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Borgiani G, Possidente C, Fabbri C, Oliva V, Bloemendaal M, Arias Vasquez A, Dinan TG, Vieta E, Menchetti M, De Ronchi D, Serretti A, Fanelli G. The bidirectional interaction between antidepressants and the gut microbiota: are there implications for treatment response? Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2024:00004850-990000000-00121. [PMID: 38991101 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This review synthesizes the evidence on associations between antidepressant use and gut microbiota composition and function, exploring the microbiota's possible role in modulating antidepressant treatment outcomes. Antidepressants exert an influence on measures of gut microbial diversity. The most consistently reported differences were in β-diversity between those exposed to antidepressants and those not exposed, with longitudinal studies supporting a potential causal association. Compositional alterations in antidepressant users include an increase in the Bacteroidetes phylum, Christensenellaceae family, and Bacteroides and Clostridium genera, while a decrease was found in the Firmicutes phylum, Ruminococcaceae family, and Ruminococcus genus. In addition, antidepressants attenuate gut microbial differences between depressed and healthy individuals, modulate microbial serotonin transport, and influence microbiota's metabolic functions. These include lyxose degradation, peptidoglycan maturation, membrane transport, and methylerythritol phosphate pathways, alongside gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism. Importantly, baseline increased α-diversity and abundance of the Roseburia and Faecalibacterium genera, in the Firmicutes phylum, are associated with antidepressant response, emerging as promising biomarkers. This review highlights the potential for gut microbiota as a predictor of treatment response and emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying antidepressant-microbiota interactions. More homogeneous studies and standardized techniques are required to confirm these initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Borgiani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Possidente
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospìtal Clinic de Barcelona
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Oliva
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospìtal Clinic de Barcelona
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mirjam Bloemendaal
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ted G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospìtal Clinic de Barcelona
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Menchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana De Ronchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fanelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Kelly JR, Clarke G, Harkin A, Corr SC, Galvin S, Pradeep V, Cryan JF, O'Keane V, Dinan TG. Seeking the Psilocybiome: Psychedelics meet the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100349. [PMID: 36605409 PMCID: PMC9791138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving towards a systems psychiatry paradigm embraces the inherent complex interactions across all levels from micro to macro and necessitates an integrated approach to treatment. Cortical 5-HT2A receptors are key primary targets for the effects of serotonergic psychedelics. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying psychedelic therapy are complex and traverse molecular, cellular, and network levels, under the influence of biofeedback signals from the periphery and the environment. At the interface between the individual and the environment, the gut microbiome, via the gut-brain axis, plays an important role in the unconscious parallel processing systems regulating host neurophysiology. While psychedelic and microbial signalling systems operate over different timescales, the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, as a convergence hub between multiple biofeedback systems may play a role in the preparatory phase, the acute administration phase, and the integration phase of psychedelic therapy. In keeping with an interconnected systems-based approach, this review will discuss the gut microbiome and mycobiome and pathways of the MGB axis, and then explore the potential interaction between psychedelic therapy and the MGB axis and how this might influence mechanism of action and treatment response. Finally, we will discuss the possible implications for a precision medicine-based psychedelic therapy paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Sinead C. Corr
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Galvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vishnu Pradeep
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica O'Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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3
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Ketamine used in the therapy of depressive disorders impacts protein profile, proliferation rate, and phagocytosis resistance of enterococci. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
A low concentration of ketamine is used to cause an anti-depressive effect. The mechanism of ketamine's action in depression is believed to result, among others, from its anti-inflammatory activity. Despite the fact that only high concentrations of ketamine inhibit bacterial growth, it is clear that even a sub-inhibitory concentration of chemicals may change bacterial properties. Considering the above, in the current study we aimed to evaluate the in vitro influence of ketamine on proliferation of enterococci and their interactions with monocytes.
Materials and Methods
The studied strains were isolated as etiological agents of infection at Medical University of Gdansk. The proliferation and metabolic activity were determined using the FACSVerse flow cytometer after addition of CFDA-SE to bacterial suspension. For the determination of phagocytosis resistance, THP-1 human monocytes cell line was used. Suspension of monocytes which engulfed CFDA-SE–stained bacteria was then stained with propidium iodide to evaluate cytotoxicity of enterococci.
Results
The result of the study showed unexpected response of bacterial cells to ketamine at an early stage of culture. In 57.7% of strains, both proliferation rate and metabolic activity were boosted. This group of strains was also less susceptible to phagocytosis than in culture without ketamine. Different response of isolates to ketamine was also visible in changes of proteins’ profile determined by MALDI-TOF.
Conclusions
The analysis of bacteria at an early stage in the growth curve demonstrated the bacterial diversity in response to ketamine and let us set the hypothesis that microbiome susceptibility to ketamine may be one of the elements which should be taken into consideration when planning the successful pharmacotherapy of depression
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Coutinho TDNP, Barroso FDD, da Silva CR, da Silva AR, Cabral VPDF, Sá LGDAV, Cândido TM, da Silva LJ, Ferreira TL, da Silva WMB, Silva J, Marinho ES, Cavalcanti BC, Moraes MO, Nobre Júnior H, Andrade Neto JBD. EFFECTS OF KETAMINE IN METHICILLIN RESISTANT S. aureus AND IN SILICO INTERACTION WITH SORTASE A. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:885-893. [PMID: 34314621 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main human pathogens and is responsible for many diseases ranging from skin infections to more invasive infections. These infections are dangerous and expensive to treat because these strains are resistant to a large number of conventional antibiotics. Having said that, Antibacterial effect of ketamine against MRSA strains, its mechanism of action and in silico interaction with sortase A was evaluated. The antibacterial effect of ketamine was assessed by the broth microdilution method. Subsequently, the mechanism of action was assessed using flow cytometry and molecular docking assays with sortase A. Our results showed that Ketamine has a significant antibacterial activity against MRSA strains in the range of 2.49 to 3.73 mM. Their mechanism of action involves alterations in the membrane integrity and DNA damage, reducing cell viability that provoke death by apoptosis. In addition, Ketamine compound had affinity for S. aureus sortase A. These results indicate that this compound can be an alternative to develop new strategies to combat of infections caused by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacilene Silva
- State University of Ceara, 67843, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;
| | | | | | | | - Hélio Nobre Júnior
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, 1210 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Brazil, 60430-370;
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5
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Multifunctional cationic surfactants with a labile amide linker as efficient antifungal agents-mechanisms of action. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1237-1251. [PMID: 33427932 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our research aimed to expand the knowledge of relationships between the structure of multifunctional cationic dicephalic surfactants with a labile linker-N,N-bis[3,3-(dimethylamine)propyl]alkylamide dihydrochlorides and N,N-bis[3,3-(trimethylammonio)propyl]alkylamide dibromides (alkyl: n-C9H19, n-C11H23, n-C13H27, n-C15H31)-and their possible mechanism of action on fungal cells using the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. General studies performed on surfactants suggest that in most cases, their main mechanism of action is based on perforation of the cell membranes and cell disruption. Experiments carried out in this work with cationic dicephalic surfactants seem to modify our understanding of this issue. It was found that the investigated compounds did not cause perforation of the cell membrane and could only interact with it, increasing its permeability. The surfactants tested can probably penetrate inside the cells, causing numerous morphological changes, and contribute to disorders in the lipid metabolism of the cell resulting in the formation of lipid droplet aggregates. This research also showed that the compounds cause severe oxidative stress within the cells studied, including increased production of superoxide anion radicals and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Dicephalic cationic surfactants due to their biodegradability do not accumulate in the environment and in the future may be used as effective antifungal compounds in industry as well as medicine, which will be environmentally friendly. KEY POINTS: • Dicephalic cationic surfactants do not induce disruption of the cell membrane. • Surfactants could infiltrate into the cells and cause accumulation of lipids. • Surfactants could cause acute oxidative stress in yeast cells. • Compounds present multimodal mechanism of action. Graphical abstract.
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6
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Av Sá LGD, Silva CRD, de A Neto JB, Cândido TM, de Oliveira LC, do Nascimento FB, Barroso FD, da Silva LJ, de Mesquita JR, de Moraes MO, Cavalcanti BC, Júnior HV. Etomidate inhibits the growth of MRSA and exhibits synergism with oxacillin. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1611-1619. [PMID: 33215536 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the anesthetic etomidate against strains of MRSA and biofilms. Materials & methods: The antibacterial effect of etomidate was assessed by the broth microdilution method. To investigate the probable action mechanism of the compound flow cytometry techniques were used. Results: MRSA strains showed MIC equal to 500 and 1000 μg/ml of etomidate. Four-fifths (80%) of the tested MRSA strains demonstrated synergistic effect with oxacillin. Etomidate also showed activity against MRSA biofilm at concentration of 250 μg/ml. Cytometric analysis revealed that the cells treated with etomidate leading to cell death, probably by apoptosis. Conclusion: Etomidate showed antibacterial activity against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia G do Av Sá
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cecília R da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João B de A Neto
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,University Center Christus, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cândido
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Leilson C de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Bsa do Nascimento
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fátima Dd Barroso
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lisandra J da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel O de Moraes
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Cavalcanti
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vn Júnior
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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7
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de Andrade Neto JB, da Silva CR, Barroso FD, do Amaral Valente Sá LG, de Sousa Campos R, S Aires do Nascimento FB, Sampaio LS, da Silva AR, da Silva LJ, de Sá Carneiro I, Queiroz HA, de Mesquita JRL, Cavalcanti BC, de Moraes MO, Nobre Júnior HV. Synergistic effects of ketamine and azole derivatives on Candida spp. resistance to fluconazole. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:177-188. [PMID: 32077323 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Candida spp. with resistance to antifungal molecules, mainly the azole class, is an increasing complication in hospitals around the globe. Aim: In the present research, we evaluated the synergistic effects of ketamine with two azole derivatives, itraconazole and fluconazole, on strains of Candida spp. to fluconazole. Materials & methods: The drug synergy was evaluated by quantifying the fractional inhibitory concentration index and by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry techniques. Results: Our achievements showed a synergistic effect between ketamine in addition to the two antifungal agents (fluconazole and itraconazole) against planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida spp. Conclusion: This combination promoted alteration of membrane integrity, generation of reactive oxygen species, damage to and DNA and externalization of phosphatidylserine.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Batista de Andrade Neto
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, 60160-230, Brazil
| | - Cecília Rocha da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Fátima Daiana Barroso
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gurgel do Amaral Valente Sá
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Rosana de Sousa Campos
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, 60160-230, Brazil
| | - Francisca Bruna S Aires do Nascimento
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Letícia Serpa Sampaio
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ramos da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Lisandra Juvêncio da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Igor de Sá Carneiro
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Helaine Almeida Queiroz
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Coelho Cavalcanti
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
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8
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Lamch Ł, Witek K, Jarek E, Obłąk E, Warszyński P, Wilk KA. New mild amphoteric sulfohydroxybetaine-type surfactants containing different labile spacers: Synthesis, surface properties and performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 558:220-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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do AV Sá LG, da Silva CR, S Campos RD, de A Neto JB, Sampaio LS, do Nascimento FBSA, Barroso FDD, da Silva LJ, Queiroz HA, Cândido TM, Rodrigues DS, Leitão AC, de Moraes MO, Cavalcanti BC, Júnior HVN. Synergistic anticandidal activity of etomidate and azoles against clinical fluconazole-resistant Candida isolates. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:1477-1488. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of etomidate alone and in combination with azoles on resistant strains of Candida spp. in both planktonic cells and biofilms. Materials & methods: The antifungal activity of etomidate was assessed by the broth microdilution test; flow cytometric procedures to measure fungal viability, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, free radical generation and cell death; as well detection of DNA damage using the comet assay. The interaction between etomidate and antifungal drugs (itraconazole and fluconazole) was evaluated by the checkerboard assay. Results: Etomidate showed antifungal activity against resistant strains of Candida spp. in planktonic cells and biofilms. Etomidate also presented synergism with fluconazole and itraconazole in planktonic cells and biofilms. Conclusion: Etomidate showed antifungal activity against Candida spp., indicating that it is a possible therapeutic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia G do AV Sá
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Cecília R da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Rosana de S Campos
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
- University Center Christus, Fortaleza, CE 60160-230, Brazil
| | - João B de A Neto
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
- University Center Christus, Fortaleza, CE 60160-230, Brazil
| | - Letícia S Sampaio
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Francisca BSA do Nascimento
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Fátima DD Barroso
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Lisandra J da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Helaine A Queiroz
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cândido
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
- University Center Christus, Fortaleza, CE 60160-230, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Leitão
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Manoel O de Moraes
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Cavalcanti
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Hélio VN Júnior
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-1160, Brazil
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430-276, Brazil
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Rewak-Soroczyńska J, Paluch E, Siebert A, Szałkiewicz K, Obłąk E. Biological activity of glycine and alanine derivatives of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) against micro-organisms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 69:212-220. [PMID: 31260122 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) are commonly used in medicine, agriculture and industry and their wide usage caused the development of microbial resistance, thus there is still a need for new effective antimicrobial agents. Present work describes the biological activity of alanine- (DMALM-n) and glycine-derived (DMGM-n) QASs against planktonic and biofilm forms of micro-organisms. The antimicrobial activity was dependent mainly on the hydrocarbon chain length and surfactants with 12-16 atoms of carbon in the alkyl chain were the most active ones. The lowest MIC value was determined for DMALM-14 against Rhodotorula rubra and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2·5 µmol l- 1 ). Generally, alanine derivatives showed stronger effects against micro-organisms than glycine-derived QASs. Alanine-derived surfactants with 12-16 carbons in the alkyl chain had antiadhesive properties on the polystyrene surface, preventing cell attachment (about 70% of inhibition for C. albicans and 40% for S. epidermidis). Strong adhesion reduction was also observed on the stainless steel surface and the highest reduction was observed for C. albicans cells incubated on surface pretreated with DMGM-16. Moreover, DMGM-16 and DMALM-16 prevented C. albicans filamentation, one of the determinants of cell adhesion. Surfactants with C16 alkyl chain (DMGM-16 and DMALM-16) eradicated bacterial and yeast biofilm (from 60 to 90% of reduction observed after incubation of the previously grown biofilm in the presence of the highest tested concentration of the surfactant - 400 µmol l- 1 ) and reduced its viability. Strong antimicrobial activity as well as antiadhesive properties make alanine- and glycine-derived QASs the potential candidates for future application as disinfectants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Cationic surfactants are used in many fields, among others in medicine, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Their usage on a large scale caused the development of microbial resistance mechanisms to such compounds. Thus, there is a need to synthesize new surfactants with potential application as effective disinfectants to combat both planktonic and biofilm forms of micro-organisms. Present work focuses on the antimicrobial activity of chosen quaternary ammonium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rewak-Soroczyńska
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - E Paluch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Siebert
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - K Szałkiewicz
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - E Obłąk
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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11
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Cussotto S, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Psychotropics and the Microbiome: a Chamber of Secrets…. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1411-1432. [PMID: 30806744 PMCID: PMC6598948 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut contains trillions of symbiotic bacteria that play a key role in programming different aspects of host physiology in health and disease. Psychotropic medications act on the central nervous system (CNS) and are used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. There is increasing emphasis on the bidirectional interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome. An expanding body of evidence supports the notion that microbes can metabolise drugs and vice versa drugs can modify the gut microbiota composition. In this review, we will first give a comprehensive introduction about this bidirectional interaction, then we will take into consideration different classes of psychotropics including antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, anticonvulsants/mood stabilisers, opioid analgesics, drugs of abuse, alcohol, nicotine and xanthines. The varying effects of these widely used medications on microorganisms are becoming apparent from in vivo and in vitro studies. This has important implications for the future of psychopharmacology pipelines that will routinely need to consider the host microbiome during drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland.
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12
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Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Marlicz W, Misera A, Koulaouzidis A, Łoniewski I. Microbiome-The Missing Link in the Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Its Role in Gastrointestinal and Mental Health. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E521. [PMID: 30544486 PMCID: PMC6306769 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) and the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract communicate through the gut-brain axis (GBA). Such communication is bi-directional and involves neuronal, endocrine, and immunological mechanisms. There is mounting data that gut microbiota is the source of a number of neuroactive and immunocompetent substances, which shape the structure and function of brain regions involved in the control of emotions, cognition, and physical activity. Most GI diseases are associated with altered transmission within the GBA that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Current treatment protocols for GI and non-GI disorders may positively or adversely affect the composition of intestinal microbiota with a diverse impact on therapeutic outcome(s). Alterations of gut microbiota have been associated with mood and depressive disorders. Moreover, mental health is frequently affected in GI and non-GI diseases. Deregulation of the GBA may constitute a grip point for the development of diagnostic tools and personalized microbiota-based therapy. For example, next generation sequencing (NGS) offers detailed analysis of microbiome footprints in patients with mental and GI disorders. Elucidating the role of stem cell⁻host microbiome cross talks in tissues in GBA disorders might lead to the development of next generation diagnostics and therapeutics. Psychobiotics are a new class of beneficial bacteria with documented efficacy for the treatment of GBA disorders. Novel therapies interfering with small molecules involved in adult stem cell trafficking are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Marlicz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Agata Misera
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
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13
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Torres G, Hoehmann CL, Cuoco JA, Hitscherich K, Pavia C, Hadjiargyrou M, Leheste JR. Ketamine intervention limits pathogen expansion in vitro. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4819281. [PMID: 29365093 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is one of several clinically important drugs whose therapeutic efficacy is due in part to their ability to act upon ion channels prevalent in nearly all biological systems. In studying eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms in vitro, we show that ketamine short-circuits the growth and spatial expansion of three microorganisms, Stachybotrys chartarum, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Borrelia burgdorferi, at doses efficient at reducing depression-like behaviors in mouse models of clinical depression. Although our findings do not reveal the mechanism(s) by which ketamine mediates its antifungal and antibacterial effects, we hypothesize that a function of L-glutamate signal transduction is associated with the ability of ketamine to limit pathogen expansion. In general, our findings illustrate the functional similarities between fungal, bacterial and human ion channels, and suggest that ketamine or its metabolites not only act in neurons, as previously thought, but also in microbial communities colonizing human body surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Torres
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Christopher L Hoehmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Joshua A Cuoco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Kyle Hitscherich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Charles Pavia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Joerg R Leheste
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
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Paluch E, Piecuch A, Obłąk E, Lamch Ł, Wilk KA. Antifungal activity of newly synthesized chemodegradable dicephalic-type cationic surfactants. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 164:34-41. [PMID: 29413614 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The studies were aimed to contribute to the elucidation of the relationships between structure of the double-headed cationic surfactants - N,N-bis[3,3'-(dimethylamine)propyl]alkylamide dihydrochlorides and N,N-bis[3,3'-(trimethylammonio)propyl]alkylamide dibromides (alkyl: n-C9H19, n-C11H23, n-C13H27, n-C15H31), which are of particular interest, as they contain a labile amide group in the molecule and their antifungal activity. Therefore, the minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations (MIC and MFC) of dicephalic surfactants against various fungi were tested using standardized methods. Most of the tested fungi were resistant to the Cn(TAPABr)2 compounds. The strongest growth inhibition was caused by Cn(DAPACl)2 series, which MICs ranged from 6.5 to 16 μM. The influence of dicephalic surfactants on Candida albicans biofilm and adhesion to the various surfaces was investigated with crystal violet staining or colony counting. The reduction of fungal adhesion was also observed, especially to the glass surface. One of the compounds (C14(DAPACl)2) caused DNA leakage from C. albicans cells. Further studies showed the impact of dicephalic surfactants on ROS production, accumulation of lipid droplets and filament formation. This study points to the possibility of application of dicephalic surfactants as the surface-coating agents to prevent biofilm formation or as disinfectants. The results give an insight into the possible mechanism of action of newly synthesized dicephalic surfactants in yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paluch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Piecuch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - E Obłąk
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Ł Lamch
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K A Wilk
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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15
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Tulgar S, Alasehir EA, Selvi O. The antimicrobial activity of ephedrine and admixture of ephedrine and propofol: an in vitro study. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [PMID: 28870386 PMCID: PMC9391728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Propofol and Ephedrine are commonly used during anesthesia maintenance, the former as a hypnotic agent and the later as a vasopressor. The addition of propofol to ephedrine or administration of ephedrine before propofol injection is useful for decreasing or preventing propofol related hemodynamic changes and vascular pain. This in vitro study evaluated the antibacterial effect on common hospital-acquired infection pathogens of ephedrine alone or combined with propofol. Material and method The study was performed in two stages. In the first, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of propofol and ephedrine alone and combined was calculated for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a clinical isolate of Acinetobacter spp. at 0, 6, 12 and 24 h, using the microdilution method. In the second stage, the same drugs and combination were used to determine their effect on bacterial growth. Bacterial solutions were prepared at 0.5 MacFarland in sterile 0.9% physiological saline and diluted at 1/100 concentration. Colony numbers were measured as colony forming units.mL−1 at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12th hours. Results Ephedrine either alone or combined with propofol did not have an antimicrobial effect on Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa and this was similar to propofol. However, ephedrine alone and combined with propofol was found to have an antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter species at 512 mcg.mL−1 concentration and significantly decreased bacterial growth rate. Conclusion Ephedrine has an antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter species which were frequently encountered pathogens as a cause of nosocomial infections.
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Tulgar S, Alasehir EA, Selvi O. A atividade antimicrobiana de efedrina e da combinação de efedrina e propofol: um estudo in vitro. Braz J Anesthesiol 2018; 68:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Breedt A, (Jeff) F. Coetzee J, Kluyts H, Scheepers P. A survey of propofol injection practices reveals poor knowledge of and unsatisfactory adherence to the SASA Guidelines for Infection Control. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/22201181.2017.1336370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anneme Breedt
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | | | - Hyla Kluyts
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Gezina, South Africa
| | - Pamela Scheepers
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Abstract
One of the most fascinating drugs in the anesthesiologist's armament is ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist with a myriad of uses. The drug is a dissociative anesthetic and has been used more often as an analgesic in numerous hospital units, outpatient pain clinics, and in the prehospital realm. It has been used to treat postoperative pain, chronic pain, complex regional pain syndrome, phantom limb pain, and other neuropathic conditions requiring analgesia. Research has also demonstrated its efficacy as an adjunct in psychotherapy, as a treatment for both depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, as a procedural sedative, and as a treatment for respiratory and neurologic conditions. Ketamine is not without its adverse effects, some of which can be mitigated with certain efforts. Such effects make it necessary for the clinician to use the drug only in situations where it will provide the greatest benefit with the fewest adverse effects. To the best of our knowledge, none of the reviews regarding ketamine have taken a comprehensive look at the drug's uses in all territories of medicine. This review will serve to touch on its chemical data, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, medical uses, and adverse effects while focusing specifically on the drugs usage in anesthesia and analgesia.
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Macedo D, Filho AJMC, Soares de Sousa CN, Quevedo J, Barichello T, Júnior HVN, Freitas de Lucena D. Antidepressants, antimicrobials or both? Gut microbiota dysbiosis in depression and possible implications of the antimicrobial effects of antidepressant drugs for antidepressant effectiveness. J Affect Disord 2017; 208:22-32. [PMID: 27744123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The first drug repurposed for the treatment of depression was the tuberculostatic iproniazid. At present, drugs belonging to new classes of antidepressants still have antimicrobial effects. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota was implicated in the development or exacerbation of mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Based on the current interest in the gut-brain axis, the focus of this narrative review is to compile the available studies regarding the influences of gut microbiota in behavior and depression and to show the antimicrobial effect of antidepressant drugs. A discussion regarding the possible contribution of the antimicrobial effect of antidepressant drugs to its effectiveness/resistance is included. METHODS The search included relevant articles from PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, PsycINFO, and ISI Web of Knowledge. RESULTS MDD is associated with changes in gut permeability and microbiota composition. In this respect, antidepressant drugs present antimicrobial effects that could also be related to the effectiveness of these drugs for MDD treatment. Conversely, some antimicrobials present antidepressant effects. CONCLUSION Both antidepressants and antimicrobials present neuroprotective/antidepressant and antimicrobial effects. Further studies are needed to evaluate the participation of antimicrobial mechanisms of antidepressants in MDD treatment as well as to determine the contribution of this effect to antidepressant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Macedo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Caren Nádia Soares de Sousa
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- Laboratory of Bioprospection and Experiments in Yeast (LABEL), Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Piecuch A, Lamch Ł, Paluch E, Obłąk E, Wilk KA. Biofilm prevention by dicephalic cationic surfactants and their interactions with DNA. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:682-92. [PMID: 27288863 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The studies were aimed to contribute to the elucidation of the relationships between structure of the double-headed cationic surfactants-N,N-bis[3,3'-(dimethylamine)- propyl]alkylamide dihydrochlorides and N,N-bis[3,3'-(trimethylammonio)propyl]alkylamide dibromides (alkyl: n-C9 H19 , n-C11 H23 , n-C13 H27 , n-C15 H31 ) and their antibacterial and biofilm preventing activity. METHODS AND RESULTS The minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of dicephalic surfactants against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested using standard methods. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to studied compounds but MBC values against Staph. epidermidis reached 0·48-0·01 mmol l(-1) . The influence of dicephalic surfactants on bacterial biofilm and adhesion to the various surfaces was investigated with crystal violet staining or colony counting. The reduction in bacterial adhesion was observed, especially in the case of glass and stainless steel. The condensation of the DNA was shown in the ethidium bromide intercalation assay. CONCLUSIONS Dicephalic surfactants exhibited antibacterial activity against Staph. epidermidis. The activity of studied compounds depended on the hydrocarbon chain length and the counterion. Surfactants deposited on different materials reduced Staph. epidermidis adhesion, dependently on the surfactant structure and the substratum. Dicephalic surfactants showed the ability of DNA compaction. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study points the possibility of application of dicephalic surfactants as the surface-coating agents to prevent biofilm formation. These compounds efficiently condensed DNA and are potential candidates for further studies towards the transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Piecuch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ł Lamch
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - E Paluch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - E Obłąk
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - K A Wilk
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Antibacterial Activity of Alanine-Derived Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2015; 19:275-282. [PMID: 26949329 PMCID: PMC4764639 DOI: 10.1007/s11743-015-1778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of alanine-derived gemini quaternary ammonium salts (chlorides and bromides) with various spacer and alkyl chain lengths was investigated. The studied compounds exhibited a strong bactericidal effect, especially bromides with 10 and 12 carbon alkyl chains and 3 carbon spacer groups (TMPAL-10 Br and TMPAL-12 Br), with a short contact time. Both salts dislodged biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and were lethal to adherent cells of S. epidermidis. Bromide with 2 carbon spacer groups and 12 carbon alkyl chains (TMEAL-12 Br) effectively reduced microbial adhesion by coating polystyrene and silicone surfaces. The results obtained suggest that, after further studies, gemini QAS might be considered as antimicrobial agents in medicine or industry.
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