and oxidizing the organic food wastes into bio-electricity. In this review, the recent advancements and practices of the MFCs in the field of food waste treatment and management along with electricity production are discussed. The major outcome of this work highlights the setting up of MFC for the treatment of higher volumes of food waste residues and enhancing the bioelectricity production in an optimal condition. For further improvements in the food waste treatments using MFCs, greater understanding and more research needs are to be focused on the commercialization, different operational modes, operational types, and low-cost fabrication coupled with careful examination of scale-up factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Dilip Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur Village, Chennai-Bangaluru High Road, Sriperumbudur, 602 117, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhavan Yasasve
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur Village, Chennai-Bangaluru High Road, Sriperumbudur, 602 117, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Guruviah Karthigadevi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur Village, Chennai-Bangaluru High Road, Sriperumbudur, 602 117, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manimaran Aashabharathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chembarambakam, Chennai, 600 123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box, 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Dayana Priyadharshini S, Suresh Babu P, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Govarthanan M, Karmegam N. Phycoremediation of wastewater for pollutant removal: A green approach to environmental protection and long-term remediation. Environ Pollut 2021; 290:117989. [PMID: 34433126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface and water bodies in many parts of the world are affected due to eutrophication, contamination and depletion. The approach of wastewater treatment using algae for eliminating nutrients and other pollutants from domestic wastewater is growing interest among the researchers. However, sustainable treatment of the wastewater is considered to be important in establishing more effective nutrient and pollutant reduction using algal systems. In comparison to the conventional method of remediation, there are opportunities to commercially viable businesses interest with phycoremediation, thus by achieving cost reductions and renewable bioenergy options. Phycoremediation is an intriguing stage for treating wastewater since it provides tertiary bio-treatment while producing potentially valuable biomass that may be used for a variety of applications. Furthermore, the phycoremediation provides the ability to remove heavy metals as well as harmful organic substances, without producing secondary contamination. In this review, the role of microalgae in treating different wastewaters and the process parameters affecting the treatment and future scope of research have been discussed. Though several algae are employed for wastewater treatment, species of the genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, and Scenedesmus are extensively utilized. Interestingly, there is a vast scope for employing algal species with high flocculation capacity and adsorption mechanisms for the elimination of microplastics. In addition, the algal biomass generated during phycoremediation has been found to possess high protein and lipid contents, promising their exploitation in biofuel, food and animal feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palanisamy Suresh Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sivasubramanian Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sijinamanoj V, Muthukumar T, Muthuraja R, Rayappan K, Karmegam N, Saminathan K, Govarthanan M, Kathireswari P. Ligninolytic valorization of agricultural residues by Aspergillus nomius and Trichoderma harzianum isolated from gut and comb of Odontotermes obesus (Termitidae). Chemosphere 2021; 284:131384. [PMID: 34323800 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungi produce enzymes that degrade the complex lignin thereby enabling the efficient utilization of plant lignocellulosic biomass in the production of biofuel and cellulose-based products. In the present study, the agricultural residues such as paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut husk were used as substrates for the biodegradation by Aspergillus nomius (MN700028) and Trichoderma harzianum (MN700029) isolated from gut of the termite, Odontotermes obesus and fungus comb in the termite mound, respectively. The influence of varying concentrations of different carbon sources, pH, and temperature on ligninolytic enzyme production was examined under laboratory conditions. The highest activities of manganese peroxidase (0.24 U/mL), lignin peroxidase (10.38 U/mL) and laccase (0.05 U/mL) were observed under studied conditions. Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for 45 days showed that A. nomius and T. harzianum degraded 84.4% and 81.66% of hemicelluloses, 8.16% and 93.75% of cellulose, and 52.59% and 65% of lignin, respectively. The interaction of pH, temperature, and different carbon sources with fungal biomass and enzyme production was found significant (p ≤ 0.05). SEM analysis indicated alterations in the microstructures of degraded lignocellulosic substrates. A. nomius and T. harzianum were highly efficient in ligninolytic enzymes production and in vitro digestibility of agricultural residues. The study reports the production of laccase by A. nomius isolated from termite gut for the first time. The fungal isolates A. nomius and T. harzianum posses potential for ligninocellulosic waste degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velayuthan Sijinamanoj
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangavelu Muthukumar
- Root and Soil Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raji Muthuraja
- Root and Soil Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathirvel Rayappan
- Department of Zoology, Sri Vidya Mandir Arts and Science College, Krishnagiri, 636 902, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulandaivel Saminathan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Palanisamy Kathireswari
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Chung WJ, Chang SW, Chaudhary DK, Shin J, Kim H, Karmegam N, Govarthanan M, Chandrasekaran M, Ravindran B. Effect of biochar amendment on compost quality, gaseous emissions and pathogen reduction during in-vessel composting of chicken manure. Chemosphere 2021; 283:131129. [PMID: 34153920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of rapid development in the livestock industry, the production of chicken manure has subsequently increased, which may contribute to environmental pollution. In this regard, in-vessel composting of biochar amended chicken manure and sawdust mixtures was investigated to find out the effect of biochar at the ratios of 0% (control), 3% (T1), 5% (T2), and 10% (T3) on ammonia and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, compost quality, pathogenic contaminants and phytotoxicity. The composting process was performed in 100-L, pilot-scale, plastic, cylindrical vessels for 50 days. The addition of biochar (3%, 5%, and 10%) increased the thermophilic temperature with a significant reduction in gaseous emissions (ammonia and CO2), microbial pathogens (Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.), and phytotoxicity (Lepidium sativum seed germination assay) compared with that of the control compost products. However, according to the obtained results with in-vessel composting, the amendment of 10% biochar showed the most significant effects concerning the quality of the compost nutrients. The study reveals that the addition of biochar during in-vessel chicken manure composting is beneficial in the reduction of gaseous emissions and pathogenic microorganisms apart from improvement in plant nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jin Chung
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong Campus, 2511, Sejong-ro, Sejong City, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - JoungDu Shin
- Department of Climate Change and Agro-ecology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, WanJu Gun, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College Autonomous, Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea.
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Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Karmegam N, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Awasthi MK, Kannan S. Activation of biochar through exoenzymes prompted by earthworms for vermibiochar production: A viable resource recovery option for heavy metal contaminated soils and water. Chemosphere 2021; 278:130458. [PMID: 34126688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The industrial revolution and indiscriminate usage of a wide spectrum of agrochemicals account for the dumping of heavy metals in the environment. In-situ/ex-situ physical, chemical, and bioremediation strategies with pros and cons have been adopted for recovering metal contaminated soils and water. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for a cost-effective and environment-friendly technique to combat metal pollution. Biochar combined with earthworms and vermifiltration is a suitable emerging technique for the remediation of metal-polluted soils and water. The chemical substances (e.g., sodium hydroxide, zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide, and phosphoric acid) have been used to activate biochar, which also faces several shortcomings. Studies reveal that extracellular enzymes have been used to activate biochar which is produced by earthworms and microbes that can alter the surface of the biochar. The present review focuses on the global scenario of metal pollution and its remediation through biochar activation using earthworms. The earthworms and biochar can produce "vermibiochar" which is capable of reducing the metal ions from contaminated water and soils. The vermifiltration can be a suitable technology for metal removal from wastewater/effluent. Thus, the biochar has a trick of producing entirely new options at a time when vermifiltration and other technologies are least expected. Further attention to the biochar-assisted vermifiltration of different sources of wastewater is required to be explored for the large-scale utilization of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea; Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jayakumar M, Karmegam N, Gundupalli MP, Bizuneh Gebeyehu K, Tessema Asfaw B, Chang SW, Ravindran B, Kumar Awasthi M. Heterogeneous base catalysts: Synthesis and application for biodiesel production - A review. Bioresour Technol 2021; 331:125054. [PMID: 33832828 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, much research has been carried out to find a suitable catalyst for the transesterification process during biodiesel production where heterogeneous catalysts play a crucial role. As homogenous catalysts present drawbacks such as slow reaction rate, high-cost due to the use of food grade oils, problems associated with separation process, and environmental pollution, heterogenous catalysts are more preferred. Animal shells and bones are the biowastes suitably calcined for the synthesis of heterogenous base catalyst. The catalysts synthesized using organic wastes are environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. The present review is dedicated to synthesis of heterogeneous basic catalysts from the natural resources or biowastes in biodiesel production through transesterification of oils. Use of calcined catalysts for converting potential feedstocks (vegetable oils and animal fat) into biodiesel/FAME is effective and safe, and the yield could be improved over 98%. There is a vast scope for biowaste-derived catalysts in green production of biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem-636007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marttin Paulraj Gundupalli
- The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Kaleab Bizuneh Gebeyehu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Belete Tessema Asfaw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea; Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Yuvaraj A, Govarthanan M, Karmegam N, Biruntha M, Kumar DS, Arthanari M, Govindarajan RK, Tripathi S, Ghosh S, Kumar P, Kannan S, Thangaraj R. Corrigendum to "Metallothionein dependent-detoxification of heavy metals in the agricultural field soil of industrial area: Earthworm as field experimental model system" [Chemosphere 267 (2021) 129240]. Chemosphere 2021; 273:130289. [PMID: 33775409 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muniyandi Biruntha
- Vermitechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Mohan Arthanari
- Department of Zoology, Kandaswami Kandar's College, Namakkal, 638 182, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rasiravathanahalli Kaveriyappan Govindarajan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta Baruipur, Kolkata, 700 144, India
| | - Swayambhu Ghosh
- Soils Department, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, Assam, 785008, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Yuvaraj A, Govarthanan M, Karmegam N, Biruntha M, Kumar DS, Arthanari M, Govindarajan RK, Tripathi S, Ghosh S, Kumar P, Kannan S, Thangaraj R. Metallothionein dependent-detoxification of heavy metals in the agricultural field soil of industrial area: Earthworm as field experimental model system. Chemosphere 2021; 267:129240. [PMID: 33341732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms are known to reclaim soil contamination and maintain soil health. In the present study, the concentration of DTPA extractable heavy metals, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn in vermicasts and tissues of the earthworms (anecic: Lampito mauritii; epigeic: Drawida sulcata) collected from the soils of four different industrial sites, Site-I (Sago industry), Site-II (Chemplast industry), Site-III (Dairy industry) and Site-IV (Dye industry) have been studied. The heavy metals in industrial soils recorded were 0.01-326.42 mg kg-1 with higher Cu, Cr, and Zn contents while the vermicasts showed lower heavy metal loads with improved physicochemical properties and elevated humic substances. The higher humic substances dramatically decreased the heavy metals in the soil. The bioaccumulation factors of heavy metals (mg kg-1) are in the order: Zn (54.50) > Cu (17.43) > Cr (4.54) > Pb (2.24) > Cd (2.12). The greatest amount of metallothionein protein (nmol g-1) was recorded in earthworms from Site-IV (386.76) followed by Site-III (322.14), Site-II (245.82), and Site-I (232.21). Drawida sulcata can produce a considerable amount of metallothionein protein than Lampito mauritii as the metallothionein production is dependent upon the presence of pollutants. The molecular docking analysis indicates a binding score of 980 for Cd, Cr and Cu, and 372 for Zn. Pb may bind with a non-metallothionein protein of earthworms and bio-accumulated in the internal chloragogenous tissues. Metallothionein neutralizes the metal toxicity and controls the ingestion of essential elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 007, India
| | - Muniyandi Biruntha
- Vermitechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | | | - Mohan Arthanari
- Department of Zoology, Kandaswami Kandar's College, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, 638 182, India
| | - Rasiravathanahalli Kaveriyappan Govindarajan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta Baruipur, Kolkata, 700 144, India
| | - Swayambhu Ghosh
- Soils Department, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, Assam, 785 008, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India.
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Karthigadevi G, Manikandan S, Karmegam N, Subbaiya R, Chozhavendhan S, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Awasthi MK. Chemico-nanotreatment methods for the removal of persistent organic pollutants and xenobiotics in water - A review. Bioresour Technol 2021; 324:124678. [PMID: 33461128 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While the technologies available today can generate high-quality water from wastewater, the majority of the wastewater treatment plants are not intended to eliminate emerging xenobiotic pollutants, pharmaceutical and personal care items. Most endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and personal care products (PPCPs) are more arctic than most regulated pollutants, and several of them have acid or critical functional groups. Together with the trace occurrence, EDCs and PPCPs create specific challenges for removal and subsequent improvements of wastewater treatment plants. Various technologies have been investigated extensively because they are highly persistent which leads to bioaccumulation. Researchers are increasingly addressing the human health hazards of xenobiotics and their removal. The emphasis of this review was on the promising methods available, especially nanotechnology, for the treatment of xenobiotic compounds that are accidentally released into the setting. In terms of xenobiotic elimination, nanotechnology provides better treatment than chemical treatments and their degradation mechanisms are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guruviah Karthigadevi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, (Autonomous), Sriperumbudur TK - 602 117, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivasubramanian Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem - 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P.O. Box. 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | | | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Deepthi MP, Kathireswari P, Rini J, Saminathan K, Karmegam N. Vermitransformation of monogastric Elephas maximus and ruminant Bos taurus excrements into vermicompost using Eudrilus eugeniae. Bioresour Technol 2021; 320:124302. [PMID: 33129096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of monogastric (Elephas maximus) and ruminant (Bos taurus) excrements with Eudrilus eugeniae was assessed by establishing five different treatments in triplicate: 100% elephant dung (T1), 50% elephant dung + 50% garden soil (T2), 50% elephant dung + 50% cow dung (T3), 100% cow dung (T4) and 50% cow dung + 50% garden soil (T5) and maintained for 90 days under experimental conditions. An increment of macronutrients and reduction of C/N ratio (<20) in the vermicomposts was recorded, where T3 presented higher NPK contents with the relative nutrient recovery efficiency of 1.65, 2.94 and 1.76, respectively. Cycle I (45 days) endorsed cocoons and juveniles, while Cycle II (90 days) supported sub-adults and adults. Seed germination and 28 days growth studies with Vigna unguiculata signified that the vermicomposts were phytotoxicity-free. The binary ratio in T3 (1:1) is suitable for the biotransformation of elephant dung into advantageous vermicompost with Eudrilus eugeniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madathil Peedika Deepthi
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Kathireswari
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Joseph Rini
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulandaivel Saminathan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ravindran B, Karmegam N, Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Chang SW, Zhang Z, Kumar Awasthi M. Cleaner production of agriculturally valuable benignant materials from industry generated bio-wastes: A review. Bioresour Technol 2021; 320:124281. [PMID: 33099155 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bio-wastes from different agro-based industries are increasing at a rapid rate with the growing human population's demand for the products. The industries procure raw materials largely from agriculture, finish it with the required major product, and produce huge bio-wastes which are mostly disposed unscientifically. This creates serious environmental problems and loss of resources and nutrients. Traditional bio-wastes disposal possess several demerits which again return with negative impact over the eco-system. Anaerobic digestion, composting, co-composting, and vermicomposting are now-a-days given importance due to the improved and modified methods with enhanced transformation of bio-wastes into suitable soil amendments. The advanced and modified methods like biochar assisted composting and vermicomposting is highlighted with the updated knowledge in the field. Hence, the present study has been carried to compile the effective and efficient methods of utilizing industry generated bio-wastes for circularity between agriculture - industrial sectors to promote sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S W Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Karmegam N. Centrality of cattle solid wastes in vermicomposting technology - A cleaner resource recovery and biowaste recycling option for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115688. [PMID: 33039975 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The current review reports the importance and significance of cattle solid waste in vermicomposting technology concerning biowaste pollution in the environment. Needy increasing population evokes livestock production resulting in the massive generation of livestock wastes, especially cattle dung. Improper disposal and handling of biowastes originating from agriculture, industries, forests, rural and urban areas lead to nutrient loss, environmental pollution and health risks. Among the organic waste disposal methods available, vermicomposting is regarded as an environmentally friendly technology for bioconversion of agricultural, industrial, rural and urban generated organic solid wastes which are serving as reservoirs of environmental pollution. In vermicomposting of organic wastes, cattle dung plays a central role in mineralization, nutrient recovery, earthworm and microbial activity leading to vermifertilizer production. Even though the vermicomposting studies use cattle dung invariably as an amendment material, its importance has not been reviewed to highlight its central role. Hence, the present review mainly emphasizes the key role played by cattle dung in vermicomposting. Vermiconversion of cattle dung alone and in combination with other biowaste materials of environmental concern, mechanisms involved and benefits of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture are the major objectives addressed in the present review. The analysis reveals that cattle dung is indispensable amendment material for vermicomposting technology to ensure agricultural and environmental sustainability by reducing pollution risks associated with biowastes on one hand, and nutrient-rich benign vermifertilizer production on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Gyeonggi - Do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Gyeonggi - Do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Karmegam N, Jayakumar M, Govarthanan M, Kumar P, Ravindran B, Biruntha M. Precomposting and green manure amendment for effective vermitransformation of hazardous coir industrial waste into enriched vermicompost. Bioresour Technol 2021; 319:124136. [PMID: 32966968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vermitransformation of coir pith (CP) into enriched vermifertilizer has been achieved by amending a green-manure plant, Sesbania sesban (SS) for the first time, and cow dung (CD) in five different combinations: T1(1:0:1), T2(4:3:3), T3(5:3:2), T4(5:4:1) and T5(1:1:0). The substrates were 28 days precomposted with Pleurotus sajor-caju followed by 50 days vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Results showed a significant reduction in cellulose, lignin, organic carbon, C/N ratio, C/P ratio and an increase in plant nutrients compared to control. The fertilization index and efficiency of nutrient recovery rate were higher in SS and CD amended CP vermicompost, with a maximum in T2(4:3:3) for E. fetida and T3(5:3:2) for E. eugeniae. The activity of dehydrogenase, urease and cellulase, and phytotoxicity assays further revealed vermicompost stability. The study concludes that T2(4:3:3) and T3(5:3:2) combinations respectively for E. fetida and E. eugeniae is suitable for vermitransformation of CP into enriched vermicompost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mani Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Gyeonggi -Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Muniyandi Biruntha
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Balachandar R, Biruntha M, Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Subbaiya R, Govarthanan M, Kumar P, Karmegam N. Earthworm intervened nutrient recovery and greener production of vermicompost from Ipomoea staphylina - An invasive weed with emerging environmental challenges. Chemosphere 2021; 263:128080. [PMID: 33297079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The invasive weed, Ipomoea staphylina (IS) with cow dung (CD) and mushroom spent straw (MS) in four different combinations (IS:CD:MS), V1 (1:1:0), V2 (2:1:1), V3 (1:0:1) and V4 (1:1:1) were pre-decomposed for 21 days followed by 50 days vermicomposting using Eudrilus eugeniae in triplicates in order to alleviate and to utilize the weed biomass in an environment-friendly manner. The contents of organic matter, organic carbon, cellulose, lignin, C/N and C/P ratios showed a decrease, while electrical conductivity, total NPK, calcium, sodium, and nitrate-nitrogen showed a significant increase in vermicompost over control. Water-soluble organic carbon to organic nitrogen ratio and C/N ratio in V1 (0.52 and 17.55) and V4 (0.43 and 16.56), respectively, were in conformity with the maturity of vermicomposts. Scanning electron micrographs of the end products clearly showed more fragmented, fine, and porous particles in vermicompost. Copper, chromium, cadmium, lead, and zinc in vermicomposts were below the permissible limits. Dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, cellulase, and protease activities were significantly higher in V4 than other treatments, implying the role of MS and CD addition during vermicomposting. Though V3 combination supported worm biomass, V4 combination was found to favor the fecundity of Eudrilus eugeniae. Results reveal that 1:1:1 combination of SI + CD + MS (V4) is suitable for utilizing the weed biomass for vermicompost production and nutrient recovery. From the biomass of environmentally problematic weed, Ipomoea staphylina, nutrient-rich vermicompost can be produced through vermitechnology for sustainable environmental management and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Balachandar
- Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Missions University (Deemed to Be University), Paiyanoor, Chennai, 603 104, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muniyandi Biruntha
- Vermitechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box: 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Manikandan S, Karmegam N, Subbaiya R, Karthiga Devi G, Arulvel R, Ravindran B, Kumar Awasthi M. Emerging nano-structured innovative materials as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Bioresour Technol 2021; 320:124394. [PMID: 33220545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water supply around the globe is struggling to meet the rapidly increasing demand by the population, drastic changes in climate and degrading water quality. Even though, many large-scale methods are employed for wastewater treatment they display several negative impacts owing to the presence of pollutants. Technological innovation is required for integrated water management with different groups of nanomaterials for the removal of toxic metal ions, microbial disease, organic and inorganic solutes. The method of manipulating atoms on a nanoscale is nanotechnology. Nanomembranes are used in nanotechnology to soften water and eliminate physical, chemical and biological pollutants. The present review concentrates on various nanotechnological approaches in wastewater remedy, mechanisms involved to promote implementation, benefits and limitations in comparison with current processes, properties, barriers and commercialization research needs. Also the review identifies opportunities for further exploiting the exclusive features for green water management by following the advances in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasubramanian Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Guruviah Karthiga Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramaswamy Arulvel
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Sivagami M, Selvambigai M, Devan U, Velangani AAJ, Karmegam N, Biruntha M, Arun A, Kim W, Govarthanan M, Kumar P. Extraction of microplastics from commonly used sea salts in India and their toxicological evaluation. Chemosphere 2021; 263:128181. [PMID: 33297148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are one of the marine debris, accumulated in the ocean as a result of the successive breakdown of a large piece of plastics over several years. MPs are about less than 5 mM, have a detrimental impact on marine organisms/products (seafood/sea salts) and therefore they are considered as a global environmental pollutant. The occurrence and impact of MPs in commercial sea salts that are consumed by humans are not well studied so far. In the present study, we attempted to characterize and evaluate the in vitro toxicity of isolated MPs. Here, we have used ten brands of commercial sea salts of different origins for the identification and characterization of MPs. The average abundance of MPs in all commercial brands is < 700 MP/kg and the particle size range between 5.2 mM and 3.8 μM. The most common types of MPs were identified as fragments, fibers, and pellets. By Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), it was found that the MPs in abundance were made of cellophane (CP), polystyrene (PR), polyamide (PA) and polyarylether (PAR). Further, in vitro toxicity assessment revealed that HEK-293 cells get detached upon treatment with MPs (MIC-75 μg mL-1) Consequently, the AO/EB dual staining confirmed that the induction and rate of apoptosis were comparatively higher in microplastic treated HEK-293 cells. Taken together, the MPs identified are the origin of anthropogenic derivatives and they exert a lethal effect on human cells, which might be associated with health risk complications in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sivagami
- Toxicogenomics and Systems Toxicology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Selvambigai
- Department of Biomedical Science and Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics (CMIAD), The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - U Devan
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - N Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Biruntha
- Vermitechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Arun
- Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - W Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - M Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - P Kumar
- Toxicogenomics and Systems Toxicology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Rini J, Deepthi MP, Saminathan K, Narendhirakannan RT, Karmegam N, Kathireswari P. Nutrient recovery and vermicompost production from livestock solid wastes with epigeic earthworms. Bioresour Technol 2020; 313:123690. [PMID: 32585456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study nutrient recovery and vermicompost production from livestock solid wastes of indigenous and exotic cow breeds with epigeic earthworms. Fourteen days pre-decomposed dung of Vechur native (CD1) and exotic Jersey (CD2) breeds were vermicomposted with Perionyx excavatus and Eudrilus eugeniae for 45 days (Cycle I) and 90 days (Cycle II) including respective controls without earthworms. Vermicomposts from CD1 and CD2 substrates during Cycle I and II showed increase in NPK, Ca and micro-nutrients (P < 0.05); whereas, pH, total organic carbon, C/N and C/P ratios disclosed decrease (P < 0.05) over initial levels for both the earthworms. E. eugeniae was found efficient in vermicomposting cattle solid wastes in 45 days and CD1 yielded nutrient rich vermicompost. The study concludes that Cycle I is suitable for nutrient recovery and vermicompost production, in addition to mass multiplication of earthworms in Cycle II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rini
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madathil Peedika Deepthi
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulandaivel Saminathan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Kathireswari
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Balachandar R, Krishnapriya V, Gurumoorthy P, Karmegam N, Barabadi H, Subbaiya R, Anand K, Boomi P, Saravanan M. Correction to: Plant-Mediated Synthesis, Characterization and Bactericidal Potential of Emerging Silver Nanoparticles Using Stem Extract of Phyllanthus pinnatus: A Recent Advance in Phytonanotechnology. J CLUST SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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