Leiomyomatous hamartoma presenting as a congenital epulis

A systematic review of the clinicopathological characteristics of oral leiomyomatous hamartoma

BACKGROUND

Oral leiomyomatous hamartoma (OLH) corresponds to an abnormal, benign and disorganized overgrowth of mature smooth muscle tissue, which can develop in any site where this tissue is found in healthy conditions. The present systematic review aimed to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of OLH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The protocol of this study was constructed following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF): OSF.IO/BMPUX. Five electronic databases were used to identify studies for this systematic review: PubMed, Web of Science, Dentistry & Oral Science Source, Scopus and ScienceDirect, from January 15th, 1945 to January 10th, 2024. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool was used to assess the risk of bias and the quality of the included reports and case series.

RESULTS

A comprehensive search yielded 5,562 articles, of which 55 met the inclusion criteria. The total number of subjects studied in the included investigations was sixty-six. The subjects' ages varied from newborns to 61 years, with a mean age ± standard deviation of 71.23 ± 123.01 months. 50.7% were males and 49.3% were females. Most lesions presented normochromic color (24.24%), pedunculated base (31.81%), firm consistency (22.72%), with an average size of 1.20 cm, present on the dorsum of the tongue (31.81%) or anterior part of the alveolar border of the maxilla (30.30%). Treatment was carried out by surgical excision (78.46%) and half of the studies report that there were no recurrences.

CONCLUSIONS

The cases described in the medical-dental literature provide valuable information to date on the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical profile of OLH. Although it is a rare lesion, it should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis in newborns, infants, children and young adults with lingual and/or maxillary masses present in the midline.

Oral leiomyomatous hamartoma: presentation of 3 cases and review of the literature

Oral leiomyomatous hamartoma (OLH) is a rare lesion, with only 40 cases reported in the literature. It typically presents early in life as a nodule on the anterior maxillary alveolar tissues or the tongue. Its growth potential is limited, with few cases reaching dimensions >2.0 cm, and its microscopic composition includes an intact surface mucosa with an underlying fibrovascular stroma possessing an unencapsulated proliferation of smooth muscle fascicles. Excision is considered the definitive treatment. Here we describe the clinical, microscopic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical features and management of 3 cases of OLH and review the literature. The findings we present here can assist in performing differential diagnosis, particularly in discriminating between OLH and similar yet non-hamartomatous processes and in selecting appropriate management.

Leiomyomatous Hamartomas of the Oral Cavity: Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Features of 4 Cases and Literature Review

Objective. To present 4 new cases of oral leiomyomatous hamartomas (OLH), describing its clinical, microscopical, and immunohistochemical features, and a literature review. Methods. The OLH cases were retrieved from the files of 2 Brazilian and 1 Peruvian oral pathology services. Clinical data were obtained from the pathology reports. Microscopical features were reviewed, and immunohistochemical reactions were performed. A review of the English-language literature about OLH was done. Results. The sample was composed of 3 females (4-, 10-, and 15-year-old) and 1 male (3-year-old). Three cases affected the dorsum of the tongue and one the incisive papilla, and all presented sessile or pedunculated smooth nodules. Microscopically, the lesions were composed of varying-size fascicles of smooth muscle fibers in a fibrous connective tissue background. Immunohistochemistry revealed positivity of the smooth muscle bundles for myogenic markers. The English-language literature review revealed 38 OLH cases reported, most were congenital or diagnosed up to 5 years old. The main locations were tongue and anterior maxilla. Conclusions. Although OLH is a rare lesion, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of midline tongue or maxillary masses in newborns, infants, and youngsters.

Lingual Leiomyomatous Hamartoma in an Adult Male

An otherwise healthy 20-year-old male presented with an exophytic, polypoid, yellowish lesion involving the dorsal surface of his tongue, which he reported being present since birth and unchanged. This was removed by surgical excision and diagnosed as a leiomyomatous hamartoma. Histological examination revealed a combination of fibrovascular connective tissue, conspicuous smooth-muscle bundles, adipose tissue, minor salivary gland tissue, blood vessels, lymphoid tissue, peripheral nerves, and normal skeletal muscle. This case is exceptional due to the patient's age, as until now, lingual leiomyomatous hamartomas have been reported almost exclusively in a paediatric population. To our knowledge, this is the eldest age at which a LLH has been reported in the literature. This underscores the need for clinicians to consider this rarely reported entity when considering the radiographic and clinical differential diagnoses for these lesions, both in the paediatric and adult populations. We also present a review of the literature regarding lingual leiomyomatous hamartomas.

Oral Leiomyomatous Hamartoma of the Anterior Maxillary Gingiva

INTRODUCTION

Oral leiomyomatous hamartoma (OLH) is a rare developmental tumor-like anomaly of the oral cavity.

CASE PRESENTATION

This report documents a 4-year-old female who was diagnosed with an OLH of the palatal gingiva between the maxillary central incisors. This lesion was treated successfully by local surgical excision.

CONCLUSION

Because many of the reported cases of this lesion have developed on the anterior maxillary gingiva, it is important for the periodontist to be aware of this entity.

Oral leiomyomatous hamartoma of the median maxillary gingiva: a case report and review of the literature

Oral leiomyomatous hamartoma (OLH) is a rare lesion seen in the oral cavity. It mainly presents on the median maxilla and tongue. In the literature in English, there are only 10 reported cases of OLH of the median maxilla. Most of the cases were found in patients of Japanese and Latin American origin. We report a case of OLH in an 18-month-old boy of Middle Eastern ancestry. The lesion presented as a pedunculated, light pink, soft swelling that was located on the labial gingiva of tooth number 21. Microscopically, it showed proliferative smooth-muscle fascicles dispersed in loose fibrous stroma and multiple small vessels. The lesional cells looked mature and elongated and were deeply eosinophilic spindle cells with basophilic, central "cigar-shaped" nuclei. The diagnosis of OLH was supported by positive immunohistochemical reactivity of smooth-muscle actin and desmin. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of OLH in a Middle Eastern patient.

Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of a congenital oral fibrovascular hamartoma

We report the diagnosis of a congenital oral fibrovascular hamartoma with two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. The distinctive sonographic features including the fibrovascular stalk and a single vascular pedicle are described. Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging and postnatal computed tomography confirmed the ultrasound findings. Despite concerns about impaired swallowing, the prenatal and perinatal courses were straightforward. The lesion was removed soon after birth. Histopathology of the removed lesion provided the definitive diagnosis of a fibrovascular hamartoma and reported a cellular composition that differentiates it from similar lesions. To our knowledge, such a lesion has not been reported pre- or postnatally and provides an alternative differential diagnosis for a fetus presenting with a mouth mass.