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Romero CS, Urman RD, Luedi MM. Perioperative Evaluation of Brain Health. Anesthesiol Clin 2024; 42:1-8. [PMID: 38278582 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
As the global population is aging and surgical needs rise, the occurrence of perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is becoming a significant concern. PND refers to cognitive changes that occur before or after surgery, including neurocognitive disorders, postoperative delirium, and delayed neurocognitive recovery. To address this issue, a brain health assessment initiative within a multidisciplinary team is an emerging concept. Assessing cognitive function, comorbidities, severity of neurocognitive disorders, medications, nutritional status, sleep quality, and other factors can help mitigate the risk of PND and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Romero
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital General Universitario De Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Research Methods Department, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard D Urman
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Markus M Luedi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University, Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Yang L, Chen W, Yang D, Chen D, Qu Y, Hu Y, Liu D, He J, Tang Y, Zeng H, Li H, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Liu J, Li Q, Song H. Postsurgery Subjective Cognitive and Short-Term Memory Impairment Among Middle-Aged Chinese Patients. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2336985. [PMID: 37815831 PMCID: PMC10565601 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Perioperative neurocognitive disorder, particularly postoperative cognitive impairment, is common and associated with multiple medical and social adversities, although data from China are lacking. Objective To examine the incidence, trajectory, and risk factors for subjective cognitive and short-term memory impairment after surgery in the Chinese population. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from the China Surgery and Anesthesia Cohort to assess surgical patients aged 40 to 65 years from 2 medical centers between July 15, 2020, and March 31, 2023, with active follow-up within 1 year after the surgery. Of 11 158 patients who were successfully recruited (response rate, 94.4%), 10 149 participants were eligible and available for analysis. From this population, separate cohorts were constructed for analyzing subjective cognitive impairment (8105 noncardiac and 678 cardiac surgery patients) and short-term memory impairment (5246 noncardiac and 454 cardiac surgery patients). Exposures Twenty-four potential risk factors regarding comorbidities, preoperative psychological conditions, anesthesia- or surgery-related factors, and postsurgical events were included. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes included subjective cognitive function measured by the 8-Item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia (AD8; scores range from 0 to 8, with higher scores indicating more severe cognitive impairment) and short-term memory measured by the 3-Word Recall Test (TRT; scores range from 0 to 3, with lower scores indicating more severe short-term memory impairment) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after noncardiac and cardiac surgery. Generalized linear mixed models were used to identify risk factors associated with the presence of AD8 (score ≥2) or TRT (score <3) abnormality as well as the aggressively deteriorative trajectories of those cognitive measurements. Results For noncardiac surgery patients, the AD8 analysis included 8105 patients (mean [SD] age, 52.3 [7.1] years; 3378 [41.7%] male), and the TRT analysis included 5246 patients (mean [SD] age, 51.4 [7.0] years; 1969 [37.5%] male). The AD8 abnormality incidence rates after noncardiac surgery increased from 2.2% (175 of 8105) at 7 days to 17.1% (1059 of 6191) at 6 months after surgery, before appearing to decrease. In contrast, the TRT abnormality incidence rates followed a U-shaped pattern, with the most pronounced incidence rates seen at 7 days (38.9% [2040 of 5246]) and 12 months (49.0% [1394 of 2845]). Similar patterns were seen among cardiac surgery patients for the AD8 analysis (678 patients; mean [SD] age, 53.2 [6.3] years; 393 [58.0%] male) and TRT analysis (454 patients; mean [SD] age, 52.4 [6.4] years; 248 [54.6%] male). Among noncardiac surgery patients, the top risk factors for aggressively deteriorative AD8 trajectory and for AD8 abnormality, respectively, after surgery were preoperative sleep disturbances (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ≥16 vs 0-5: odds ratios [ORs], 4.04 [95% CI, 2.20-7.40] and 4.54 [95% CI, 2.40-8.59]), intensive care unit stay of 2 days or longer (ORs, 2.43 [95% CI, 1.26-4.67] and 3.07 [95% CI, 1.67-5.65]), and preoperative depressive symptoms (ORs, 1.76 [95% CI, 1.38-2.24] and 2.23 [95% CI, 1.79-2.77]). Analyses for TRT abnormality and trajectory, as well as the analyses conducted among cardiac surgery patients, found fewer associated factors. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study of middle-aged Chinese surgery patients found subjective cognitive and short-term memory impairment within 12 months after both cardiac and noncardiac surgery, with multiple identified risk factors, underscoring the potential of preoperative psychological interventions and optimized perioperative management for postoperative cognitive impairment prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongxu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Hu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Liu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan University–Pittsburgh Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junhui He
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuling Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huolin Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Song
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hart WK, Klick JC, Tsai MH. Efficiency, Safety, Quality, and Empathy: Balancing Competing Perioperative Challenges in the Elderly. Anesthesiol Clin 2023; 41:657-670. [PMID: 37516501 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Although baby boomer generation accounts for a little more than 15% of the US population, the cohort represents a disproportionate percentage of patients undergoing surgery. As this group continues to age, a multitude of challenges have arisen in health care regarding the safest and most effective means of providing anesthesia services to these patients. Many elderly patients may be exquisitely sensitive to the effects of anesthesia and surgery and may experience cognitive and physical decline before, during, or after hospital admission. In this review article, the authors briefly examine the physiologic processes underlying aging and explore steps necessary to deliver safe, empathetic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Hart
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - John C Klick
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Mitchell H Tsai
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (by courtesy), University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Surgery (by courtesy), University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Yang X, Huang X, Li M, Jiang Y, Zhang H. Identification of individuals at risk for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022; 15:17562864221114356. [PMID: 35992893 PMCID: PMC9386869 DOI: 10.1177/17562864221114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is common, occurring in around 10-54% of individuals within first few weeks after surgery. Although the majority of POCD is less commonly persistent later than 3 months following surgery, the condition increases length of stay (LOS), mortality and long-term cognitive decline, raising the need for a broad screening to identify individuals at risk for POCD during the perioperative period. In this narrative review, we summarize preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for POCD reported in last 5 years and discuss neuropsychological tools and potential biomarkers and time points for assessment that might be suitable for clinical use. We aim to provide crucial information for developing a strategy of routine screening for POCD, which may assist with better identification of at-risk individuals for early interventions. Very importantly, the utilization of a standardized strategy may also allow higher consistency and comparability across different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, No.278, Baoguang Avenue Middle Section, Xindu District, Chengdu 610599, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) are among the most frequent complications after surgery and are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. We analysed the recent literature regarding risk assessment of PND. RECENT FINDINGS Certain genetic variants of the cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 and 4, as well as a marked degree of frailty but not the kind of anaesthesia (general or spinal) are associated with the risk to develop postoperative delirium (POD). Models predict POD with a discriminative power, for example, area under the receiver operating characteristics curve between 0.52 and 0.94. SUMMARY Advanced age as well as preexisting cognitive, functional and sensory deficits remain to be the main risk factors for the development of PND. Therefore, aged patients should be routinely examined for both preexisting and new developing deficits, as recommended in international guidelines. Appropriate tests should have a high discrimination rate, be feasible to be administered by staff that do not require excessive training, and only take a short time to be practical for a busy outpatient clinic. Models to predict PND, should be validated appropriately (and externally if possible) and should not contain a too large number of predictors to prevent overfitting of models.
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Ishizawa Y. Does Preoperative Cognitive Optimization Improve Postoperative Outcomes in the Elderly? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020445. [PMID: 35054139 PMCID: PMC8778093 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a growing concern, affecting several million elderly patients each year in the United States, but strategies for its effective prevention have not yet been established. Humeidan et al. recently demonstrated that preoperative brain exercise resulted in a decrease in postoperative delirium incidence in elderly surgical patients, suggesting the potential of presurgical cognitive optimization to improve postoperative cognitive outcomes. This brief review summarizes the current knowledge regarding preoperative cognitive optimization and highlights landmark studies, as well as current ongoing studies, as the field is rapidly growing. This review further discusses the benefit of cognitive training in non-surgical elderly populations and the role of cognitive training in patients with preexisting cognitive impairment or dementia. The review also examines preclinical evidence in support of cognitive training, which can facilitate understanding of brain plasticity and the pathophysiology of PND. The literature suggests positive impacts of presurgical cognitive optimization, but further studies are encouraged to establish effective cognitive training programs for elderly presurgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ishizawa
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Ren Y, Dong Y, Hou T, Han X, Liu R, Wang Y, Xu S, Wang X, Monastero R, Cong L, Du Y, Qiu C. Prevalence, Incidence, and Progression of Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia Among Rural-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1583-1592. [PMID: 34958032 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined occurrence and progression of cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND) in rural China. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and incidence of CIND in rural-dwelling Chinese older adults, and to examine risk and protective factors associated with progression to CIND and dementia. METHODS This population-based study included 2,781 dementia-free participants (age≥65 years) who were examined at baseline (2014) and followed in 2018. Demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and neuropsychological data were collected following a structured questionnaire. We defined CIND according to subjective cognitive complaints and the age- and education-specific Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Data were analyzed with the multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS The overall prevalence of CIND was 10.54% and the incidence was 28.26 per 1,000 person-years. CIND at baseline was associated with the multi-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.06 (95% confidence interval = 1.23-3.47) for incident dementia. Multinomial logistic regression analysis suggested that compared with no CIND, the multi-adjusted OR of incident CIND was 2.21 (1.51-3.23) for women and 0.62 (0.38-0.99) for high social support, whereas the multi-adjusted OR of incident dementia was 1.14 (1.09-1.18) for older age, 0.29 (0.16-0.53) for high education, and 2.91 (1.47-5.74) for having a stroke history. CONCLUSION CIND affects over one-tenth of older adults living in rural communities of western Shandong province. People with CIND are twice as likely to progress to dementia as people without CIND. Female sex, low education, stroke history, and low social support are associated with an increased risk of progression from normal cognition to CIND or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ren
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Roberto Monastero
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Chengxuan Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.,Aging Research Center and Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Prevalence of preoperative cognitive impairment in older surgical patients.: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth 2021; 76:110574. [PMID: 34749047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Older surgical patients with cognitive impairment are at an increased risk for adverse perioperative outcomes, however the prevalence of preoperative cognitive impairment is not well-established within this population. The purpose of this review is to determine the pooled prevalence of preoperative cognitive impairment in older surgical patients. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed (non-MEDLINE records only), Embase, Cochrane Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PsycINFO, and EMCare Nursing for relevant articles from 1946 to April 2021. PATIENTS Patients aged ≥60 years old undergoing surgery, and preoperative cognitive impairment assessed by validated cognitive assessment tools. INTERVENTIONS Preoperative assessment. MEASUREMENTS Primary outcomes were the pooled prevalence of preoperative cognitive impairment in older patients undergoing either elective (cardiac or non-cardiac) or emergency surgery. MAIN RESULTS Forty-eight studies (n = 42,498) were included. In elective non-cardiac surgeries, the pooled prevalence of unrecognized cognitive impairment was 37.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.0%, 45.0%) among 27,845 patients and diagnosed cognitive impairment was 18.0% (95% CI: 9.0%, 33.0%) among 11,676 patients. Within the elective non-cardiac surgery category, elective orthopedic surgery was analyzed. In this subcategory, the pooled prevalence of unrecognized cognitive impairment was 37.0% (95% CI: 26.0%, 49.0%) among 1117 patients, and diagnosed cognitive impairment was 17.0% (95% CI: 3.0%, 60.0%) among 6871 patients. In cardiac surgeries, the unrecognized cognitive impairment prevalence across 588 patients was 26.0% (95% CI: 15.0%, 42.0%). In emergency surgeries, the unrecognized cognitive impairment prevalence was 50.0% (95% CI: 35.0%, 65.0%) among 2389 patients. CONCLUSIONS A substantial number of surgical patients had unrecognized cognitive impairment. In elective non-cardiac and emergency surgeries, the pooled prevalence of unrecognized cognitive impairment was 37.0% and 50.0%. Preoperative cognitive screening warrants more attention for risk assessment and stratification.
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