1
|
Piperazine scaffold: A remarkable tool in generation of diverse pharmacological agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:487-529. [PMID: 26310894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Piperazine is one of the most sought heterocyclics for the development of new drug candidates. This ring can be traced in a number of well established, commercially available drugs. Wide array of pharmacological activities exhibited by piperazine derivatives have made them indispensable anchors for the development of novel therapeutic agents. The review herein highlights the therapeutic significance of piperazine derivatives. Various therapeutically active piperazine derivatives developed by several chemists are reported here.
Collapse
|
2
|
M. Beauchemin A, Das Neves N, Raymond M. Expedient Synthesis of 2-Oxopiperazines Using a SN2 / Cope-Type Hydroamination Sequence. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-s(s)18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
3
|
An efficient entry to highly substituted chiral 2-oxopiperazines from α-amino acids via iodocyclization. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
|
5
|
|
6
|
Aspiotis R, Chen A, Cauchon E, Dubé D, Falgueyret JP, Gagné S, Gallant M, Grimm EL, Houle R, Juteau H, Lacombe P, Laliberté S, Lévesque JF, MacDonald D, McKay D, Percival MD, Roy P, Soisson SM, Wu T. The discovery and synthesis of potent zwitterionic inhibitors of renin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2430-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Discovery of new renin inhibitory leads via sequential pharmacophore modeling, QSAR analysis, in silico screening and in vitro evaluation. J Mol Graph Model 2011; 29:843-64. [PMID: 21376648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Marcaurelle LA, Comer E, Dandapani S, Duvall JR, Gerard B, Kesavan S, Lee MD, Liu H, Lowe JT, Marie JC, Mulrooney CA, Pandya BA, Rowley A, Ryba TD, Suh BC, Wei J, Young DW, Akella LB, Ross NT, Zhang YL, Fass DM, Reis SA, Zhao WN, Haggarty SJ, Palmer M, Foley MA. An aldol-based build/couple/pair strategy for the synthesis of medium- and large-sized rings: discovery of macrocyclic histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:16962-76. [PMID: 21067169 DOI: 10.1021/ja105119r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An aldol-based build/couple/pair (B/C/P) strategy was applied to generate a collection of stereochemically and skeletally diverse small molecules. In the build phase, a series of asymmetric syn- and anti-aldol reactions were performed to produce four stereoisomers of a Boc-protected γ-amino acid. In addition, both stereoisomers of O-PMB-protected alaninol were generated to provide a chiral amine coupling partner. In the couple step, eight stereoisomeric amides were synthesized by coupling the chiral acid and amine building blocks. The amides were subsequently reduced to generate the corresponding secondary amines. In the pair phase, three different reactions were employed to enable intramolecular ring-forming processes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S(N)Ar), Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition, and ring-closing metathesis (RCM). Despite some stereochemical dependencies, the ring-forming reactions were optimized to proceed with good to excellent yields, providing a variety of skeletons ranging in size from 8- to 14-membered rings. Scaffolds resulting from the RCM pairing reaction were diversified on the solid phase to yield a 14 400-membered library of macrolactams. Screening of this library led to the discovery of a novel class of histone deacetylase inhibitors, which display mixed enzyme inhibition, and led to increased levels of acetylation in a primary mouse neuron culture. The development of stereo-structure/activity relationships was made possible by screening all 16 stereoisomers of the macrolactams produced through the aldol-based B/C/P strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Marcaurelle
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Webb RL, Schiering N, Sedrani R, Maibaum J. Direct Renin Inhibitors as a New Therapy for Hypertension. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7490-520. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901885s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Randy L. Webb
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Nikolaus Schiering
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Sedrani
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Maibaum
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
De Risi C, Pelà M, Pollini GP, Trapella C, Zanirato V. Mastering chiral substituted 2-oxopiperazines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
Bezençon O, Bur D, Weller T, Richard-Bildstein S, Remeň L, Sifferlen T, Corminboeuf O, Grisostomi C, Boss C, Prade L, Delahaye S, Treiber A, Strickner P, Binkert C, Hess P, Steiner B, Fischli W. Design and Preparation of Potent, Nonpeptidic, Bioavailable Renin Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3689-702. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bezençon
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bur
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Weller
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Richard-Bildstein
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Luboš Remeň
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Sifferlen
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Corminboeuf
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Corinna Grisostomi
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Lars Prade
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Delahaye
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Panja Strickner
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Binkert
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hess
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Beat Steiner
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Walter Fischli
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yokokawa F, Maibaum J. Recent advances in the discovery of non-peptidic direct renin inhibitors as antihypertensives: new patent applications in years 2000 – 2008. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.6.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
13
|
Edwards P. Novel compounds directed against the inhibition of protease cascades. Drug Discov Today 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
14
|
Powell NA, Ciske FL, Cai C, Holsworth DD, Mennen K, Van Huis CA, Jalaie M, Day J, Mastronardi M, McConnell P, Mochalkin I, Zhang E, Ryan MJ, Bryant J, Collard W, Ferreira S, Gu C, Collins R, Edmunds JJ. Rational design of 6-(2,4-diaminopyrimidinyl)-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones as small molecule renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5912-49. [PMID: 17574423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of a series of 6-(2,4-diaminopyrimidinyl)-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones as orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitors of renin. Compounds with a 2-methyl-2-aryl substitution pattern exhibit potent renin inhibition and good permeability, solubility, and metabolic stability. Oral bioavailability was found to be dependent on metabolic clearance and cellular permeability, and was optimized through modulation of the sidechain that binds in the S3(sp) subsite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noel A Powell
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Michigan Laboratories, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Holsworth DD, Jalaie M, Belliotti T, Cai C, Collard W, Ferreira S, Powell NA, Stier M, Zhang E, McConnell P, Mochalkin I, Ryan MJ, Bryant J, Li T, Kasani A, Subedi R, Maiti SN, Edmunds JJ. Discovery of 6-ethyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidine-based small molecule renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3575-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
N. Maiti S, Kasani A, Subedi R, Stier M, D. Holsworth D. Cardiovascular Agents: Renin Inhibitors and Factor Xa Inhibitors. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-07-sr(u)1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Sarver RW, Peevers J, Cody WL, Ciske FL, Dyer J, Emerson SD, Hagadorn JC, Holsworth DD, Jalaie M, Kaufman M, Mastronardi M, McConnell P, Powell NA, Quin J, Van Huis CA, Zhang E, Mochalkin I. Binding thermodynamics of substituted diaminopyrimidine renin inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2007; 360:30-40. [PMID: 17113558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Renin is an aspartyl protease involved in the production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Renin inhibitors can prevent blood vessel constriction and therefore could be useful for the treatment of hypertension. High-throughput screening efforts identified a small molecule renin inhibitor with a core substituted diaminopyrimidine ring. Parallel medicinal chemistry efforts based on this lead resulted in compound 1. A complex of 1 bound to renin was crystallized, and structural data were obtained by X-ray diffraction. The structure indicated that there were adjacent unoccupied binding pockets. Synthetic efforts were initiated to extend functionality into these pockets so as to improve affinity and adjust pharmacokinetic parameters. Thermodynamics data for inhibitor binding to renin were also collected using isothermal titration calorimetry. These data were used to help guide inhibitor optimization by suggesting molecular alterations to improve binding affinity from both thermodynamic and structural perspectives. The addition of a methoxypropyl group extending into the S3 subpocket improved inhibitor affinity and resulted in greater binding enthalpy. Initial additions to the pyrimidine ring template that extended into the large hydrophobic S2 pocket did not improve affinity and dramatically altered the thermodynamic driving force for the binding interaction. Binding of the core template was enthalpically driven, whereas binding of initial inhibitors with S2 extensions was both enthalpically and entropically driven but lost significant binding enthalpy. Additional electrostatic interactions were then incorporated into the S2 extension to improve binding enthalpy while taking advantage of the favorable entropy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W Sarver
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gu C, Collins R, Holsworth DD, Walker GS, Voorman RL. Metabolic aromatization of N-alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline substructures to quinolinium by human liver microsomes and horseradish peroxidase. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:2044-55. [PMID: 16985099 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.012286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic aromatization of xenobiotics is an unusual reaction with some documented examples. For instance, the oxidation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine to the neurotoxic pyridinium ion metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium by monoamine oxidase (MAO) B in the brain has been of interest to a number of investigators. It has also been reported that although the aromatization of N-methyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline occurs with MAO B, the metabolism does not proceed for its isomer, N-methyl-tetrahydroquinoline, by the same enzyme. The aromatization of an N-alkyl-tetrahydroquinoline substructure was identified during in vitro metabolite profiling of compound A, which was designed as a potent renin inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension. The N-alkylquinolinium metabolite of compound A was identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of human liver microsomal incubates and proton NMR of the isolated metabolite. Further in vitro metabolism studies with a commercially available chemical (compound B), containing the same substructure, also generated an N-alkylquinolinium metabolite. In vitro cytochrome P450 (P450) reaction phenotyping of compound A revealed that the metabolism was catalyzed exclusively by CYP3A4. Although compound B was a substrate for several P450 isoforms, its quinolinium metabolite was also generated predominantly by CYP3A4. Neither compound A nor compound B was a substrate of MAOs. The quinolinium metabolites were readily produced by horseradish peroxidase, suggesting that aromatization of the N-alkyltetrahydroquinoline could occur via a mechanism involving single electron transfer from nitrogen. Although dihydro intermediates from the tetrahydroquinoline substrates were not observed in the formation of quinolinium metabolites, cyanide trapping results indicated the occurrence of iminium intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chungang Gu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Holsworth DD, Cai C, Cheng XM, Cody WL, Downing DM, Erasga N, Lee C, Powell NA, Edmunds JJ, Stier M, Jalaie M, Zhang E, McConnell P, Ryan MJ, Bryant J, Li T, Kasani A, Hall E, Subedi R, Rahim M, Maiti S. Ketopiperazine-based renin inhibitors: Optimization of the “C” ring. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2500-4. [PMID: 16480874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of the S3 sub-pocket activity requirements was conducted. It was observed that linear and sterically small side chain substituents are preferred in the S3 sub-pocket for optimal renin inhibition. Polar groups in the S3-sub-pocket were not well tolerated and caused a reduction in renin inhibitory activity. Further, compounds with clog P's < or = 3 demonstrated a dramatic reduction in CYP3A4 inhibitory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Holsworth
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Powell NA, Clay EH, Holsworth DD, Bryant JW, Ryan MJ, Jalaie M, Edmunds JJ. Benzyl ether structure–activity relationships in a series of ketopiperazine-based renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4713-6. [PMID: 16143527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of renin enzymatic activity by a series of ketopiperazine-based compounds containing a C6 benzyloxymethyl substituent correlated with a +(pi+sigma) effect. A 3-pyridinyloxymethyl substituent was also found to be equipotent as higher molecular weight analogs, and exhibited decreased CYP3A4 inhibition levels and improved pharmacokinetic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noel A Powell
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Powell NA, Clay EH, Holsworth DD, Bryant JW, Ryan MJ, Jalaie M, Zhang E, Edmunds JJ. Equipotent activity in both enantiomers of a series of ketopiperazine-based renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2371-4. [PMID: 15837327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have found that both enantiomeric configurations of the 6-alkoxymethyl-1-aryl-2-piperazinone scaffold display equipotent renin inhibition activity and similar SAR patterns. This enantiomeric flexibility is in contrast to a previously reported 3-alkoxymethyl-4-arylpiperidine scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noel A Powell
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|