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Dong JJ, Ma JY, Yang WY, Cai W, Wu WH. Characterization of the volatile profile and its estrogenic activity in Kadsura coccinea fruit. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 309:116341. [PMID: 36889418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruit of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith is an ethnomedicine used to treat abnormal menstruation, menopausal syndrome, and female infertility among the Dong Nationality in China. AIM OF THE STUDY Our study aimed to identify the volatile oil profiles of the K. coccinea fruit and elucidate their estrogenic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The peel volatile oil (PeO), pulp volatile oil (PuO), and seed volatile oil (SeO) of K. coccinea were extracted using hydrodistillation and qualitatively analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Estrogenic activity was evaluated in vitro using cell assay and in vivo using immature female rats. Serum 17β-Estradiol (E2) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were detected using ELISA. RESULTS In total, 46 PeO, 27 PuO, and 42 SeO components representing 89.96%, 90.19%, and 97% of the total composition, respectively, were identified. The compounds with the highest content in PeO, PuO, and SeO were β-caryophyllene, γ-amorphene, and n-hexadecanoic acid, respectively. PeO induced proliferation of MCF-7 cells with an EC50 of 7.40 μg/mL. Subcutaneous administration of 10 mg/kg PeO significantly increased the weight of the uteri in immature female rats, with no effect on serum E2 and FSH levels. PeO acted as an agonist of ERα and ERβ. PuO and SeO showed no estrogenic activity. CONCLUSION The chemical compositions of PeO, PuO, and SeO of K. coccinea are different. PeO is the main effective fraction for estrogenic activities, providing a new source of phytoestrogen for the treatment of menopausal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie-Yao Ma
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Wei-Ye Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, Hunan, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, Hunan, China.
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Zhang QQ, Hu K, Sun HD, Puno PT. Four new lanostane triterpenoids featuring extended π-conjugated systems from the stems of Kadsura coccinea. Nat Prod Bioprospect 2023; 13:12. [PMID: 37020130 PMCID: PMC10076471 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Four new 14(13 → 12)-abeolanostane triterpenoids featuring extended π-conjugated systems, kadcoccitanes E-H (1-4), were obtained from the stems of Kadsura coccinea through using a HPLC - UV-guided approach. Their structural and configurational determination was accomplished through extensive spectroscopic analysis coupled with quantum chemical calculations. Kadcoccitanes E-H were tested for their cytotoxic activities against five human tumor cell lines (HL-60, A-549, SMMC-7721, MDA-MB-231, SW-480) but none of them exhibited activities at the concentration 40 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Dong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pema-Tenzin Puno
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Luo X, Tian M, Cheng Y, Ji C, Hu S, Liu H, Lu J, Ren J. Effects of simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on antioxidant activities and potential bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds from K. coccinea fruits. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1024651. [PMID: 36590203 PMCID: PMC9798096 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1024651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes of bioactive substances in peels and sarcocarps of three different varieties of Kadsura coccinea (Dahong, Fenhong, and Zihei) were evaluated by an in vitro simulation model. In this study, three varieties of K. coccinea fruits were digested in vitro to compare the changes and differences in antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) and bioaccessibility. The results showed that before digestion the highest content of total phenolics (TPC) (2.265 ± 0.127 mg GAE/g DW) and the highest content of flavonoids contents (TFC) (10.379 ± 0.093 mg GAE/g DW) were found in Fenhong fruit. The highest release of TPC and TFC after simulated gastric digestion was observed in the Dahong and Zihei sarcocarp, which increased by 98.7 and 20%, respectively. During oral and intestinal digestion, the content of bioactive compounds showed a decreasing trend. The radical scavenging ability of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), [2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline) (ABTS)] sulfonic acid free radical scavenging ability, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) results showed that the antioxidant capacity of K. coccinea fruits increased most significantly (26.9∼181%) in gastric digestion stage and then decreased after intestinal digestion stage. The recoveries of TPC and TFC were all increased after whole simulated digestion, as well as their bioaccessibility in sarcocarps was higher than those in peels, especially for the bioaccessibility of TPC and TFC in Dahong reached 50.53 and 48.19%, respectively. These results indicated that the peel and sarcocarp of K. coccinea had good antioxidant activity, with high bioaccessibility of phenolics could be a promising antioxidant source for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Caizhe Ji
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shende Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Jun Lu,
| | - Jiali Ren
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,Jiali Ren,
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4
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Huang D, Xu S, Qin Y, Li Y, Ming R, Huang R, Wang J, Tan Y. Comparative transcriptomic analysis identifies KcMYB1 as a R2R3-MYB anthocyanin activator in Kadsura coccinea. Plant Sci 2022; 324:111458. [PMID: 36084765 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fruit color, as an important appearance attribute, is crucial for attracting consumers. However, the underlying mechanism regulating mature fruit color formation in Kadsura coccinea remains unclear. Here, a comprehensive metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis was performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation between two K. coccinea cultivars with different mature fruit colors-'Dahong No. 1' (red) and 'Jinhu' (yellow). Targeted metabolomic analysis revealed high anthocyanin levels, most of which were cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives, in 'Dahong No. 1' mature fruit peel. The SNP analysis indicated that the two different cultivars had similar genetic background. Moreover, comparative transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were related to flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolic process in the two K. coccinea cultivars. Gene expression profiling data showed that the structural and regulatory genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in 'Dahong No. 1' mature fruit peel, which was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Notably, the key anthocyanin activator KcMYB1 was identified, which was significantly upregulated in 'Dahong No. 1' compared with 'Jinhu'. We further confirmed that KcMYB1 actively regulated the accumulation of anthocyanin by ectopic expression in vivo. Furthermore, allelic constitution of KcMYB1 in K. coccinea were investigated. The present study can provide insights for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin differential accumulation in the mature fruits of K. coccinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
| | - Shiqiang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics & Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanhong Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Ruhong Ming
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Rongshao Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics & Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yong Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
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5
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Yang YP, Jian YQ, Liu YB, Xie QL, Yu HH, Wang B, Li B, Peng CY, Wang W. Heilaohuacid G, a new triterpenoid from Kadsura coccinea inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and ameliorates inflammation in RA-FLS and RAW 264.7 cells via suppressing NF-𝜅B pathway. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3900-3910. [PMID: 36104304 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Heilaohu, the roots of Kadsura coccinea, has been used in Tujia ethnomedicine to treat rheumatic arthritis (RA). Heilaohuacid G (1), a new 3,4-seco-lanostane type triterpenoid isolated from the ethanol extract of Heilaohu, whose structure was determined using HR-ESI-MS data, NMR spectroscopic analyses, and ECD calculations. In this study, our purpose is to elucidate the mechanisms of Heilaohuacid G in the treatment of RA by inhibited proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis-fibroblastoid synovial (RA-FLS) cells and inhibited the inflammatory reactions in LPS-induced RA-FLS and RAW 264.7 cell lines via inhibiting NF-κB pathway. The biological activity screening experiments indicated that Heilaohuacid G significantly inhibited proliferation of RA-FLS cells with IC50 value of 8.16 ± 0.47 μM. CCK-8 assay, ELISA, flow cytometry assay, and Western blot were used to measure the changes of cell viability, apoptosis, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Heilaohuacid G was found not only induced RA-FLS cell apoptosis, but also inhibited the inflammatory reactions in LPS-induced RA-FLS and RAW 264.7 cell lines via inhibiting NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, Heilaohuacid G (p.o.) at doses of 3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 mg/kg and the ethanol extracts of Heilaohu (p.o.) at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg both were confirmed antiinflammatory effects on xylene-induced ear mice edema model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qing Jian
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Bei Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Ling Xie
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Huang-He Yu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yun Peng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Jiang GH, Jiang AM, Fan CL, Wei JG, Ren LY, Luo JT. First Report of Anthracnose on Kadsura coccinea Caused by Colletotrichum fructicola in China. Plant Dis 2022; 106:PDIS09211926PDN. [PMID: 34784747 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-1926-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G H Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - A M Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - C L Fan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - J G Wei
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - L Y Ren
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - J T Luo
- Guangxi Forest Pest Management Station, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, China
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Yang Y, Liu Y, Yu H, Xie Q, Wang B, Jiang S, Su W, Mao Y, Li B, Peng C, Jian Y, Wang W. Sesquiterpenes from Kadsura coccinea attenuate rheumatoid arthritis-related inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 signal pathways. Phytochemistry 2022; 194:113018. [PMID: 34837762 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The roots of Kadsura coccinea is commonly used in Tujia ethnomedicine, named "heilaohu", having the effect of treating rheumatic arthritis (RA). Chemical investigation on the ethanol extract of heilaohu led to the isolation of one undescribed cuparane sesquiterpenoid, heilaohusesquiterpenoid A, one undescribed carotane sesquiterpenoids, heilaohusesquiterpenoid B, and eighteen sesquiterpene derivatives. Their structures were subsequently determined based on their 1D and 2D-NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and ECD spectroscopic data. Gaultheriadiolide was the most cytotoxic compound against the proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis-fibroblastoid synovial (RA-FLS) cells with an IC50 value of 9.37 μM. In the same line, nine compounds exhibited significant inhibition effects against TNF-α and IL-6 release in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging between 1.03 and 10.99 μM. The potential molecular mechanisms of the active compounds against RA were established through pharmacological network analysis based on the initial screening results. Experimental validation showed that gaultheriadiolide suppressed inflammation by inhibiting the NF-kB and JAK2/STAT3 pathways. This study enriches the structural diversity of sesquiterpenes in K. coccinea and lays a foundation for further anti-RA and anti-inflammatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupei Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Yongbei Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Huanghe Yu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Qingling Xie
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Sai Jiang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Wei Su
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Yu Mao
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Caiyun Peng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Yuqing Jian
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
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Yang YP, Jian YQ, Liu YB, Ismail M, Xie QL, Yu HH, Wang B, Li B, Peng CY, Liu B, Man RY, Wang W. Triterpenoids From Kadsura coccinea With Their Anti-inflammatory and Inhibited Proliferation of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Fibroblastoid Synovial Cells Activities. Front Chem 2021; 9:808870. [PMID: 34957056 PMCID: PMC8695553 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.808870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One new 3,4-seco-17,13-friedo-lanostane triterpenoid heilaohuacid A (1), one new 3,4-seco-17,14-friedo-lanostane triterpenoid heilaohuacid B (2), five new 3,4-seco-lanostane triterpenoids heilaohuacids C-D (3–4) and heilaohumethylesters A-C (7–9), one new 3,4-seco-cycloartane triterpenoid heilaohuacid E (5), and one new intact-lanostane triterpenoid heilaohuacid F (6), together with twenty-two known analogues (10–31), were isolated from heilaohu. Their structures were determined using HR-ESI-MS data, 1D and 2D NMR spectra, 13C NMR calculations, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Heilaohuacids A and B (1 and 2) contain a 3,4-seco ring A and unprecedented migration of Me-18 from C-13 to C-17 or C-14 to C-18. This type of lanostane triterpenoid derivatives was rarely reported so far. More importantly, all compounds against inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α levels on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages were evaluated, and compounds 4 and 31 significantly inhibited the release level of IL-6 with IC50 values of 8.15 and 9.86 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, compounds 17, 18, and 31 significantly inhibited proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis-fibroblastoid synovial (RA-FLS) cells in vitro with IC50 values of 7.52, 8.85, and 7.97 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Qing Jian
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yong-Bei Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Qing-Ling Xie
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Huang-He Yu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Cai-Yun Peng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong-Yong Man
- Clinic Experimental Research Center, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Zhao T, Ma C, Zhu G. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from the Leaves, Stems, and Roots of Kadsura coccinea. Molecules 2021; 26:6259. [PMID: 34684838 PMCID: PMC8537082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils from the leaves, stems, and roots of Kadsura coccinea (K. coccinea) were investigated. The essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Antioxidant activities of the essential oils were examined with DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS cation radical scavenging assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum microbiocidal concentrations (MMC). Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oils were also tested. A total of 46, 44, and 47 components were identified in the leaf, stem, and root oils, representing 95.66%, 97.35%, and 92.72% of total composition, respectively. The major compounds of three essential oils were α-pinene (16.60-42.02%), β-pinene (10.03-18.82%), camphene (1.56-10.95%), borneol (0.50-7.71%), δ-cadinene (1.52-7.06%), and β-elemene (1.86-4.45%). The essential oils were found to have weak antioxidant activities and cholinesterase inhibition activities. The essential oils showed more inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) than those of other strains. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in the root oil against S. aureus, with MIC of 0.78 mg/mL. Therefore, K. coccinea essential oils might be considered as a natural antibacterial agent against S. aureus with potential application in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Zhao
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China; (C.M.); (G.Z.)
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Yang Y, Jian Y, Cheng S, Jia Y, Liu Y, Yu H, Cao L, Li B, Peng C, Iqbal Choudhary M, Rahman AU, Wang W. Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Kadsura coccinea alleviate APAP-induced hepatotoxicity via oxidative stress inhibition and activating the Nrf2 pathway in vitro. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105277. [PMID: 34426147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation on the roots of Kadsura coccinea led to the isolation five previously unknown dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, named heilaohusuins A-E (1-5). Their structures determined by NMR spectroscopy, HR-ESI-MS, and ECD spectra. Hepatoprotection effects of a series of dibenzocyclooctadiene derivatives (1-68) were investigated against acetaminophen (APAP) induced HepG2 cells. Compounds 2, 10, 13, 21, 32, 41, 46, and 49 showed remarkable protective effects, increasing the viabilities to > 52.2% (bicyclol, 52.1 ± 1.3%) at 10 μM. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) for hepatoprotective activity were summarized, according to the activity results of dibenzocyclooctadiene derivatives. Furthermore, we found that one new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan heilaohusuin B attenuates hepatotoxicity, the mechanism might be closely correlated with oxidative stress inhibition via activating the Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupei Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Tradition Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Jian
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Tradition Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities in Hunan Province for Cytobiology and Molecular Biotechnology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR. China
| | - Yanzhe Jia
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Tradition Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbei Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Tradition Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanghe Yu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Tradition Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Cao
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Tradition Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Tradition Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China.
| | - Caiyun Peng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Tradition Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Tradition Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China; H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atta-Ur Rahman
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Tradition Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China; H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Tradition Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China; H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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Jeon JS, Kang HM, Park JH, Kang JS, Lee YJ, Park YH, Je BI, Park SY, Choi YW. A Comparative Study on Photo-Protective and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of Different Kadsura coccinea Extracts. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1633. [PMID: 34451678 PMCID: PMC8401305 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kadsura coccinea (KC), a beneficial plant for human health, has been used for centuries in China, Thailand, and Korea in folk medicine and food. There is evidence supporting the biological effects of highly bioactive ingredients in KC such as lignans, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, steroids, and amino acids. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects, functions, and mechanisms of the extracts from KC root (KCR), stem (KCS), leaf (KCL), and fruit (KCF) in UVA and UVB-irradiated keratinocytes and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated melanocytes. First, the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of KCR, KCS, KCL, and KCF and their radical scavenging activities were investigated. These parameters were found to be in the following order: KCL > KCR > KCS > KCF. UVA and UVB-irradiated keratinocytes were treated with KCR, KCS, KCL, and KCF, and keratinocyte viability, LDH release, intracellular ROS production, and apoptosis were examined. Our results demonstrated that KC extracts improved keratinocyte viability and reduced LDH release, intracellular ROS production, and apoptosis in the presence UVA and UVB irradiation. The overall photoprotective activity of the KC extracts was confirmed in the following order: KCL > KCR > KCS > KCF. Moreover, KC extracts significantly decreased the intracellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated melanocytes. Mechanistically, KC extracts reduced the protein and mRNA expression levels of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) in α-MSH-stimulated melanocytes. In addition, these extracts markedly downregulated myophthalmosis-related transcription factor expression and cAMP-related binding protein phosphorylation, which is upstream of the regulation of Tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2. The overall anti-melanogenic activity of the KC extracts was established in the following order. KCL > KCR > KCS > KCF. Overall, the KC extracts exert photoprotective and anti-melanogenic effects, providing a basis for developing potential skin-whitening and photoprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Suk Jeon
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.M.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.S.K.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.H.P.); (B.I.J.)
| | - He Mi Kang
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.M.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.S.K.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.H.P.); (B.I.J.)
| | - Ju Ha Park
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.M.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.S.K.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.H.P.); (B.I.J.)
| | - Jum Soon Kang
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.M.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.S.K.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.H.P.); (B.I.J.)
| | - Yong Jae Lee
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.M.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.S.K.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.H.P.); (B.I.J.)
| | - Young Hoon Park
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.M.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.S.K.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.H.P.); (B.I.J.)
| | - Byoung Il Je
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.M.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.S.K.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.H.P.); (B.I.J.)
| | - Sun Young Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.M.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.S.K.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.H.P.); (B.I.J.)
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12
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Tram LH, Thu Huong T, Thi Thuy L, Van Thong N, Tuan Anh N, Hoang Minh N, Thu Ha T, Anh Dung D, Thao NP, Thuong PT, Le DD, Hiep ND, Shin HJ. A new triterpenoid from the stems of Kadsura coccinea with antiproliferative activity. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:2542-2546. [PMID: 34075849 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1914612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of schiartane C29 nortriterpenoids with 5/5/7/6/5 membered consecutive rings (1‒5) with an unique schinortriterpenoid skeleton including a new, kadcoccilactone V (1), together with four known ones (2‒5) and three known triterpenoids (6‒8) were identified from stems of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith. The structures of 1 and known compounds were elucidated by interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS data as well as comparing those data in the literature. All the isolated compounds were examined for cytotoxic effects against six human cancer cell lines [(HCT-15 (colon), NUGC-3 (stomach), NCI-H23 (lung), ACHN (renal), PC-3 (prostate), and MDA-MB-231 (breast)]. Among them, compound 6 showed potent cytotoxicity against NCI-H23 (GI50 1.28 µM) and NUGC-3 (GI50 1.28 µM), and significantly inhibited on PC-3, MDA-MB-231, ACHN, HCT-15 with GI50 values around 2.33 to 2.67 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Huyen Tram
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thu Huong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Thuy
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Thong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tuan Anh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Minh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thu Ha
- Intellectual Property Office of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dao Anh Dung
- Intellectual Property Office of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Phuong Thao
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thien Thuong
- Biotechnology Department, Vietnam - Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Dat Le
- Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Dinh Hiep
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hee Jae Shin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea.,Marine Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, Korea
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13
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Su D, Zhang W, Sun R, Zhang Z, Lyu G. First Report of Botryosphaeria dothidea Causing Leaf Spot on Kadsura coccinea in China. Plant Dis 2021; 105:2714. [PMID: 33900113 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-21-0150-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith, belonging to Schisandraceae, is an evergreen, woody climbing plant that is distributed widely in southwest China. Additionally, K.coccinea is used as an ethnic medicine and its main chemical components are lignin and terpenoids. The roots of the plant have been effectively used for treatment of cancer and dermatosis and as an anodyne to relieve pain (Song et al. 2010). In June 2019, a leaf spot disease on K. coccinea was first observed in a greenhouse in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, China. Over 300 plants were surveyed in the three greenhouses, and nearly 70% of the plants were infected. The diseased plants grew poorly and appeared stunted, and severely affected plants died. The symptoms occurred on leaves as small brown spots initially and then developed into suborbicular or irregular-shaped brown necrotic lesions, which often displayed irregular concentric rings. Four diseased leaves from four symptomatic Kadsura coccinea plants were randomly collected for pathogen isolation. Diseased tissues were cut into about 2mm diameter fragments, surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 15 s and 1% NaClO for 2 min, and then rinsed twice in sterilized distilled water. After being dried on sterilized filter paper, the fragments were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 5 days. The same fungus was isolated in 95% of the samples. A representative isolate, F2020003 was used for morphological and molecular characterization. The colonies were initially white, gradually turning gray-green to dark gray after 7 days, with abundant gray aerial mycelium. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoid and measured 24.3 ± 1.9 × 4.8 ± 0.7 µm (n = 50). The conidial morphology matched the description of Botryosphaeria dothidea (Slippers et al. 2004). To verify identity, the partial sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region, translation elongation factor 1 alpha genes and beta-tubulin, were amplified from isolate F2020003 with primers ITS1/ITS4 (GenBank accession no. MW111267), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (GenBank accession no. MW196739) and BT-2a/BT-2b (GenBank accession no. MW206378), respectively(Sun et al. 2014). The isolates were confirmed as B. dothidea based on morphological comparisons and BLAST searches (Zhai et al. 2014). To assess pathogenicity, five healthy leaves on each of the three 6-month-old healthy K. coccinea plants were wound inoculated with a sterilized needle. Mycelium plugs (4 mm in diameter) taken from a 5-day-old culture on PDA were inoculated on surface-sterilized leaves (sprayed with 75% ethanol). PDA plugs with no mycelium were used as a control. Plants with treated leaves were covered with plastic bags and incubated in a greenhouse at 25°C. The pathogenicity test was repeated three times. Within 4 days, all the inoculated points showed lesions similar to those previously observed in the greenhouse, whereas controls were asymptomatic. Fungi re-isolated from inoculated leaves were confirmed as B. dothidea on the basis of morphological and molecular characterization as described above. B. dothidea is a member of Botryosphaeriaceae, it has been reported to cause leaf spot on Celtis sinensis (Wang et al., 2020) and branch canker on Malosma laurina (Aguirre et al., 2018) in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. dothidea causing leaf spot on K. coccinea in China. The identification of this pathogen will be helpful to prevent and control this disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Su
- College of Life Science and Engineering,Shenyang UniversityShenyang , China, 110044;
| | | | - Rui Sun
- wanghua streetShen yang, China, 110044;
| | - Zhuting Zhang
- Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous PrefectureKai Li, China, 556011;
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Qin HZ, Deng LL, Shi YC. Complete chloroplast genome of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C.Sm. (Schisandraceae): genome structure and evolution. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:1222-1223. [PMID: 33855175 PMCID: PMC8018480 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1904798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C.Sm. in the Schisandraceae family is woody vine plant, which produce edible red fruits that are rich in nutrients and antioxidant activities. Herein, we assembled the complete chloroplast genome of Kadsura coccinea by next-generation sequencing technologies. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Kadsura coccinea is 145,413 base pairs (bp) in length, including a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs, 16,431 bp), one large single-copy region (LSC, 94,511 bp), one small single-copy region (SSC, 18,040 bp). Besides, the complete chloroplast genome contains 126 genes in total, including 82 protein-coding genes, 35 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Kadsura coccinea has the closest relationship with Kadsura longipedunculata. Our study lay a foundation for further research of Kadsura coccinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhen Qin
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China
| | - Li-Li Deng
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China
| | - Yan-Cai Shi
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China
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15
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Zhang XY, Wei ZJ, Qiao WL, Sun XM, Jin ZL, Gong W, Jia BX. Discovery of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors from Kadsura coccinea by affinity ultrafiltration mass spectrometry and the anti-inflammatory activity. Fitoterapia 2021; 151:104872. [PMID: 33657428 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The medicinal plant Kadsura coccinea distributing in South China, was widely used for reducing inflammation and relieving pain. Previous study in our laboratory had proved the significant therapeutic effects of K. coccinea extract on adjuvant arthritis rats. To explore the responsible components and possible mechanisms, an AUF-HPLC-Q-TOF/ MS method was employed for screening and characterizing COX-2 ligands from K. coccinea stems for the first time. Meanwhile, the molecular docking was performed to simulate the binding modes for ligands and COX-2, the cell-free enzyme activity assay was applied to verify the direct COX-2 inhibition of potential inhibitors, and the cell-based study on COX-2 expression was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of (+)-Anwulignan. As a result, the potential COX-2 inhibitor (+)-Anwulignan significantly suppressing COX-2 expressions in LPS signaling pathways might be a good candidate for anti-inflammation and analgesia. In conclusion, AUF mass spectrometry combining the molecular docking and bioassays in vitro was an efficient approach for discovering enzyme inhibitors from traditional herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zi-Jiao Wei
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Wei-Li Qiao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Min Sun
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ling Jin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Wen Gong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Bei-Xi Jia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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Zuo YH, Liu YB, Cheng CS, Yang YP, Xie Y, Luo P, Wang W, Zhou H. Isovaleroylbinankadsurin A ameliorates cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury through activating GR dependent RISK signaling. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104897. [PMID: 32422343 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a pathological process caused by reperfusion. The prevention of I/R injury is of great importance as it would enhance the efficacy of myocardial infarction treatment in patients. Isovaleroylbinankadsurin A (ISBA) has been demonstrated to possess multiple bioactivities for treating diseases. However, its protective effect on myocardial I/R injury remains unknown. In this study, the cardiomyocytes hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro model and coronary artery ligation in vivo model were used to examine the protective effect of ISBA. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and Caspase 3 activity. Protein level was determined by Western blot. The mitochondrial viability was examined with mitochondrial viability stain assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 staining and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was stained with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA). The binding interactions between ISBA and receptors was simulated by molecular docking. Results showed that ISBA effectively protected cardiomyocytes from I/R injury in in vitro and in vivo models. It remarkably blocked the apoptosis induced by H/R injury through the mitochondrial dependent pathway. Activation of the reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway was demonstrated to be essential for ISBA to exert its protective effect on cardiomyocytes. Moreover, molecular docking indicated that ISBA could directly bind to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and thus induce its activation. Furthermore, the treatment of GR inhibitor RU486 partially counteracted the protective effect of ISBA on cardiomyocytes, consistent with the results of docking.Most attractively, by activating GR dependent RISK pathway, ISBA significantly elevated the cellular anti-oxidative capacity and hence alleviated oxidative damage induced by I/R injury. In conclusion, our study proved that ISBA protected the heart from myocardial I/R injury through activating GR dependent RISK pathway and consequently inhibiting the ROS generation. It provides a valuable reference for ISBA to be developed as a candidate drug for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Zuo
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Yong-Bei Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, Sino-Pakistan TCM and Ethnomedicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Chun-Song Cheng
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Yu-Pei Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, Sino-Pakistan TCM and Ethnomedicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Ying Xie
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Pei Luo
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, Sino-Pakistan TCM and Ethnomedicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China.
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Woo MH, Nguyen DH, Choi JS, Park SE, Thuong PT, Min BS, Le DD. Chemical constituents from the roots of Kadsura coccinea with their protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:204-213. [PMID: 31965513 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith has been used as a tonic, decongestant, and digestive agent. The roots are also employed in traditional medicine to treat chronic enteritis, acute gastritis, duodenal ulcers, rheumatic pain in bone, and traumatic injuries. In the present study, we have described the biological evaluation of constituents from the roots of K. coccinea with PTP1B and AChE inhibitory activities for the first time in literature. A new compound (1), kadcoccilactone T, and 24 known ones (2‒25) were isolated and identified using spectroscopic methods. All the isolates were examined for PTP1B and AChE inhibitory activities. Compounds 4 and 8 expressed strong PTP1B inhibition with IC50 values of 1.57 ± 0.11 and 3.99 ± 1.08 μM, respectively. Apparently, these compounds were further studied for PTP1B enzyme kinetic analysis. The result indicated that compounds 4 and 8 exhibited mixed-type inhibition with the Κi values of 4.97 and 3.26 µM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea.
| | - Duc Hung Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thanh Dong University, Hai Duong city, Vietnam
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Thien Thuong
- Department of Herbal Analysis and Standardization, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Byung Sun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc Dat Le
- Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Huang SZ, Duan LP, Wang H, Mei WL, Dai HF. Two New AChE Inhibitors Isolated from Li Folk Herb Heilaohu " Kadsura coccinea" Stems. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193628. [PMID: 31597363 PMCID: PMC6804138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new triterpenoids, named kadsuricoccins A and B, together with three known ones, were isolated from the Li folk herb Heilaohu, the stems of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith, which was used for food and as a healthy supplement. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data. To search healthy components, an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity test by Ellman’s Method was conducted, kadsuricoccins A and B showed activity with the AChE inhibit index (AII) up to 68.96% ± 0.19% and 57.8% ± 0.11% at 94 nM (compared with positive control tacrine AII 79.80% ± 0.20%, 9.4 nM), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhuo Huang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Lin Ping Duan
- College of Food Science and technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Wen Li Mei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Hao Fu Dai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
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Rehman JU, Wang M, Yang Y, Liu Y, Li B, Qin Y, Wang W, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Toxicity of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Sm. Essential Oil to the Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Insects 2019; 10:insects10060162. [PMID: 31181642 PMCID: PMC6627317 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Smith is an evergreen, woody climbing plant that is widely distributed throughout southwest mainland China. Extracts of this plant are used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of various diseases, like cancer and dermatosis, and as an anodyne to relieve pain, while the leaves are used to treat eczema. In the current study, the toxicity of essential oil from its stem (EOKC) was studied against two strains of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius). Essential oil from the plant was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The major compound identified was β-caryophyllene (24.73%), followed by caryophyllene oxide (5.91%), α-humulene (3.48%), and β-pinene (2.54%). Preliminary screening was performed by topically delivering a 1 µL droplet of the treatments dissolved in acetone. At 24 h after treatment, the EOKC induced mortality rates of 61.9% and 66.7% in the Bayonne and Ft. Dix strains, respectively, at 100 µg/bug. Four major compounds-β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-humulene, and β-pinene-were selected based on their availability and were subjected to topical, residual, and fumigation methods. When applied topically, only β-caryophyllene induced high toxicity in both strains. None of the selected compounds induced significant toxicity in the residual and fumigation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid U Rehman
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Yupei Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Yongbei Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Yan Qin
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Xu HC, Hu K, Sun HD, Puno PT. Four 14(13 → 12)-Abeolanostane Triterpenoids with 6/6/5/6-Fused Ring System from the Roots of Kadsura coccinea. Nat Prod Bioprospect 2019; 9:165-173. [PMID: 30977051 PMCID: PMC6538734 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-019-0203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Four new rearranged 6/6/5/6-fused lanostane-type triterpenoids, kadcoccitanes A-D (1-4), were isolated from the roots of Kadsura coccinea, and their structures were mainly elucidated by comprehensive analysis of their spectroscopic data. Additionally, the structure of 1 was ambiguously verified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, while the structure of 2, which features a novel 8,16-epoxy motif, was validated by quantum chemical calculation of NMR parameters and ECD spectrum. Moreover, 1 and 4 were found to exhibited anticoagulant activity, while 3 and 4 were found to possess anti-platelet aggregation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Dong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Pema-Tenzin Puno
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu H, Xu L, Yang SL, Li HR. A high-performance liquid chromatography with circular dichroism detector for determination of stereochemistry of 6, 9-oxygen bridge dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from kadsura coccinea. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:791-5. [PMID: 26481381 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The stereochemistry of two 6, 9-oxygen bridge dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Kadsura coccinea, are difficult to separate and very unstable. The present study was designed to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography using circular dichroism detection for the analysis of the stereochemistry. A new 6, 9-oxygen bridge dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans named Kadsulignan Q was firstly found with an S-biphenyl configuration. The other compound was identified as Kadsulignan L with an R- biphenyl configuration. In order to obtain kinetic data on their reversible interconversion, the stability was measured at different deuterated solvents such as deuterated methanol, deuterated chloroform and deuterated dimethylsulfoxide. The lignans were more unstable and converted more easily in deuterated methanol than in deuterated chloroform and deuterated dimethylsulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liang Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shi-Lin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - He-Ran Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Abstract
AIM To study the chemical constituents of the roots and stem bark of Kadsura coccinea. METHOD Compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, and finally purified by prep-HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D- and 2D-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. RESULTS Two compounds were determined as (7'S,8'S,8R)-(8β,8'α)-dimethyl-4,4'-dihydroxy-5,3'-dimethoxy-5'-cyclolignan glucoside (1) and micrandiactone H (2), respectively. CONCLUSION Compunds 1 and 2 are new and neither showed inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Yeon
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Amorepacific Shanghai R & I Center, Shanghai 201801, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Quan-Quan He
- Amorepacific Shanghai R & I Center, Shanghai 201801, China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Abstract
In vitro anti-allergic screening of medicinal herbal extracts revealed that the 80% acetone extract of the rhizome of Kadsura coccinea inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and recombinant mouse interferon-γ (IFN-γ) activated murine macrophage like cell line, RAW264.7. Further fractionation of the EtOAc extract led to the isolation of one new 3,4-seco-lanostane type triterpene named kadsuracoccin acid A (1) together with two known triterpenes anwuweizonic acid (2) and neokadsuranic acid B (3). Compounds 1−3 did not exhibit any inhibitory activities for NO production and IFN-γ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Li
- College of Pharmacy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jie Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Susumu Kitanaka
- College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - He-Ran Li
- College of Pharmacy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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