1
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Sun H, Coussens NP, Danchik C, Wachsmuth LM, Henderson MJ, Patnaik S, Hall MD, Molinaro AL, Daines DA, Shen M. Discovery of Small-Molecule VapC1 Nuclease Inhibitors by Virtual Screening and Scaffold Hopping from an Atomic Structure Revealing Protein-Protein Interactions with a Native VapB1 Inhibitor. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:1249-1258. [PMID: 35103473 PMCID: PMC10041999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are clinically important Gram-negative bacteria that are responsible for various human mucosal diseases, including otitis media (OM). Recurrent OM caused by NTHi is common, and infections that recur less than 2 weeks following antimicrobial therapy are largely attributable to the recurrence of the same strain of bacteria. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules encoded by bacteria enable rapid responses to environmental stresses and are thought to facilitate growth arrest, persistence, and tolerance to antibiotics. The vapBC-1 locus of NTHi encodes a type II TA system, comprising the ribonuclease toxin VapC1 and its cognate antitoxin VapB1. The activity of VapC1 has been linked to the survival of NTHi during antibiotic treatment both in vivo and ex vivo. Therefore, inhibitors of VapC1 might serve as adjuvants to antibiotics, preventing NTHi from entering growth arrest and surviving; however, none have been reported to date. A truncated VapB1 peptide from a crystal structure of the VapBC-1 complex was used to generate pharmacophore queries to facilitate a scaffold hopping approach for the identification of small-molecule VapC1 inhibitors. The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences small-molecule library was virtually screened using the shape-based method rapid overlay of chemical structures (ROCS), and the top-ranking hits were docked into the VapB1 binding pocket of VapC1. Two hundred virtual screening hits with the best docking scores were selected and tested in a biochemical VapC1 activity assay, which confirmed eight compounds as VapC1 inhibitors. An additional 60 compounds were selected with structural similarities to the confirmed VapC1 inhibitors, of which 20 inhibited VapC1 activity. Intracellular target engagement of five inhibitors was indicated by the destabilization of VapC1 within bacterial cells from a cellular thermal shift assay; however, no impact on bacterial growth was observed. Thus, this virtual screening and scaffold hopping approach enabled the discovery of VapC1 ribonuclease inhibitors that might serve as starting points for preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmao Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Nathan P Coussens
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Carina Danchik
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Leah M Wachsmuth
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Mark J Henderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ashley L Molinaro
- Office of the Dean, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Dayle A Daines
- Office of the Dean, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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2
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Palmer D, Gonçalves JPL, V Hansen L, Wu B, Hald H, Schoffelen S, Diness F, Le Quement ST, Nielsen TE, Meldal M. Click-Chemistry-Mediated Synthesis of Selective Melanocortin Receptor 4 Agonists. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8716-8730. [PMID: 28972753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) subtype of the melanocortin receptor family is a target for therapeutics to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction. Endogenous MC4R agonists possess a critical pharmacophore (HFRW), and cyclization of peptide agonists often enhances potency. Thus, 17 cyclized peptides were synthesized by solid phase click chemistry to develop novel, potent, selective MC4R agonists. Using cAMP measurements and a transcriptional reporter assay, we observed that several constrained agonists generated by a cycloaddition reaction displayed high selectivity (223- to 467-fold) toward MC4R over MC3R and MC5R receptor subtypes without compromising agonist potency. Significant variation was also observed between the EC50 values for the two assays, with robust levels of reporter expression measured at lower concentrations than those effecting appreciable increases in cAMP levels for the majority of the compounds tested. Collectively, we characterized significant elements that modulate the activity of the core pharmacophore for MC4R and provide a rationale for careful assay selection for agonist screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Palmer
- CECB, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juliana P L Gonçalves
- CECB, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise V Hansen
- CECB, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Boqian Wu
- Aquaporin A/S , Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Hald
- CECB, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Schoffelen
- CECB, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Diness
- CECB, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas E Nielsen
- Protein & Peptide Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S , Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive, SG 637551, Singapore
| | - Morten Meldal
- CECB, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Testa C, Scrima M, Grimaldi M, D'Ursi AM, Dirain ML, Lubin-Germain N, Singh A, Haskell-Luevano C, Chorev M, Rovero P, Papini AM. 1,4-disubstituted-[1,2,3]triazolyl-containing analogues of MT-II: design, synthesis, conformational analysis, and biological activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9424-34. [PMID: 25347033 PMCID: PMC4255721 DOI: 10.1021/jm501027w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Side chain-to-side chain cyclizations
represent a strategy to select
a family of bioactive conformations by reducing the entropy and enhancing
the stabilization of functional ligand-induced receptor conformations.
This structural manipulation contributes to increased target specificity,
enhanced biological potency, improved pharmacokinetic properties,
increased functional potency, and lowered metabolic susceptibility.
The CuI-catalyzed azide–alkyne 1,3-dipolar Huisgen’s
cycloaddition, the prototypic click reaction, presents a promising
opportunity to develop a new paradigm for an orthogonal bioorganic
and intramolecular side chain-to-side chain cyclization. In fact,
the proteolytic stable 1,4- or 4,1-disubstituted [1,2,3]triazolyl
moiety is isosteric with the peptide bond and can function as a surrogate
of the classical side chain-to-side chain lactam forming bridge. Herein
we report the design, synthesis, conformational analysis, and functional
biological activity of a series of i-to-i+5 1,4- and 4,1-disubstituted
[1,2,3]triazole-bridged cyclopeptides derived from MT-II, the homodetic
Asp5 to Lys10 side chain-to-side chain bridged
heptapeptide, an extensively studied agonist of melanocortin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Testa
- Laboratoire SOSCO & PeptLab@UCP, EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise , 5 mail Gay-Lussac, Neuville sur Oise, F-95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
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4
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Singh A, Dirain M, Witek R, Rocca JR, Edison AS, Haskell-Luevano C. Structure-activity relationships of peptides incorporating a bioactive reverse-turn heterocycle at the melanocortin receptors: identification of a 5800-fold mouse melanocortin-3 receptor (mMC3R) selective antagonist/partial agonist versus the mouse melanocortin-4 receptor (mMC4R). J Med Chem 2013; 56:2747-63. [PMID: 23432160 PMCID: PMC3652311 DOI: 10.1021/jm301253y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-3 (MC3) and melanocortin-4 (MC4) receptors regulate energy homeostasis, food intake, and associated physiological conditions. The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) has been studied extensively. Less is known about specific physiological roles of the melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R). A major obstacle to this lack of knowledge is attributed to a limited number of identified MC3R selective ligands. We previously reported a spatial scanning approach of a 10-membered thioether-heterocycle ring incorporated into a chimeric peptide template that identified a lead nM MC4R ligand. Upon the basis of those results, 17 compounds were designed and synthesized that focused upon modification in the pharmacophore domain. Notable results include the identification of a 0.13 nM potent 5800-fold mMC3R selective antagonist/slight partial agonist versus a 760 nM mMC4R full agonist (ligand 11). Biophysical experiments (two-dimensional (1)H NMR and computer-assisted molecular modeling) of this ligand resulted in the identification of an inverse γ-turn secondary structure in the ligand pharmacophore domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacodynamics University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marvin Dirain
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacodynamics University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rachel Witek
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacodynamics University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - James R. Rocca
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Arthur S Edison
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacodynamics University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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5
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Sun H, Tawa G, Wallqvist A. Classification of scaffold-hopping approaches. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:310-24. [PMID: 22056715 PMCID: PMC3328312 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The general goal of drug discovery is to identify novel compounds that are active against a preselected biological target with acceptable pharmacological properties defined by marketed drugs. Scaffold hopping has been widely applied by medicinal chemists to discover equipotent compounds with novel backbones that have improved properties. In this article we classify scaffold hopping into four major categories, namely heterocycle replacements, ring opening or closure, peptidomimetics and topology-based hopping. We review the structural diversity of original and final scaffolds with respect to each category. We discuss the advantages and limitations of small, medium and large-step scaffold hopping. Finally, we summarize software that is frequently used to facilitate different kinds of scaffold-hopping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmao Sun
- Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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6
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Yongye AB, Li Y, Giulianotti MA, Yu Y, Houghten RA, Martínez-Mayorga K. Modeling of peptides containing D-amino acids: implications on cyclization. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2009; 23:677-89. [PMID: 19593648 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-009-9295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are therapeutically attractive due to their high bioavailability, potential selectivity, and scaffold novelty. Furthermore, the presence of D-residues induces conformational preferences not followed by peptides consisting of naturally abundant L-residues. Therefore, comprehending how amino acids induce turns in peptides, subsequently facilitating cyclization, is significant in peptide design. Here, we performed 20-ns explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations for three diastereomeric peptides with stereochemistries: LLLLL, LLLDL, and LDLDL. Experimentally LLLLL and LDLDL readily cyclize, whereas LLLDL cyclizes in low yield. Simulations at 310 K produced conformations with inter-terminal hydrogen bonds that correlated qualitatively with the experimental cyclization trend. Energies obtained for representative structures from quantum chemical (B3LYP/PCM/cc-pVTZ//HF/6-31G*) calculations predicted pseudo-cyclic and extended conformations as the most stable for LLLLL and LLLDL, respectively, in agreement with the experimental data. In contrast, the most stable conformer predicted for peptide LDLDL was not a pseudo-cyclic structure. Moreover, D-residues preferred the experimentally less populated alpha(L) rotamers even when simulations were performed at a higher temperature and with strategically selected starting conformations. Energies calculated with molecular mechanics were consistent only with peptide LLLLL. Thus, the conformational preferences obtained for the all L: -amino acid peptide were in agreement with the experimental observations. Moreover, refinement of the force field is expected to provide far-reaching conformational sampling of peptides containing D-residues to further develop force field-based conformational-searching methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Yongye
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
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7
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Drugability of extracellular targets: discovery of small molecule drugs targeting allosteric, functional, and subunit-selective sites on GPCRs and ion channels. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:106-25. [PMID: 18800070 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Beginning with the discovery of the structure of deoxyribose nucleic acid in 1953, by James Watson and Francis Crick, the sequencing of the entire human genome some 50 years later, has begun to quantify the classes and types of proteins that may have relevance to human disease with the promise of rapidly identifying compounds that can modulate these proteins so as to have a beneficial and therapeutic outcome. This so called 'drugable space' involves a variety of membrane-bound proteins including the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels, and transporters among others. The recent number of novel therapeutics targeting membrane-bound extracellular proteins that have reached the market in the past 20 years however pales in magnitude when compared, during the same timeframe, to the advancements made in the technologies available to aid in the discovery of these novel therapeutics. This review will consider select examples of extracellular drugable targets and focus on the GPCRs and ion channels highlighting the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) type 1 and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors, and the Ca(V)2.2 voltage-gated ion channel. These examples will elaborate current technological advancements in drug discovery and provide a prospective framework for future drug development.
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8
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Mayorov AV, Cai M, Palmer ES, Dedek MM, Cain JP, Van Scoy AR, Tan B, Vagner J, Trivedi D, Hruby VJ. Structure-activity relationships of cyclic lactam analogues of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) targeting the human melanocortin-3 receptor. J Med Chem 2008; 51:187-95. [PMID: 18088090 PMCID: PMC2587288 DOI: 10.1021/jm070461w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of dicarboxylic acid linkers introduced between the alpha-amino group of Pro(6) and the -amino group of Lys(10) of the cyclic lactam alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-derived Pro(6)-D-Phe(7)/D-Nal(2')(7)-Arg(8)-Trp(9)-Lys(10)-NH2 pentapeptide template lead to nanomolar range and selective hMC3R agonists and antagonists. Replacement of the Pro(6) residue and the dicarboxylic acid linker with 2,3-pyrazine-dicarboxylic acid furnished a highly selective nanomolar range hMC3R partial agonist (analogue 12, c[CO-2,3-pyrazine-CO-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2, EC50 = 27 nM, 70% max cAMP) and an hMC3R antagonist (analogue 13, c[CO-2,3-pyrazine-CO-D-Nal(2')-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2, IC50 = 23 nM). Modeling experiments suggest that 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid stabilizes a beta-turn-like structure with the D-Phe/D-Nal(2') residues, which explains the high potency of the corresponding peptides. Placement of a Nle residue in position 6 produced a hMC3R/hMC5R antagonist (analogue 15, c[CO-(CH 2)2-CO-Nle-D-Nal(2')-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2, IC50 = 12 and 17 nM, respectively), similarly to the previously described cyclic gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH)-derived hMC3R/hMC5R antagonists. These newly developed melanotropins will serve as critical biochemical tools for elucidating the full spectrum of functions performed by the physiologically important melanocortin-3 receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Lactams/chemical synthesis
- Lactams/pharmacology
- Models, Molecular
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- alpha-MSH/analogs & derivatives
- alpha-MSH/chemical synthesis
- alpha-MSH/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minying Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Erin S. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Matthew M. Dedek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - James P. Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - April R. Van Scoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Bahar Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Josef Vagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Dev Trivedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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9
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Kadam RU, Garg D, Roy N. Selective Mapping of Chemical Space for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Deacetylase LpxC Inhibitory Potential. Chem Biol Drug Des 2007; 71:45-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2007.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Nozawa D, Okubo T, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Nakazato A. Identification of arginine analogues as antagonists and agonists for the melanocortin-4 receptor. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:1232-9. [PMID: 17666851 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, conducted to explore potent and small molecular melanocortin-4 (MC4) receptor ligands, we found that tripeptide 3a, containing a D-Phe-Arg-2-Nal (Nal; naphthylalanine) sequence, exhibited a moderate affinity for the MC4 receptor. Structural optimization led to the identification of a compound with a high affinity for the MC4 receptor, namely, tripeptide 3e, which showed a 70-fold higher affinity for the MC4 receptor than the lead compound 3a. Moreover, in an effort to further reduce the peptidic characters of tripeptide 3e, we found that dipeptide 3g exhibited a relatively high affinity for the MC4 receptor. Furthermore, in these analogues, the substituted position (1' vs. 2') of the naphthyl ring of Nal residue at position 7 was found to be important for the differentiation of agonist and antagonist activity. The synthesis and structure-activity relationships of the arginine analogues as MC4 receptor ligands were described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Nozawa
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan.
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11
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Chen C. Recent progress toward nonpeptide ligands for the melanocortin-4 receptor. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:111-67. [PMID: 17280903 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12700 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
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12
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Cheung AWH, Qi L, Gore V, Chu XJ, Bartkovitz D, Kurylko G, Swistok J, Danho W, Chen L, Yagaloff K. Preparation of human Melanocortin-4 receptor agonist libraries: Linear peptides X-Y-DPhe7-Arg8-Trp(or 2-Nal)9-Z-NH2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5504-8. [PMID: 16203134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two libraries of hMC4R agonists, X-Y-DPhe(7)-Arg(8)-2-Nal(9)-Z-NH(2) and X-Y-DPhe(7)-Arg(8)-Trp(9)-Z-NH(2), totaling 185 peptides were prepared using Irori radiofrequency tagging technology and Argonaut Quest 210 Synthesizer, where X stands for N-caps, Y for His(6) surrogates and Z for Gly(10) surrogates. As a result of this study, His-modified pentapeptides with Trp were found to be more hMC4R potent than the corresponding 2-Nal analogs, novel N-caps and Gly surrogates were identified and 19 new peptides which are potent hMC4R agonists (EC(50) 1-15nM) and selective against hMC1R were discovered.
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13
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Fung S, Hruby VJ. Design of cyclic and other templates for potent and selective peptide alpha-MSH analogues. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:352-8. [PMID: 16023401 PMCID: PMC1820743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For over three decades, the design of linear peptide ligands often has incorporated cyclic constraints to improve potency, receptor selectivity, proteolytic stability and biodistribution. Its importance has been so well established that modern day schemes for ligand-based drug design often start with cyclization of linear peptides to rigidify peptide structure, to limit its conformational possibilities, and to find key pharmacophore elements in three-dimensional space. In the past several years, cyclic constraints have been used to develop ligands with improved efficacy, binding affinity, biostability and receptor selectivity for alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). Furthermore, potent cyclic alpha-MSH analogues, such as MT-II and SHU-9119, have made structure-activity relationship studies and molecular modeling more useful for creating new three-dimensional, topographical pharmacophore templates.
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14
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Chu XJ, Bartkovitz D, Danho W, Swistok J, Cheung AWH, Kurylko G, Rowan K, Yeon M, Franco L, Qi L, Chen L, Yagaloff K. Discovery of 1-amino-4-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid and its influence on agonist selectivity between human melanocortin-4 and -1 receptors in linear pentapeptides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4910-4. [PMID: 16169218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Linear pentapeptides (Penta-cis-Apc-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Gly-NH2) containing 1-amino-4-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (cis-Apc) and substituted Apc are potent hMC4R agonists and they are inactive or weakly active in hMC1R, hMC3R, and hMC5R agonist assays. This study, together with our earlier report on 5-BrAtc, demonstrated the importance of replacing His6 with phenyl-containing rigid templates in achieving good hMC4R agonist potency and selectivity against hMC1R in linear pentapeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jie Chu
- Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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15
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Zhang XW, Yap YL, Altmeyer RM. Generation of predictive pharmacophore model for SARS-coronavirus main proteinase. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:57-62. [PMID: 15642409 PMCID: PMC7115589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacophore-based virtual screening is an effective, inexpensive and fast approach to discovering useful starting points for drug discovery. In this study, we developed a pharmacophore model for the main proteinase of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Then we used this pharmacophore model to search NCI 3D database including 250, 251 compounds and identified 30 existing drugs containing the pharmacophore query. Among them are six compounds that already exhibited anti-SARS-CoV activity experimentally. This means that our pharmacophore model can lead to the discovery of potent anti-SARS-CoV inhibitors or promising lead compounds for further SARS-CoV main proteinase inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, HKU-Pasteur Research Center, 8 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Koikov LN, Ebetino FH, Hayes JC, Cross-Doersen D, Knittel JJ. End-capping of the modified melanocortin tetrapeptide (p-Cl)Phe-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2 as a route to hMC4R agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4839-42. [PMID: 15341935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Of the 42 R'-X-(p-Cl)Phe-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH(2) (X=CO, SO(2), PO, PS) tested at the human (h)MC1, hMC3, and hMC4 receptors (R), the most potent MC4R agonists (EC(50) of 8-20 nM) were obtained by end-capping with R'=CH(2)CHCH(2) (9), NCCH(2) (16), NH(2)COCH(2) (17), HCONHCH(2) (18), CH(3)NH (19), CH(2)CHCH(2)NH (21), 2-Th (23), PhCH(2) (30) and X=CO. These compounds possess 35-60-fold hMC4 versus hMC1Rs selectivity with urea LK-71 (19) being the most potent at hMC4R and MC4/1R selective (EC(50)=8.5 nM, MC4/1R=100). LK-75 (16) combines high potency at hMC4R and MC4/3R selectivity (EC(50)=10.5 nM, MC4/3R=290). SAR is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Koikov
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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