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Wen W, Hu M, Gao Y, Zhang P, Meng W, Zhang F, Fan B, Wang F, Li S. Effect of Soy Protein Products on Growth and Metabolism of Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus lactis, and Streptomyces clavuligerus. Foods 2024; 13:1525. [PMID: 38790825 PMCID: PMC11121397 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial nitrogen sources are promising, and soy protein as a plant-based nitrogen source has absolute advantages in creating microbial culture medium in terms of renewability, eco-friendliness, and greater safety. Soy protein is rich in variety due to different extraction technologies and significantly different in the cell growth and metabolism of microorganisms as nitrogen source. Therefore, different soy proteins (soy meal powder, SMP; soy peptone, SP; soy protein concentrate, SPC; soy protein isolate, SPI; and soy protein hydrolysate, SPH) were used as nitrogen sources to culture Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus lactis, and Streptomyces clavuligerus to evaluate the suitable soy nitrogen sources of the above strains. The results showed that B. subtilis had the highest bacteria density in SMP medium; S. lactis had the highest bacteria density in SPI medium; and S. clavuligerus had the highest PMV in SPI medium. Nattokinase activity was the highest in SP medium; the bacteriostatic effect of nisin was the best in SPI medium; and the clavulanic acid concentration was the highest in SMP medium. Based on analyzing the correlation between the nutritional composition and growth metabolism of the strains, the results indicated that the protein content and amino acid composition were the key factors influencing the cell growth and metabolism of the strains. These findings present a new, high-value application opportunity for soybean protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Miao Hu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Yaxin Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Weimin Meng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
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Feng T, Zhao J, Chu J, Wang YH, Zhuang YP. Statistical Optimizing of Medium for Clavulanic Acid Production by Streptomyces clavuligerus Using Response Surface Methodology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3936-3948. [PMID: 34436750 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Clavulanic acid (CA) is a naturally occurring antibiotic produced by Streptomyces clavuligerus. Statistical optimization of the fermentation medium for CA production by Streptomyces clavuligerus was carried out. Multiple carbon sources, glycerol, dextrin, and triolein, were considered simultaneously. A two-level fractional factorial design experiment was conducted to identify the significant components of medium on CA production. Statistical analysis of the results showed that soybean meal, dextrin, and triolein were the most significant medium ingredients on CA production. The optimal level of these screened components was obtained by RSM based on the result of a Box-Behnken design, in which the values of dextrin, soybean meal, and triolein in CA fermentation medium were 12.37 g/L, 39.75 g/L, and 26.98 ml/L, respectively. Using the proposed optimized medium, the model predicted 938 mg/L of CA level and via experimental rechecking the model, 946 mg/L of CA level was attained in shake flask fermentation, significantly high than 630 mg/L of original medium. The optimized medium was further verified in 50-L stirred fermenter, and compared with performance of original medium in parallel, CA titer was increased from 889 to 1310 mg/L; a 47% increase was achieved through medium optimization by statistical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Sinopharm Weiqida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No.1 Medical Park, Datong Economic Development Zone, Datong, Shanxi Province, 037300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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López-Agudelo VA, Gómez-Ríos D, Ramirez-Malule H. Clavulanic Acid Production by Streptomyces clavuligerus: Insights from Systems Biology, Strain Engineering, and Downstream Processing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:84. [PMID: 33477401 PMCID: PMC7830376 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clavulanic acid (CA) is an irreversible β-lactamase enzyme inhibitor with a weak antibacterial activity produced by Streptomyces clavuligerus (S. clavuligerus). CA is typically co-formulated with broad-spectrum β‑lactam antibiotics such as amoxicillin, conferring them high potential to treat diseases caused by bacteria that possess β‑lactam resistance. The clinical importance of CA and the complexity of the production process motivate improvements from an interdisciplinary standpoint by integrating metabolic engineering strategies and knowledge on metabolic and regulatory events through systems biology and multi-omics approaches. In the large-scale bioprocessing, optimization of culture conditions, bioreactor design, agitation regime, as well as advances in CA separation and purification are required to improve the cost structure associated to CA production. This review presents the recent insights in CA production by S. clavuligerus, emphasizing on systems biology approaches, strain engineering, and downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Gómez-Ríos
- Grupo de Investigación en Simulación, Diseño, Control y Optimización de Procesos (SIDCOP), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
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Abstract
C–H functionalization is a chemically challenging but highly desirable transformation. 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases (2OGXs) are remarkably versatile biocatalysts for the activation of C–H bonds. In nature, they have been shown to accept both small and large molecules carrying out a plethora of reactions, including hydroxylations, demethylations, ring formations, rearrangements, desaturations, and halogenations, making them promising candidates for industrial manufacture. In this review, we describe the current status of 2OGX use in biocatalytic applications concentrating on 2OGX-catalyzed oxyfunctionalization of amino acids and synthesis of antibiotics. Looking forward, continued bioinformatic sourcing will help identify additional, practical useful members of this intriguing enzyme family, while enzyme engineering will pave the way to enhance 2OGX reactivity for non-native substrates.
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Rodrigues KCS, Costa CLL, Badino AC, Pedrolli DB, Pereira JFB, Cerri MO. Application of Acid and Cold Stresses to Enhance the Production of Clavulanic Acid by Streptomyces clavuligerus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 188:706-719. [PMID: 30680701 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-02953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clavulanic acid (CA) is frequently prescribed for treatment of bacterial infections. Despite the large number of studies concerning CA production, there is still a need to search for more effective and productive processes because it is mainly produced by biochemical route and is chemically unstable. This paper evaluates the influence of acid and cold stresses on CA production by Streptomyces clavuligerus in bench scale stirred tank bioreactor. Four batch cultures were conducted at constant pH (6.8 or 6.3) and temperature (30, 25, or 20 °C) and five batch cultures were performed with application of acid stress (pH reduction from 6.8 to 6.3), cold stress (reduction from 30 to 20 °C), or both. The highest maximum CA concentration (684.4 mg L-1) was obtained in the culture conducted at constant temperature of 20 °C. However, the culture under acid stress, in which the pH was reduced from 6.8 to 6.3 at a rate of 0.1 pH unit every 6 h, provided the most promising result, exhibiting a global yield coefficient of CA relative to cell formation (YCA/X) of 851.1 mgCA gX-1. High YCA/X values indicate that a small number of cells are able to produce a large amount of antibiotic with formation of smaller amounts of side byproducts. This could be especially attractive for decreasing the complexity and cost of the downstream processing, enhancing CA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C S Rodrigues
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - C L L Costa
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - A C Badino
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - D B Pedrolli
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - J F B Pereira
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - M O Cerri
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14801-902, Brazil.
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Viana Marques DDA, Machado SEF, Ebinuma VCS, Duarte CDAL, Converti A, Porto ALF. Production of β-Lactamase Inhibitors by Streptomyces Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E61. [PMID: 30018235 PMCID: PMC6163296 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lactamase inhibitors have emerged as an effective alternative to reduce the effects of resistance against β-lactam antibiotics. The Streptomyces genus is known for being an exceptional natural source of antimicrobials and β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, which is largely applied in clinical practice. To protect against the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, new antibiotics and β-lactamase inhibitors need to be discovered and developed. This review will cover an update about the main β-lactamase inhibitors producers belonging to the Streptomyces genus; advanced methods, such as genetic and metabolic engineering, to enhance inhibitor production compared with wild-type strains; and fermentation and purification processes. Moreover, clinical practice and commercial issues are discussed. The commitment of companies and governments to develop innovative strategies and methods to improve the access to new, efficient, and potentially cost-effective microbial products to combat the antimicrobial resistance is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela de Araújo Viana Marques
- Campus Serra Talhada, University of Pernambuco, Avenida Custódio Conrado, 600, AABB, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco 56912-550, Brazil.
| | - Suellen Emilliany Feitosa Machado
- Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida da Engenharia, 2° andar, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-600, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Carvalho Santos Ebinuma
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú/Km 01, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | | | - Attilio Converti
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Chemical Pole, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil.
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