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Zhao Y, Ou M, Liu J, Jiang J, Zhang D, Ke B, Wu Y, Chen Y, Jiang R, Hemmings HC, Zhu T, Zhou C. Astrocytes Modulate a Specific Paraventricular Thalamus→Prefrontal Cortex Projection to Enhance Consciousness Recovery from Anesthesia. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1808232024. [PMID: 38926088 PMCID: PMC11340278 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1808-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Current anesthetic theory is mostly based on neurons and/or neuronal circuits. A role for astrocytes also has been shown in promoting recovery from volatile anesthesia, while the exact modulatory mechanism and/or the molecular target in astrocytes is still unknown. In this study by animal models in male mice and electrophysiological recordings in vivo and in vitro, we found that activating astrocytes of the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) and/or knocking down PVT astrocytic Kir4.1 promoted the consciousness recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the PVT reveals two distinct cellular subtypes of glutamatergic neurons: PVT GRM and PVT ChAT neurons. Patch-clamp recording results proved astrocytic Kir4.1-mediated modulation of sevoflurane on the PVT mainly worked on PVT ChAT neurons, which projected mainly to the mPFC. In summary, our findings support the novel conception that there is a specific PVT→prefrontal cortex projection involved in consciousness recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia, which is mediated by the inhibition of sevoflurane on PVT astrocytic Kir4.1 conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Institution of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengchan Ou
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Institution of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Institution of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingyao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Institution of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Donghang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Institution of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Research Institution of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Institution of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yali Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Institution of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruotian Jiang
- Research Institution of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hugh C Hemmings
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Research Institution of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Krause BM, Campbell DI, Kovach CK, Mueller RN, Kawasaki H, Nourski KV, Banks MI. Analogous cortical reorganization accompanies entry into states of reduced consciousness during anesthesia and sleep. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9850-9866. [PMID: 37434363 PMCID: PMC10472497 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Theories of consciousness suggest that brain mechanisms underlying transitions into and out of unconsciousness are conserved no matter the context or precipitating conditions. We compared signatures of these mechanisms using intracranial electroencephalography in neurosurgical patients during propofol anesthesia and overnight sleep and found strikingly similar reorganization of human cortical networks. We computed the "effective dimensionality" of the normalized resting state functional connectivity matrix to quantify network complexity. Effective dimensionality decreased during stages of reduced consciousness (anesthesia unresponsiveness, N2 and N3 sleep). These changes were not region-specific, suggesting global network reorganization. When connectivity data were embedded into a low-dimensional space in which proximity represents functional similarity, we observed greater distances between brain regions during stages of reduced consciousness, and individual recording sites became closer to their nearest neighbors. These changes corresponded to decreased differentiation and functional integration and correlated with decreases in effective dimensionality. This network reorganization constitutes a neural signature of states of reduced consciousness that is common to anesthesia and sleep. These results establish a framework for understanding the neural correlates of consciousness and for practical evaluation of loss and recovery of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Krause
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Declan I Campbell
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christopher K Kovach
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Rashmi N Mueller
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Hiroto Kawasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Kirill V Nourski
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Matthew I Banks
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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Filipchuk A, Schwenkgrub J, Destexhe A, Bathellier B. Awake perception is associated with dedicated neuronal assemblies in the cerebral cortex. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1327-1338. [PMID: 36171431 PMCID: PMC9534770 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Neural activity in the sensory cortex combines stimulus responses and ongoing activity, but it remains unclear whether these reflect the same underlying dynamics or separate processes. In the present study, we show in mice that, during wakefulness, the neuronal assemblies evoked by sounds in the auditory cortex and thalamus are specific to the stimulus and distinct from the assemblies observed in ongoing activity. By contrast, under three different anesthetics, evoked assemblies are indistinguishable from ongoing assemblies in the cortex. However, they remain distinct in the thalamus. A strong remapping of sensory responses accompanies this dynamic state change produced by anesthesia. Together, these results show that the awake cortex engages dedicated neuronal assemblies in response to sensory inputs, which we suggest is a network correlate of sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Filipchuk
- Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Saclay, France
- Healthy Mind, Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Paris, France
| | - Joanna Schwenkgrub
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM, Institut de l'Audition, Paris, France
| | - Alain Destexhe
- Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Saclay, France.
| | - Brice Bathellier
- Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Saclay, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM, Institut de l'Audition, Paris, France.
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Murphy CA, Raz A, Grady SM, Banks MI. Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32773759 DOI: 10.3791/61333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect distinct cellular and network components of these circuits remains unclear. Ex vivo brain slices provide a means by which investigators may probe discrete components of complex networks and disentangle potential mechanisms underlying the effects of volatile anesthetics on evoked responses. To isolate potential cell type- and pathway-specific drug effects in brain slices, investigators must be able to independently activate afferent fiber pathways, identify non-overlapping populations of cells, and apply volatile anesthetics to the tissue in aqueous solution. In this protocol, methods to measure optogenetically-evoked responses to two independent afferent pathways to neocortex in ex vivo brain slices are described. Extracellular responses are recorded to assay network activity and targeted whole-cell patch clamp recordings are conducted in somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Delivery of physiologically relevant concentrations of isoflurane via artificial cerebral spinal fluid to modulate cellular and network responses is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aeyal Raz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin; Department of Anesthesiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
| | - Sean M Grady
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin
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Reimann HM, Niendorf T. The (Un)Conscious Mouse as a Model for Human Brain Functions: Key Principles of Anesthesia and Their Impact on Translational Neuroimaging. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:8. [PMID: 32508601 PMCID: PMC7248373 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, technical and procedural advances have brought functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to the field of murine neuroscience. Due to its unique capacity to measure functional activity non-invasively, across the entire brain, fMRI allows for the direct comparison of large-scale murine and human brain functions. This opens an avenue for bidirectional translational strategies to address fundamental questions ranging from neurological disorders to the nature of consciousness. The key challenges of murine fMRI are: (1) to generate and maintain functional brain states that approximate those of calm and relaxed human volunteers, while (2) preserving neurovascular coupling and physiological baseline conditions. Low-dose anesthetic protocols are commonly applied in murine functional brain studies to prevent stress and facilitate a calm and relaxed condition among animals. Yet, current mono-anesthesia has been shown to impair neural transmission and hemodynamic integrity. By linking the current state of murine electrophysiology, Ca2+ imaging and fMRI of anesthetic effects to findings from human studies, this systematic review proposes general principles to design, apply and monitor anesthetic protocols in a more sophisticated way. The further development of balanced multimodal anesthesia, combining two or more drugs with complementary modes of action helps to shape and maintain specific brain states and relevant aspects of murine physiology. Functional connectivity and its dynamic repertoire as assessed by fMRI can be used to make inferences about cortical states and provide additional information about whole-brain functional dynamics. Based on this, a simple and comprehensive functional neurosignature pattern can be determined for use in defining brain states and anesthetic depth in rest and in response to stimuli. Such a signature can be evaluated and shared between labs to indicate the brain state of a mouse during experiments, an important step toward translating findings across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning M. Reimann
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers (HZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers (HZ), Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Mashour GA. Role of cortical feedback signalling in consciousness and anaesthetic-induced unconsciousness. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:404-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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