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Markoulli M, Chandramohan N, Papas EB. Photobiomodulation (low-level light therapy) and dry eye disease. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 104:561-566. [PMID: 33689636 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1878866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease is one of the most common, chief-complaints presenting in clinical practice, with a prevalence of up to 50%. Evaporative dry eye, as a result of meibomian gland dysfunction, is thought to be the biggest component factor. Treatments for meibomian gland dysfunction aim to restore tear film homoeostasis and include warm compress therapy, eyelid hygiene, in-office meibomian gland expression and lipid-containing, artificial tears. A recent introduction to the in-office treatments available for meibomian gland dysfunction has been low-level light therapy, also known as photobiomodulation. The technique involves applying red, or near infra-red, radiation using low-power light sources and is suggested to promote tissue repair, decrease inflammation, and relieve pain. This work aims to review the available literature on the efficacy and safety of photobiomodulation in meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye disease, as well as what is currently known about its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nivaasheni Chandramohan
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Macular Degeneration Foundation Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric B Papas
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Ghigiarelli JJ, Fulop AM, Burke AA, Ferrara AJ, Sell KM, Gonzalez AM, Pelton LM, Zimmerman JA, Coke SG, Marshall DG. The Effects of Whole-Body Photobiomodulation Light-Bed Therapy on Creatine Kinase and Salivary Interleukin-6 in a Sample of Trained Males: A Randomized, Crossover Study. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:48. [PMID: 33345040 PMCID: PMC7739664 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) can be applied to the whole body as compared to the application of using single hand-held devices that isolate a smaller muscle area. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an acute dose of whole-body PBMT pre- and post-high-intensity resistance training on creatine kinase (CK) and salivary interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a sample of trained males. Twelve males (31 ± 8.3 years, 177.2 ± 5.4 cm, and 86.0 ± 7.5 kg) were part of a randomized, counterbalanced, cross-over design, whereby each participant performed a high-intensity resistance training session that consisted of the bench press, chin-up, and repeated sprints on two separate occasions. Each participant was assigned to either the PBMT or control condition on two separate weeks, with a 10-days washout period between the weeks. Creatine kinase was measured at baseline, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. Salivary IL-6 was measured at baseline, 60, 90, and 120 min. A paired t-test showed no significant difference (p = 0.669) in the area under the curve (AUC) for CK during the PBMT (191.7 ± 48.3) and control conditions (200.2 ± 68.0). A Wilcoxon signed-rank test also showed no significant median difference (p = 0.155) in the AUC for salivary IL-6 during the PBMT (Mdn = 347.7) and control conditions (Mdn = 305.8). An additional Wilcoxon signed-rank test for CK percentage change from 24 to 72 h showed the PBMT condition (Mdn = −45%) to have a −18% median difference as compared to the control condition (Mdn = −41%). As such, whole-body PBMT does not significantly reduce the activity of salivary IL-6 or CK concentration during the 24 to 72-h recovery post-high-intensity resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Ghigiarelli
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Andras M Fulop
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States.,Crux Physical Therapy, Garden City, NY, United States
| | - Adam A Burke
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Anthony J Ferrara
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Katie M Sell
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Adam M Gonzalez
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Luke M Pelton
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Jamie A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Shaquille G Coke
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
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Leal-Junior ECP, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Bjordal JM. Clinical and scientific recommendations for the use of photobiomodulation therapy in exercise performance enhancement and post-exercise recovery: current evidence and future directions. Braz J Phys Ther 2018; 23:71-75. [PMID: 30591412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is about ten years since the first randomized controlled trial looking for the effects of photobiomodulation therapy using low-level laser therapy and/or light emitting diodes therapy in athletic performance enhancement was published. Since then, the knowledge in this field has increasing exponentially. OBJECTIVE Given the fast advance in clinical interest, research and development in the use of photobiomodulation therapy for athletic performance enhancement and also to accelerate post-exercise recovery, as pioneers in this research field we felt the need to establish recommendations to ensure the correct use of the therapy, and also to guide the further studies in this area looking for the achievement of highest scientific evidence. It is important to highlight that the establishment of both clinical and scientific recommendations in this masterclass article were based on the most recent systematic reviews with meta-analysis and randomized controlled trials published in this field. It is important to stress that the recommendations of this masterclass article are based on most recent systematic reviews with meta-analysis and RCTs published in this research field. Future guidelines must follow the same direction and must be based only at the highest scientific evidence, avoiding overstatements and extrapolations based on animal experiments and case-studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior
- Laboratory of Phototherapy and Innovative Technologies in Health, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão Lopes-Martins
- Laboratory of Biophotonics and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Research and Development, Universidade Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jan Magnus Bjordal
- Physiotherapy Research Group, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Frigero M, Dos Santos SA, Serra AJ, Dos Santos Monteiro Machado C, Portes LA, Tucci PJF, Silva F, Leal-Junior EC, de Carvalho PDTC. Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on oxidative stress markers of gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic rats subjected to high-intensity exercise. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:1781-1790. [PMID: 29808322 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in diabetic rats subjected to high-intensity exercise interferes with the expression of the oxidative stress marker in the gastrocnemius muscle. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were included in this study comprising 16 diabetic and eight control rats. The animals were allocated into three groups-control, diabetic fatigue, and diabetic PBMT fatigue groups. Diabetes was induced via the intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). We subsequently assessed blood lactate levels and PBMT. The animals of the diabetic fatigue group PBMT were irradiated before the beginning of the exercises, with dose of 4 J and 808 nm, were submitted to treadmill running with speed and gradual slope until exhaustion, as observed by the maximum volume of oxygen and lactate level. The animals were euthanized and muscle tissue was removed for analysis of SOD markers, including catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) reactive substances. CAT, SOD, and GPx activities were significantly higher in the diabetic PBMT fatigue group (p < 0.05) than in the diabetic fatigue group. Outcomes for the diabetic PBMT fatigue group were similar to those of the control group (p > 0.05), while their antioxidant enzymes were significantly higher than those of the diabetic fatigue group. PBMT mitigated the TBARS concentration (p > 0.05). PBMT may reduce oxidative stress and be an alternative method of maintaining physical fitness when subjects are unable to perform exercise. However, this finding requires further testing in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Frigero
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Solange Almeida Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrey Jorge Serra
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Leslie Andrews Portes
- Department of Cardiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Cardiology, Adventist University of São Paulo (UNASP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Flavio Silva
- Department of Cardiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Cardiology, Adventist University of São Paulo (UNASP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Cesar Leal-Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,, Campinas, Brazil.
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Miranda EF, Tomazoni SS, de Paiva PRV, Pinto HD, Smith D, Santos LA, de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho P, Leal-Junior ECP. When is the best moment to apply photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) when associated to a treadmill endurance-training program? A randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:719-727. [PMID: 29185134 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) employing low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and/or light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) has emerged as an electrophysical intervention that could be associated with aerobic training to enhance beneficial effects of aerobic exercise. However, the best moment to perform irradiation with PBMT in aerobic training has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of PBMT applied before and/or after each training session and to evaluate outcomes of the endurance-training program associated with PBMT. Seventy-seven healthy volunteers completed the treadmill-training protocol performed for 12 weeks, with 3 sessions per week. PBMT was performed before and/or after each training session (17 sites on each lower limb, using a cluster of 12 diodes: 4 × 905 nm super-pulsed laser diodes, 4 × 875 nm infrared LEDs, and 4 × 640 nm red LEDs, dose of 30 J per site). Volunteers were randomized in four groups according to the treatment they would receive before and after each training session: PBMT before + PBMT after, PBMT before + placebo after, placebo before + PBMT after, and placebo before + placebo after. Assessments were performed before the start of the protocol and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of training. Primary outcome was time until exhaustion; secondary outcome measures were oxygen uptake and body fat. PBMT applied before and after aerobic exercise training sessions (PBMT before + PBMT after group) significantly increased (p < 0.05) the percentage of change of time until exhaustion and oxygen uptake compared to the group treated with placebo before and after aerobic exercise training sessions (placebo before + placebo after group) at 4th, 8th, and 12th week. PBMT applied before and after aerobic exercise training sessions (PBMT before + PBMT after group) also significantly improved (p < 0.05) the percentage of change of body fat compared to the group treated with placebo before and after aerobic exercise training sessions (placebo before + placebo after group) at 8th and 12th week. PBMT applied before and after sessions of aerobic training during 12 weeks can increase the time-to-exhaustion and oxygen uptake and also decrease the body fat in healthy volunteers when compared to placebo irradiation before and after exercise sessions. Our outcomes show that PBMT applied before and after endurance-training exercise sessions lead to improvement of endurance three times faster than exercise only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Foschini Miranda
- Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Shaiane Silva Tomazoni
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Vicente de Paiva
- Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Sao Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Henrique Dantas Pinto
- Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Sao Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Denis Smith
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Sao Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Larissa Aline Santos
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Sao Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil
| | | | - Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior
- Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Sao Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
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Photobiomodulation therapy for the improvement of muscular performance and reduction of muscular fatigue associated with exercise in healthy people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:181-214. [PMID: 29090398 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Researches have been performed to investigate the effects of phototherapy on improving performance and reduction of muscular fatigue. However, a great variability in the light parameters and protocols of the trials are a concern to establish the efficacy of this therapy to be used in sports or clinic. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness, moment of application of phototherapy within an exercise protocol, and which are the parameters optimally effective for the improvement of muscular performance and the reduction of muscular fatigue in healthy people. Systematic searches of PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were conducted for randomized clinical trials to March 2017. Analyses of risk of bias and quality of evidence of the included trials were performed, and authors were contacted to obtain any missing or unclear information. We included 39 trials (861 participants). Data were reported descriptively through tables, and 28 trials were included in meta-analysis comparing outcomes to placebo. Meta-analysis was performed for the variables: time until reach exhaustion, number of repetitions, isometric peak torque, and blood lactate levels showing a very low to moderate quality of evidence and some effect in favor to phototherapy. Further investigation is required due the lack of methodological quality, small sample size, great variability of exercise protocols, and phototherapy parameters. In general, positive results were found using both low-level laser therapy and light-emitting diode therapy or combination of both in a wavelength range from 655 to 950 nm. Most of positive results were observed with an energy dose range from 20 to 60 J for small muscular groups and 60 to 300 J for large muscular groups and maximal power output of 200 mW per diode.
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