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Chaaban SB, Haouel-Hamdi S, Bachrouch O, Mahjoubi K, Mediouni Ben Jemâa J. Fumigant toxicity of four essential oils against the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller and the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:419-431. [PMID: 36463575 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2152431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus leucoxylon, Rosmarinus officinalis, berries, and leaves of Schinus molle essential oils were analysed using GC-MS techniques and assessed for their fumigant toxicity against adults, larvae, and eggs of Ectomyelois ceratoniae and Ephestia kuehniella. Results showed that E. leucoxylon contained Spathulenol, p-Cymene, and Cryptone as major compounds. GC - MS analyses showed that the major compounds of R. officinalis essential oil were 1,8-Cineole, Camphor, and α-pinene. I-Phellandrene, t-Muurolol, and Phellandrene were the major components of the S. molle leaves; while I-Phellandrene, Limonen, and δ-Cadinene were the major components of the S. molle berries. S. molle berries were the most efficient followed by R. officinalis against E. ceratoniae and E. kuehniella. The most effective tested essential oil against E. ceratoniae larvae was S. molle berries. Results on the ovicidal and larvicidal effects of the tested oils demonstrated that R. officinalis was the most effective essential oil against E. kuehniella eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Ben Chaaban
- Entomology laboratory, Regional Research Center in Oasis Agriculture of Degache, Degueche, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Haouel-Hamdi
- National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia (INRAT), LR11INRAT06 Laboratory of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Bachrouch
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, University of Carthage,National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Mahjoubi
- Entomology laboratory, Regional Research Center in Oasis Agriculture of Degache, Degueche, Tunisia
| | - Jouda Mediouni Ben Jemâa
- National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia (INRAT), LR11INRAT06 Laboratory of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
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Preclinical Trial of Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees ("Canela-Guaicá") in Wound Healing: Validation of a Traditional Medicine Practice Used by Indigenous Groups in Southern Brazil. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:3641383. [PMID: 36818225 PMCID: PMC9935797 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3641383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Background "Canela-guaicá," "guaicá," or "canela-sebo" [Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees] is a native species that is traditionally used by Kaingang indigenous groups for wound healing in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to extract the mucilage from O. puberula barks, perform its phytochemical and physicochemical characterization, and investigate its healing potential. Methods A murine wound model was used as a preclinical trial for authentication of the traditional knowledge from Kaingang indigenous communities. Results Alkaloids and polysaccharides were identified by usual qualitative reactions and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. This natural product showed thermal stability and pseudoplastic properties that were considered suitable for the intended use. A higher initial exacerbation of inflammatory response after 7 days, an improved angiogenesis after 14 days, and an increased wound shrinkage after 21 days were statistically significant for the "canela-guaicá" bark extract in the preclinical trial when compared to the silver calcium alginate dressing (positive control). Conclusion The healing potential of the "canela-guaicá" bark extract, traditionally used by the Kaingang indigenous community from southern Brazil, was preclinically validated. This study paves the way for designing novel wound dressings containing this natural product in order to treat acute and chronic wounds.
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Marangoni JA, da Costa Pinto JV, Kassuya CAL, de Oliveira Junior PC, Dos Santos SM, Cardoso CAL, Silva RMMF, Espíndola da Silva M, Machado CD, Manfron J, Formagio ASN. Geographical variation in the chemical composition, anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil, micromorphology and histochemistry of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115786. [PMID: 36206869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae) is rich in essential oil, distinguished by a predominance of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, it being widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammations. AIM OF STUDY This study's objective was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil of S. terebinthifolia (EOST) collected in six states of Brazil, evaluate its anti-inflammatory effects in mice, and analyze the histochemistry and micromorphology of leaves and stems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aerial parts of S. terebinthifolia were collected in six states of Brazil, and the essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The histochemistry and micromorphology of leaves and stems were performed using standard reagents, light and field emission scanning electron microscopy, beyond energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The EOST were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity and hyperalgesia using the carrageenan-induced paw edema methodology. RESULTS The EOST showed variation across the six states in its yield (0.40%-0.86%) and chemical composition: hydrocarbon monoterpenes (28.76%-47.73%), sesquiterpenes, (31.43%-41.76%), oxygenated monoterpenes (14.31%-19.57%), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (4.87%-14.38%). Both α-pinene and limonene were predominant constituents of essential in five regions, except for one state where α-phellandrene and limonene were the dominant components. A comprehensive description of the leaf and stem micromorphology and histochemistry was performed. In the in vivo testing, all EOST samples exerted antiedematogenic and anti-hyperalgesic effects, when tested in a carrageenan-induced paw inflammation (mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia) model with oral doses of 30 mg/kg. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the EOST samples collected in six Brazilian states differed in their chemical composition but not their anti-inflammatory and antihyperalgesic effects, which was correlated with the synergistic effect of its components, collaborating the etnhopharmacologycal use of this plant due to its an anti-inflammatory effect. Also, micromorphology and histochemistry of leaves and stems presented in this study provide anatomical and microchemical information, which aids species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaine Alberto Marangoni
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados UFGD, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcia Espíndola da Silva
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados UFGD, MS, Brazil
| | - Camila Dias Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, UEPG, PR, Brazil
| | - Jane Manfron
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, UEPG, PR, Brazil
| | - Anelise Samara Nazari Formagio
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados UFGD, MS, Brazil; Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados UFGD, MS, Brazil.
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Aghaei Afshar A, Sharififard M, Jahanifard E, Gorouhi MA, Yousefi S, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Faraji M, Alizadeh I. Application of plants as eco-friendly components against common bed bugs ( Cimex lectularius L.): a systematic review of the literature. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2023.2167882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mona Sharififard
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Jahanifard
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Gorouhi
- Department of Vector biology and Control, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saideh Yousefi
- Department of Public Health, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Leila Shirani-Bidabadi
- Department of Vector biology and Control, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Faraji
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ismaeil Alizadeh
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Mattar VT, Borioni JL, Hollmann A, Rodriguez SA. Insecticidal activity of the essential oil of Schinus areira against Rhipibruchus picturatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchinae), and its inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 185:105134. [PMID: 35772837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the storage of Prosopis alba pods, substantial quantitative and qualitative losses were observed. One of the main factors is the seed beetle Rhipibruchus picturatus. A key strategy to develop new pest control management is the use of essential oils (EOs) due they are efficient, less toxic, and less persistent in the environment compared to synthetic pesticides. In this context, seeds and leaves of Schinus areira L. (Anacardiaceae) EOs and Citrus spp. EO were studied in the present work. In the leaves of S. areira EO, 1-epi-cadinol, sesquiterpenoid alcohol, was the major compound. On the other hand, the main compounds of the EO extracted from S. areira seeds are the monoterpenes sabinene, and α-pinene. Finally, in the Citrus EO, limonene is the principal component. The three EOs obtained exhibited insecticidal activity against R. picturatus, being the first report of the use of EOs against this insect pest. The best insecticidal results were obtained with the leaves of S. areira EO. Moreover, this EO inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in vitro assays. Molecular docking studies on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) suggest that the main components of the leaves of S, areira EOs, bind to the active site of the enzyme, in good agreement with in vitro competitive inhibition against AChE observed for this EO. The data obtained demonstrate the potential use of Schinus areira EOs in the development of new storage pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Tapia Mattar
- Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias (FAyA), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - José Luis Borioni
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Axel Hollmann
- Laboratorio de Compuestos Bioactivos, Centro de Investigación de Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos (CIBAAL)-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Argentina
| | - Sergio A Rodriguez
- Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias (FAyA), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Insecticidal Activity, and Comparative Analysis of Essential Oils of Leaves and Fruits of Schinus molle and Schinus terebinthifolius. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4288890. [PMID: 35677362 PMCID: PMC9170424 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4288890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. and Schinus molle L. are perennial woody plants belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, widely distributed in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Africa, and they are broadly used for many applications such as in traditional medicine as an antipyretic, analgesic, depurative, and in the treatment of diseases of the urogenital system as well as culinary and ornamental species. Our work aims to study and compare the chemical composition and the antioxidant and insecticidal activity of the essential oils of the leaves and fruits of the two species of the genus Schinus. The essential oils were characterized by a very spicy aromatic odor, and by the abundance of hydrocarbon monoterpenes in the leaves and fruits of Schinus molle (49.70% and 42.65%), unlike the EOs of the fruits of Schinus terebinthifolius which have a high content in hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (40.57%). Usually, these oils have shown relatively low antioxidant activity was expressed in IC50; especially, the essential oil of the fruits of S. terebinthifolius revealed a concentration of 3.292 ± 2.82 mg/mL. The evaluation of the insecticidal activity gave good results in the method of exposure of adults of Sitophilus oryzae to EOs by contact; thus, the fruits of Schinus molle are more active against this species of beetle than the other essential oil.
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GC-MS Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and In Silico Study of the Essential Oil from Schinus molle L. Leaves in the Presence of Mosquito Juvenile Hormone-Binding Protein (mJHBP) from Aedes aegypti. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5601531. [PMID: 35615009 PMCID: PMC9126701 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5601531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Schinus molle is a medicinal plant used as an anti-inflammatory and for rheumatic pain in the traditional medicine of Peru. On the other hand, Aedes aegypti is the main vector of several tropical diseases and the transmitter of yellow fever, chikungunya, malaria, dengue, and Zika virus. In this study, the aim was to investigate the antioxidant activity in vitro and the insecticidal activity in silico, in the presence of the mosquito juvenile hormone-binding protein (mJHBP) from Aedes aegypti, of the essential oil from S. molle leaves. The volatile phytochemicals were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the profile antioxidants were examined by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The evaluation in silico was carried out on mJHBP (PDB: 5V13) with an insecticidal approach. The results revealed that EO presented as the main volatile components to alpha-phellandrene (32.68%), D-limonene (12.59%), and beta-phellandrene (12.24%). The antioxidant activity showed values for
,
, and
. Regarding the insecticidal approach in silico, alpha-muurolene and gamma-cadinene had the best biding energy on mJHBP (
), followed by beta-cadinene (
). Additionally, the volatile components did not reveal antioxidant activity, and its potential insecticidal effect would be acting on mJHBP from A. aegypti.
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Antifungal properties of hybrid films containing the essential oil of Schinus molle: Protective effect against postharvest rot of tomato. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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In vitro study of the antioxidant, photoprotective, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-urease effects of methanolic extracts from leaves of six Moroccan Lamiaceae. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Atheroprotective Properties of Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw. in Female Rats. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030212. [PMID: 33800454 PMCID: PMC8001518 DOI: 10.3390/life11030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw. is a medicinal species frequently prescribed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to evaluate the effects of this species against the development of atherosclerosis. Methods: First, an anatomical study of the C. spicatus leaves was performed. Then, the extract (ESCS) was obtained and submitted to phytochemical analysis. Female rats were treated with a single dose of ESCS (2000 mg/kg) to assess acute toxicity. Other groups of female rats received an atherogenic diet for 60 days. After 30 days, the animals were treated orally with ESCS (30 and 300 mg/kg), rosuvastatin (5 mg/kg), or vehicle once daily for 30 days. Serum lipids oxidized low-density lipoprotein, soluble adhesion molecules, interleukins 1β and 6, and markers of renal and liver function were measured. Renal function, blood pressure, electrocardiography, and vascular reactivity were also evaluated. Arteries, heart, liver, and kidney were also collected to evaluate the tissue redox state and histopathological analysis. Results: Prolonged treatment with ESCS induces significant hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects, that prevent endothelial dysfunction and modulated the local inflammatory process, reducing the evolution of the atherosclerotic disease. Conclusions: This study provides a scientific basis for the popular use of C. spicatus for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Turchetti G, Garzoli S, Laghezza Masci V, Sabia C, Iseppi R, Giacomello P, Tiezzi A, Ovidi E. Antimicrobial Testing of Schinus molle (L.) Leaf Extracts and Fractions Followed by GC-MS Investigation of Biological Active Fractions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25081977. [PMID: 32340306 PMCID: PMC7221938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Schinus molle (L.) is a dioecious plant of the Anacardiaceae family, originating in South America and currently widespread in many regions throughout the world. In this work leaf extracts and derived low-pressure column chromatography (LPCC) fractions of S. molle L. male and female plants were investigated for the antimicrobial activity. Leaf extracts were tested on microbes Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, the extracts showing antimicrobial activity were fractionated by LPCC and the obtained fractions tested on the same microorganism strains. Positive fractions were investigated by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and were seen to be rich in sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpenoids and other terpens. The obtained effects highlighted the antimicrobial properties of S. molle (L.) leaf compounds and revealed their importance as a source of bioactive molecules of potential pharmaceutical interest. To our knowledge, this is the first paper reporting investigations on the chemical composition of the extracts and derived positive fractions from Schinus molle (L.) plants grown in central Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Turchetti
- Department for the Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forestal Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (G.T.); (V.L.M.); (A.T.); (E.O.)
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-064-991-3611
| | - Valentina Laghezza Masci
- Department for the Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forestal Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (G.T.); (V.L.M.); (A.T.); (E.O.)
| | - Carla Sabia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (C.S.); (R.I.)
| | - Ramona Iseppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (C.S.); (R.I.)
| | - Pierluigi Giacomello
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Tiezzi
- Department for the Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forestal Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (G.T.); (V.L.M.); (A.T.); (E.O.)
| | - Elisa Ovidi
- Department for the Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forestal Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (G.T.); (V.L.M.); (A.T.); (E.O.)
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Rehman JU, Wang M, Yang Y, Liu Y, Li B, Qin Y, Wang W, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Toxicity of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Sm. Essential Oil to the Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10060162. [PMID: 31181642 PMCID: PMC6627317 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Smith is an evergreen, woody climbing plant that is widely distributed throughout southwest mainland China. Extracts of this plant are used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of various diseases, like cancer and dermatosis, and as an anodyne to relieve pain, while the leaves are used to treat eczema. In the current study, the toxicity of essential oil from its stem (EOKC) was studied against two strains of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius). Essential oil from the plant was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The major compound identified was β-caryophyllene (24.73%), followed by caryophyllene oxide (5.91%), α-humulene (3.48%), and β-pinene (2.54%). Preliminary screening was performed by topically delivering a 1 µL droplet of the treatments dissolved in acetone. At 24 h after treatment, the EOKC induced mortality rates of 61.9% and 66.7% in the Bayonne and Ft. Dix strains, respectively, at 100 µg/bug. Four major compounds-β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-humulene, and β-pinene-were selected based on their availability and were subjected to topical, residual, and fumigation methods. When applied topically, only β-caryophyllene induced high toxicity in both strains. None of the selected compounds induced significant toxicity in the residual and fumigation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid U Rehman
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Yupei Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Yongbei Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Yan Qin
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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