1
|
Evaluation of Dimer of Epicatechin from an Endophytic Fungus Curvularia australiensis FC2AP on Acute Toxicity Levels, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cervical Cancer Activity in Animal Models. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030654. [PMID: 33513835 PMCID: PMC7866062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer, as the most frequent cancer in women globally and accounts almost 14% in India. It can be prevented or treated with vaccines, radiation, chemotherapy, and brachytherapy. The chemotherapeutic agents cause adverse post effects by the destruction of the neighboring normal cells or altering the properties of the cells. In order to reduce the severity of the side effects caused by the chemically synthesized therapeutic agents, the current research developed an anti-cancer agent dimer of epicatechin (DoE), a natural bioactive secondary metabolite (BSM) mediated from an endophytic fungus Curvularia australiensis FC2AP. The investigation has initiated with the evaluation of inhibiting the angiogenesis which is a main activity in metastasis, and it was assessed through Hen’s Egg Test on Chorio Allantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) test; the BSM inhibited the growth of blood vessels in the developing chick embryo. Further the DoE was evaluated for its acute toxicity levels in albino mice, whereas the survival dose was found to be 1250 mg/kg and the lethal dose was 1500 mg/kg body weight of albino mice; hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses were assessed. The anti-inflammatory responses of the DoE were evaluated in carrageenan induced Wistar rats and the reduction of inflammation occurred in a dose-dependent manner. By fixing the effective dose for anti-inflammation analysis, the DoE was taken for the anti-cervical cancer analysis in benzo (a) pyrene induced female Sprague-Dawley rats for 60 days trial. After the stipulated days, the rats were taken for hematological antioxidants, lipid peroxidation (LPO), member bound enzymes, cervical histopathological and carcinogenic markers analyses. The results specified that the DoE has the capability of reducing the tumor in an efficient way. This is the first report of flavonoid-DoE production from an endophytic fungus C. australiensis has the anticancer potentiality and it can be stated as anti-cancer drug.
Collapse
|
2
|
Siddiqui AA, Partap S, Khisal S, Yar MS, Mishra R. Synthesis, anti-convulsant activity and molecular docking study of novel thiazole pyridazinone hybrid analogues. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
3
|
Mohi-Ud-Din R, Mir RH, Sawhney G, Dar MA, Bhat ZA. Possible Pathways of Hepatotoxicity Caused by Chemical Agents. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:867-879. [PMID: 31702487 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666191105121653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver injury induced by drugs has become a primary reason for acute liver disease and therefore posed a potential regulatory and clinical challenge over the past few decades and has gained much attention. It also remains the most common cause of failure of drugs during clinical trials. In 50% of all acute liver failure cases, drug-induced hepatoxicity is the primary factor and 5% of all hospital admissions. METHODS The various hepatotoxins used to induce hepatotoxicity in experimental animals include paracetamol, CCl4, isoniazid, thioacetamide, erythromycin, diclofenac, alcohol, etc. Among the various models used to induce hepatotoxicity in rats, every hepatotoxin causes toxicity by different mechanisms. RESULTS The drug-induced hepatotoxicity caused by paracetamol accounts for 39% of the cases and 13% hepatotoxicity is triggered by other hepatotoxic inducing agents. CONCLUSION Research carried out and the published papers revealed that hepatotoxins such as paracetamol and carbon- tetrachloride are widely used for experimental induction of hepatotoxicity in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Mohi-Ud-Din
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Pharmacognosy Division, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Gifty Sawhney
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-Tawi, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Mohd Akbar Dar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Zulfiqar Ali Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Pharmacognosy Division, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adedapo ADA, Demaki WE, Lagunju I. Non-Dose-Dependent Changes in Liver Enzyme Levels of Children With Epilepsy on Treatment With Sodium Valproate. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820918445. [PMID: 32362796 PMCID: PMC7180311 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820918445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sodium valproate (VPA) is considered as the drug of choice for the treatment
of generalized epilepsy in children. Sodium Valproate may be
hepatotoxic. Aim: To assess the level of derangement of liver enzymes in children with epilepsy
on treatment with sodium valproate. Methods: A cohort study. One hundred fifty-three children, comprising 51 with epilepsy
on treatment with VPA (group I), 51 with epilepsy on treatment with other
antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) but not VPA (group II), and 51 with nonconvulsive
disorders (group III) had liver function tests performed for them. Data were
analyzed by SPSS version 23.0. Results: There were 85 males and 68 females, aged 6 months to 14 years (median = 7.0
years). There was no significant difference in the mean plasma levels of
alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyl
transferase across the three groups of children. The mean aspartate
transaminase level was significantly higher in children in group III. There
was a statistically significant negative correlation between the duration of
AED therapy and the mean serum level of AST (r = −0.266,
P = 0.016). The serum ALT level showed a statistically
significant positive correlation with the duration of AED therapy
(r = 0.268, P = 0.015). Conclusion: Sodium valproate monotherapy does not appear to be associated with
significant hepatotoxicity in children in our cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - IkeOluwa Lagunju
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Critically Ill Children Taking Antiepileptic Drugs: A Retrospective Study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2020; 92:100580. [PMID: 32280391 PMCID: PMC7138958 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Critically ill children on anti-epileptic drugs often receive multiple concomitant drugs with potential to result in liver injury. Antimicrobial drugs followed by drugs for stress ulcer prophylaxis form the major drug classes with the risk of DILI that are concomitantly administered with anti-epileptic drugs in critically ill children.
Background Antiepileptic drugs are among the leading causes of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Due to critical illness, children admitted to intensive care units are more prone to DILI. Objective We attempted to elucidate the association between antiepileptic drug use and the associated factors resulting in DILI in a pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. Methods We carried out an observational retrospective study on children receiving antiepileptic drugs. Details on their demographic characteristics, drugs, serum levels of antiepileptic drugs and liver function tests, and hospital stay were recorded. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences definitions were adhered to when defining DILI. LiverTox (https://livertox.nih.gov) and DILIrank were used to assess the risks of hepatotoxicity of the concomitant drugs. Regression models were developed for predicting DILI. Results Five out of 9 patients taking phenobarbitone (55.6%), 9 out of 12 taking phenytoin monotherapy (75%), 7 out of 10 taking phenytoin/phenobarbitone (70%), all 3 receiving phenytoin/phenobarbitone/valproate sodium, and 1 with phenytoin/carbamazepine developed DILI either in the form of hepatocellular injury or liver biochemical test abnormalities. None of the patients had cholestatic or mixed type of liver injury. All the critically ill children received at least 2 concomitant drugs with hepatotoxic potential. Concomitant category B hepatotoxic drugs and toxic drug levels were significantly associated with increased risk of DILI. Similarly, a trend was observed for less-DILI-concern concomitant drug class and toxic drug levels when the drugs were analyzed by DILIrank classification. Conclusions A significant proportion of critically ill children taking antiepileptic drugs experience DILI. Guidelines recommending use of drugs with reduced risk of potential hepatotoxicity for various concomitant disease states in such children admitted to intensive care units receiving antiepileptic drugs are urgently needed.
Collapse
|
6
|
El Makawy AI, Mabrouk DM, Ibrahim FM, Ahmed KA. Genotoxic, biochemical and histopathological studies to assessment the topiramate hepatorenal toxicity in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 45:103-112. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1660364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faten M. Ibrahim
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kawkab A. Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khoo LW, Foong Kow AS, Maulidiani M, Lee MT, Tan CP, Shaari K, Tham CL, Abas F. Hematological, Biochemical, Histopathological and ¹H-NMR Metabolomics Application in Acute Toxicity Evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans Water Leaf Extract. Molecules 2018; 23:E2172. [PMID: 30158427 PMCID: PMC6225189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims for the first time to provide the in vivo acute toxicological profile of the highest dose of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau water leaf extract according to the Organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD) 423 guidelines through conventional toxicity and advanced proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) serum and urinary metabolomics evaluation methods. A single dose of 5000 mg/kg bw of C. nutans water extract was administered to Sprague Dawley rats, and they were observed for 14 days. Conventional toxicity evaluation methods (physical observation, body and organ weight, food and water consumption, hematology, biochemical testing and histopathological analysis) suggested no abnormal toxicity signs. Serum ¹H-NMR metabolome revealed no significant metabolic difference between untreated and treated groups. Urinary ¹H-NMR analysis, on the other hand, revealed alteration in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism in extract-treated rats after 2 h of extract administration, but the metabolic expression collected after 24 h and at Day 5, Day 10 and Day 15 indicated that the extract-treated rats did not accumulate any toxicity biomarkers. Importantly, the outcomes further suggest that single oral administration of up to 5000 mg/kg bw of C. nutans water leaf extract is safe for consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leng Wei Khoo
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Audrey Siew Foong Kow
- Department Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M Maulidiani
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur Campus, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights (Taman Connaught), Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fricke-Galindo I, LLerena A, Jung-Cook H, López-López M. Carbamazepine adverse drug reactions. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2018; 11:705-718. [PMID: 29898616 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1486707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carbamazepine (CBZ) is used for the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological and psychiatric disorders. The occurrence of adverse reactions (ADRs) to CBZ can negatively impact the quality of life of patients, as well as increase health-care costs. Thus, knowledge of CBZ-induced ADRs is important to achieve safer treatment outcomes. Areas covered: This review describes the clinical features, known mechanisms, and clinical management of the main CBZ-induced ADRs. In addition, pharmacogenetic studies focused on ADRs induced by CBZ are cited. Expert commentary: CBZ-induced ADRs are well known in the literature. The metabolite CBZ-10,11-epoxide plays an important role in the mechanism that underlies the ADRs induced by CBZ. Several factors should be considered for a safer use of CBZ, such as monotherapy prescription when possible, an adequate dose titration, knowledge of previous ADRs in the patient, and routine monitoring of CBZ plasma concentrations in symptomatic patients. Pharmacogenetics is a potential tool for CBZ therapy improvement, and the design of multicenter studies focused on the identification of biomarkers for CBZ-induced ADRs could provide useful information for a safer CBZ therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Fricke-Galindo
- a Doctorate in Biological and Health Sciences , Metropolitan Autonomous University , Coyoacán, Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Adrián LLerena
- b CICAB Clinical Research Centre , Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School , Badajoz , Spain
| | - Helgi Jung-Cook
- c Department of Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty , National Autonomous University of Mexico , Mexico City , Mexico.,d Department of Neuropharmacology , National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Marisol López-López
- e Department of Biological Systems , Metropolitan Autonomous University , Coyoacán, Mexico City , Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vickery PB, Tillery EE, DeFalco AP. Intravenous Carbamazepine for Adults With Seizures. Ann Pharmacother 2017; 52:285-289. [DOI: 10.1177/1060028017736785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, dosage and administration, potential drug-drug interactions, and place in therapy of the intravenous (IV) formulation of carbamazepine (Carnexiv) for the treatment of seizures in adult patients. Data Sources: A comprehensive PubMed and EBSCOhost search (1945 to August 2017) was performed utilizing the keywords carbamazepine, Carnexiv, carbamazepine intravenous, IV carbamazepine, seizures, epilepsy, and seizure disorder. Additional data were obtained from literature review citations, manufacturer’s product labeling, and Lundbeck website as well as Clinicaltrials.gov and governmental sources. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language trials evaluating IV carbamazepine were analyzed for this review. Data Synthesis: IV carbamazepine is FDA approved as temporary replacement therapy for treatment of adult seizures. Based on a phase I trial and pooled data from 2 open-label bioavailability studies comparing oral with IV dosing, there was no noted indication of loss of seizure control in patients switched to short-term replacement antiepileptic drug therapy with IV carbamazepine. The recommended dose of IV carbamazepine is 70% of the patient’s oral dose, given every 6 hours via 30-minute infusions. The adverse effect profile of IV carbamazepine is similar to that of the oral formulation, with the exception of added infusion-site reactions. Conclusion: IV carbamazepine is a reasonable option for adults with generalized tonic-clonic or focal seizures, previously stabilized on oral carbamazepine, who are unable to tolerate oral medications for up to 7 days. Unknown acquisition cost and lack of availability in the United States limit its use currently.
Collapse
|
10
|
Asgarshirazi M, Shariat M, Sheikh M. Comparison of efficacy of folic acid and silymarin in the management of antiepileptic drug induced liver injury: a randomized clinical trial. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2017; 16:296-302. [PMID: 28603098 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver injury associated with antiepileptic drugs accounts for a large proportion of drug-induced liver injuries (DILI) in children. Although withdrawal of the causative agent is the only proved treatment for DILI, in some clinical situations it is not possible. Recent studies have reported promising results of using hepatoprotective drugs with antioxidant actions for the management of DILI. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of folic acid versus silymarin treatment in relation to decreasing liver enzymes in patients with DILI due to antiepileptic therapy. METHODS This randomized, open-label, clinical trial evaluated 55 children with epilepsy who were on antiepileptic treatment and experienced DILI. The children were randomized to receive either silymarin (5 mg/kg per day) or folic acid (1 mg per day) for one month and were followed up for three months. RESULTS Liver enzymes significantly decreased in both groups. The decrease trend in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were stronger in the folic acid group compared to silymarin group (P=0.04 and P=0.007, respectively). At the end of the study patients in the folic acid group had significantly lower ALT (P=0.04), AST (P=0.02), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (P<0.001) levels and also higher percentage of normal ALT (30.7% vs 3.4%, P=0.009) and AST (42.3% vs 0%, P<0.001), and GGT (23.1% vs 0%, P=0.008) values compared to the patients in the silymarin group. No rebound elevations in ALT, AST and GGT levels or adverse reactions were noted in neither of the study groups. CONCLUSION Although both treatments were safe and effective in decreasing liver enzymes, folic acid seems to be superior to silymarin in the management of DILI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahdi Sheikh
- Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liver Effects of Clinical Drugs Differentiated in Human Liver Slices. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030574. [PMID: 28272341 PMCID: PMC5372590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs with clinical adverse effects are compared in an ex vivo 3-dimensional multi-cellular human liver slice model. Functional markers of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, glutathione GSH and ATP levels, were affected by acetaminophen (APAP, 1 mM), diclofenac (DCF, 1 mM) and etomoxir (ETM, 100 μM). Drugs targeting mitochondria more than GSH were dantrolene (DTL, 10 μM) and cyclosporin A (CSA, 10 μM), while GSH was affected more than ATP by methimazole (MMI, 500 μM), terbinafine (TBF, 100 μM), and carbamazepine (CBZ 100 μM). Oxidative stress genes were affected by TBF (18%), CBZ, APAP, and ETM (12%–11%), and mitochondrial genes were altered by CBZ, APAP, MMI, and ETM (8%–6%). Apoptosis genes were affected by DCF (14%), while apoptosis plus necrosis were altered by APAP and ETM (15%). Activation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial energy, heat shock, ER stress, apoptosis, necrosis, DNA damage, immune and inflammation genes ranked CSA (75%), ETM (66%), DCF, TBF, MMI (61%–60%), APAP, CBZ (57%–56%), and DTL (48%). Gene changes in fatty acid metabolism, cholestasis, immune and inflammation were affected by DTL (51%), CBZ and ETM (44%–43%), APAP and DCF (40%–38%), MMI, TBF and CSA (37%–35%). This model advances multiple dosing in a human ex vivo model, plus functional markers and gene profile markers of drug induced human liver side-effects.
Collapse
|
12
|
El-Shenawy NS, Hamza RZ. Nephrotoxicity of sodium valproate and protective role of L-cysteine in rats at biochemical and histological levels. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:497-504. [PMID: 27124675 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether the combination of sodium valproate (SV) with L-cysteine (LC) can decrease the SV toxicity of kidneys. SV caused alternation in oxidative/antioxidant balance. METHODS Biochemical estimations included the determination of oxidative stress markers like thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in kidney tissue, and enzymatic antioxidant activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase as well as total antioxidant capacity were evaluated in renal tissues. Creatinine and uric acid levels in the serum were also determined to assess kidney function. Pathological examination of the kidney was also performed. RESULTS Increasing the levels of lipid peroxidation and decreasing the enzymatic activity (SOD, CAT, and GPx) as well as total antioxidant capacity of rats was shown with different doses of SV. Impairment in renal function tests suggests a decreased glomerular filtration rate, as serum creatinine was elevated. Histopathological changes of kidney tissue treated with SV reveal the proximal and the distal convoluted tubules that show hydropic changes (small white vacuoles within the cytoplasm and the glomeruli show hypercellularity). CONCLUSIONS The concurrent administration of LC with SV significantly had beneficial effects on the kidney and all the above parameters have been improved.
Collapse
|
13
|
Absence of Liver Toxicity in Perampanel-Treated Subjects: Pooled results from partial seizure phase III perampanel clinical studies. Epilepsy Res 2015; 113:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|