1
|
TERT Promoter Mutations and Telomerase in Melanoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:6300329. [PMID: 35903534 PMCID: PMC9325578 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6300329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is an extremely malignant tumor with a high mortality rate and an increasing incidence with a high mutation load. The frequency of mutations in the TERT promoter exceeds the frequency of any known noncoding mutations in melanoma. A growing number of recent studies suggest that the most common mutations in the TERT promoter (ATG start site −124C>T and −146C>T) are associated with increased TERT mRNA expression, telomerase activity, telomere length, and poor prognosis. Recently, it has been shown that TERT promoter mutations are more correlated with the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of melanoma, as well as emerging approaches such as the therapeutic potential of chemical inhibition of TERT promoter mutations, direct telomerase inhibitors, combined targeted therapy, and immunotherapies. In this review, we describe the latest advances in the role of TERT promoter mutations and telomerase in promoting the occurrence, development, and poor prognosis of melanoma and discuss the clinical significance of the TERT promoter and telomerase in the treatment of melanoma.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ismail H, Helby J, Hölmich LR, H Chakera A, Bastholt L, Klyver H, Sjøgren P, Schmidt H, Schöllhammer L, Nordestgaard BG, Bojesen SE. Genetic predisposition to long telomeres is associated with increased mortality after melanoma: A study of 2101 melanoma patients from hospital clinics and the general population. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:946-954. [PMID: 33749133 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Whether there is an association between measured and genetically predicted telomere length and melanoma mortality is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that measured and genetically predicted telomere length is associated with mortality after a melanoma diagnosis. We followed 2,101 patients with melanoma from hospital clinics and the general population for risk of death for up to 26 years. All had telomere length measured in DNA from leukocytes, and 2052 of these were genotyped for the three single nucleotide polymorphisms rs7726159 (TERT), rs1317082 (TERC), and rs2487999 (OBFC1); all three genotypes are associated with telomere length and combined into an allele count from 0 to 6. For each telomere-lengthening allele, the hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality in the age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted Cox analysis were 1.12 (95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.23) and 1.11 (1.01-1.23). However, for each standard deviation increase in measured telomere length, HR for mortality was 0.97 (0.88-1.08). In conclusion, in more than 2000 melanoma patients from hospital clinics and from the general population, genetically predicted long telomeres were associated with increased mortality, but measured leukocyte telomere length was not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Ismail
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Jens Helby
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Hematology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lisbet R Hölmich
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Annette H Chakera
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lars Bastholt
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Klyver
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, København, Denmark
| | - Pia Sjøgren
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Schmidt
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Liv Schöllhammer
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark.,Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark.,Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ward SV, Gibbs DC, Orlow I, Thomas NE, Kanetsky PA, Luo L, Cust AE, Anton-Culver H, Gruber SB, Gallagher RP, Rosso S, Zanetti R, Dwyer T, Begg CB, Berwick M. Association of IRF4 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs12203592 with melanoma-specific survival. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:163-165. [PMID: 31958143 PMCID: PMC7334062 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Ward
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - D. C. Gibbs
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - I. Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - N. E. Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - P. A. Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - L. Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - A. E. Cust
- Sydney School of Public Health and The Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - H. Anton-Culver
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - S. B. Gruber
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - R. P. Gallagher
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre and Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S. Rosso
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Turin, Italy
| | | | - T. Dwyer
- George Institute for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - C. B. Begg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - M. Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Detection of mRNA of Telomerase Protein in Benign Naevi and Melanomas Using RNAscope. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2020; 28:36-41. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
5
|
Feuerer L, Lamm S, Henz I, Kappelmann-Fenzl M, Haferkamp S, Meierjohann S, Hellerbrand C, Kuphal S, Bosserhoff AK. Role of melanoma inhibitory activity in melanocyte senescence. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:777-791. [PMID: 31172672 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The protein melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) is known to be expressed in melanoma and to support melanoma progression. Interestingly, previous studies also observed the expression of MIA in nevi. Concentrating on these findings, we revealed that MIA expression is correlated with a senescent state in melanocytes. Induction of replicative or oncogene-induced senescence resulted in increased MIA expression in vitro. Notably, MIA knockdown in senescent melanocytes reduced the percentage of senescence-associated beta-Gal-positive cells and enhanced proliferation. Using the melanoma mouse model Tg(Grm1), MIA-deficient mice supported the impact of MIA on senescence by showing a significantly earlier tumor onset compared to controls. In melanocytes, MIA knockdown led to a downregulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, after induction of hTERT in human melanoma cells, p21 regulation by MIA was lost. In summary, our data show for the first time that MIA is a regulator of cellular senescence in human and murine melanocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Feuerer
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Lamm
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Henz
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melanie Kappelmann-Fenzl
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haferkamp
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Kuphal
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Katrin Bosserhoff
- Emil Fischer Center, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bustos B DU, Torralba A S, Poveda P M, Simó G P, Farinos J S, Ros M L, Suela S P, Estrada R B. Telomerase Expression in a Series of Melanocytic Neoplasms. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
7
|
Estudio de la expresión de telomerasa en una serie de neoplasias melanocíticas. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2019; 110:212-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
8
|
Gibbs DC, Ward SV, Orlow I, Cadby G, Kanetsky PA, Luo L, Busam KJ, Kricker A, Armstrong BK, Cust AE, Anton-Culver H, Gallagher RP, Zanetti R, Rosso S, Sacchetto L, Ollila DW, Begg CB, Berwick M, Thomas NE. Functional melanoma-risk variant IRF4 rs12203592 associated with Breslow thickness: a pooled international study of primary melanomas. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:e180-e182. [PMID: 28667740 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D C Gibbs
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
| | - S V Ward
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, U.S.A
| | - I Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, U.S.A
| | - G Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
| | - L Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, U.S.A
| | - K J Busam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, U.S.A
| | - A Kricker
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B K Armstrong
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A E Cust
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | - R P Gallagher
- Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - R Zanetti
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy
| | - S Rosso
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy
| | - L Sacchetto
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy.,Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - D W Ollila
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, U.S.A.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, U.S.A
| | - C B Begg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, U.S.A
| | - M Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, U.S.A
| | - N E Thomas
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, U.S.A
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bennett DC. Genetics of melanoma progression: the rise and fall of cell senescence. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 29:122-40. [PMID: 26386262 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are many links between cell senescence and the genetics of melanoma, meaning both familial susceptibility and somatic-genetic changes in sporadic melanoma. For example, CDKN2A, the best-known melanoma susceptibility gene, encodes two effectors of cell senescence, while other familial melanoma genes are related to telomeres and their maintenance. This article aimed to analyze our current knowledge of the genetic or epigenetic driver changes necessary to generate a cutaneous metastatic melanoma, the commonest order in which these occur, and the relation of these changes to the biology and pathology of melanoma progression. Emphasis is laid on the role of cell senescence and the escape from senescence leading to cellular immortality, the ability to divide indefinitely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vinagre J, Pinto V, Celestino R, Reis M, Pópulo H, Boaventura P, Melo M, Catarino T, Lima J, Lopes JM, Máximo V, Sobrinho-Simões M, Soares P. Telomerase promoter mutations in cancer: an emerging molecular biomarker? Virchows Arch 2014; 465:119-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
11
|
Souza Sobrinho CPD, Gragnani A, Santos IDAO, Oliveira AF, Lipay MVN, Ferreira LM. AZT on telomerase activity and cell proliferation in HS 839.T melanoma cells. Acta Cir Bras 2012. [PMID: 23207751 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012001200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate telomerase activity and proliferation of HS839.T melanoma cells, subjected to the action of AZT. METHODS Cells were grown in triplicate, AZT at different concentrations: 50, 100 and 200 μM, was added and left for 24 and 48 hours, and its effects were compared with the control group. Telomerase activity was detected by PCR and cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT. RESULTS After 24 hours, there was no inhibition of cell proliferation or telomerase activity when compared to the control group. After 48 hours, there was a momentary decrease, suggesting that the cell lines used in this study are sensitive to AZT, but quickly recover both the enzyme activity and cell proliferation. CONCLUSION The action of AZT on the melanoma cells studied, at the concentrations and times tested, did not inhibit telomerase activity nor affect cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Soo JK, Mackenzie Ross AD, Kallenberg DM, Milagre C, Heung Chong W, Chow J, Hill L, Hoare S, Collinson RS, Hossain M, Keith WN, Marais R, Bennett DC. Malignancy without immortality? Cellular immortalization as a possible late event in melanoma progression. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:490-503. [PMID: 21418545 PMCID: PMC3123747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell senescence is a permanent growth arrest following extended proliferation. Cultured cancer cells including metastatic melanoma cells often appear immortal (proliferate indefinitely), while uncultured benign nevi (moles) show senescence markers. Here, with new explantation methods, we investigated which classes of primary pigmented lesions are typically immortal. Nevi yielded a few proliferating cells, consistent with most nevus cells being senescent. No nevus culture (0/28) appeared immortal. Some thin and thick melanoma cultures proved immortal under these conditions, but surprisingly few (4/37). All arrested cultures displayed three senescence markers in some cells: β-galactosidase, nuclear p16, and heterochromatic foci/aggregates. However, melanoma cultures also showed features of telomeric crisis (arrest because of ultrashort telomeres). Moreover, crisis markers including anaphase bridges were frequent in uncultured vertical growth-phase (VGP) melanomas. Conversely, all immortal melanoma cultures expressed telomerase reverse transcriptase and telomerase, showing aneuploidy. The findings suggest that primary melanomas are typically precrisis, with immortalization/telomere maintenance as a late event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Soo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kyrgidis A, Tzellos TG, Triaridis S. Melanoma: Stem cells, sun exposure and hallmarks for carcinogenesis, molecular concepts and future clinical implications. J Carcinog 2010; 9:3. [PMID: 20442802 PMCID: PMC2862505 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.62141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The classification and prognostic assessment of melanoma is currently based on morphologic and histopathologic biomarkers. Availability of an increasing number of molecular biomarkers provides the potential for redefining diagnostic and prognostic categories and utilizing pharmacogenomics for the treatment of patients. The aim of the present review is to provide a basis that will allow the construction–or reconstruction–of future melanoma research. Methods: We critically review the common medical databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Cochrane CENTRAL) for studies reporting on molecular biomarkers for melanoma. Results are discussed along the hallmarks proposed for malignant transformation by Hanahan and Weinberg. We further discuss the genetic basis of melanoma with regard to the possible stem cell origin of melanoma cells and the role of sunlight in melanoma carcinogenesis. Results: Melanocyte precursors undergo several genome changes –UV-induced or not– which could be either mutations or epigenetic. These changes provide stem cells with abilities to self-invoke growth signals, to suppress antigrowth signals, to avoid apoptosis, to replicate without limit, to invade, proliferate and sustain angiogenesis. Melanocyte stem cells are able to progressively collect these changes in their genome. These new potential functions, drive melanocyte precursors to the epidermis were they proliferate and might cause benign nevi. In the epidermis, they are still capable of acquiring new traits via changes to their genome. With time, such changes could add up to transform a melanocyte precursor to a malignant melanoma stem cell. Conclusions: Melanoma cannot be considered a “black box” for researchers anymore. Current trends in the diagnosis and prognosis of melanoma are to individualize treatment based on molecular biomarkers. Pharmacogenomics constitute a promising field with regard to melanoma patients' treatment. Finally, development of novel monoclonal antibodies is expected to complement melanoma patient care while a number of investigational vaccines could find their way into everyday oncology practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios Kyrgidis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Background Morphologic and histopathologic markers have been the backbone for the classification and prognostic assessment of melanoma. Availability of an increasing number of molecular markers, however, provides the potential for refining diagnostic and prognostic categories in this disease. Methods We reviewed the recent data that are accumulating concerning gene expression and genetic profiling and related these to clinical aspects of the disease. Results Multiple biomarkers have now been described, and their biologic significance is being established. In addition, several candidate molecules involved in mela-noma pathogenesis have been identified. Conclusions The process of biomarker identification and validation is providing a rapidly changing molecular view of melanoma, a strategy that is necessary for developing truly stratified or even personalized prevention or management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selma Ugurel
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians University, Wüirzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians University, Wüirzburg, Germany
| | - Jüurgen C Becker
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians University, Wüirzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Proctor A, Brownhill SC, Burchill SA. The promise of telomere length, telomerase activity and its regulation in the translocation-dependent cancer ESFT; clinical challenges and utility. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:260-74. [PMID: 19264125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Ewing's sarcoma family of tumours (ESFT) are diagnosed by EWS-ETS gene translocations. The resulting fusion proteins play a role in both the initiation and maintenance of these solid aggressive malignant tumours, suppressing cellular senescence and increasing cell proliferation and survival. EWS-ETS fusion proteins have altered transcriptional activity, inducing expression of a number of different target genes including telomerase. Up-regulation of hTERT is most likely responsible for the high levels of telomerase activity in primary ESFT, although telomerase activity and expression of hTERT are not predictive of outcome. However levels of telomerase activity in peripheral blood may be useful to monitor response to some therapeutics. Despite high levels of telomerase activity, telomeres in ESFT are frequently shorter than those of matched normal cells. Uncertainty about the role that telomerase and regulators of its activity play in the maintenance of telomere length in normal and cancer cells, and lack of studies examining the relationship between telomerase activity, regulators of its activity and their clinical significance in patient samples have limited their introduction into clinical practice. Studies in clinical samples using standardised assays are critical to establish how telomerase and regulators of its activity might best be exploited for patient benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Proctor
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Integrated nanosensors to determine levels and functional activity of human telomerase. Neoplasia 2008; 10:1066-72. [PMID: 18813356 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is a key oncogenic enzyme, and a number of novel telomerase inhibitors are currently under development. Because inhibition can be achieved either at the protein or at the enzymatic activity level, independent measurements of these parameters are important in the development of effective therapeutic agents. In the current study, we have developed a set of functional magnetic nanosensors capable of measuring the concentration of telomerase, as well as its enzymatic activity in parallel. The method is based on a magnetic relaxation switch assay, which can be performed in crude tissue samples and is fast and extremely sensitive. Using this method, we were able to detect different amounts of telomerase protein and activity in various cancer and normal cell lines. Furthermore, we were able to study the effect of phosphorylation on telomerase activity. This system not only could provide a rapid assay for the evaluation of antitelomerase therapies but could also be implemented to the study of other cancer markers.
Collapse
|
17
|
Unusually stable abnormal karyotype in a highly aggressive melanoma negative for telomerase activity. Mol Cytogenet 2008; 1:20. [PMID: 18718029 PMCID: PMC2533344 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-1-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanomas are characterized by increased karyotypic complexity, extended aneuploidy and heteroploidy. We report a melanoma metastasis to the peritoneal cavity with an exceptionally stable, abnormal pseudodiploid karyotype as verified by G-Banding, subtelomeric, centromeric and quantitative Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH). Interestingly this tumor had no detectable telomerase activity as indicated by the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol. Telomeric Flow-FISH and quantitative telomeric FISH on mitotic preparations showed that malignant cells had relatively short telomeres. Microsatellite instability was ruled out by the allelic pattern of two major mononucleotide repeats. Our data suggest that a combination of melanoma specific genomic imbalances were sufficient and enough for this fatal tumor progression, that was not accompanied by genomic instability, telomerase activity, or the engagement of the alternative recombinatorial telomere lengthening pathway.
Collapse
|
18
|
Utikal J, Schadendorf D, Ugurel S. Serologic and immunohistochemical prognostic biomarkers of cutaneous malignancies. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 298:469-77. [PMID: 17221215 PMCID: PMC1800369 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers are important tools in clinical diagnosis and prognostic classification of various cutaneous malignancies. Besides clinical and histopathological aspects (e.g. anatomic site and type of the primary tumour, tumour size and invasion depth, ulceration, vascular invasion), an increasing variety of molecular markers have been identified, providing the possibility of a more detailed diagnostic and prognostic subgrouping of tumour entities, up to even changing existing classification systems. Recently published gene expression or proteomic profiling data relate to new marker molecules involved in skin cancer pathogenesis, which may, after validation by suitable studies, represent future prognostic or predictive biomarkers in cutaneous malignancies. We, here, give an overview on currently known serologic and newer immunohistochemical biomarker molecules in the most common cutaneous malignancies, malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous lymphoma, particularly emphasizing their prognostic and predictive significance.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/blood
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Melanoma/blood
- Melanoma/diagnosis
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Skin Neoplasms/blood
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Utikal
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Selma Ugurel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|