Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationships of potent GPIIb/IIIa antagonists: discovery of FK419

Progress in the research of GPIIb/IIIa antagonists

This review covers the recent advances in the development of small RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp sequence) containing peptides and their mimetics as potential antithrombotic agents. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonists include monoclonal antibodies, RGD peptides, peptide hybrids and nonpeptide mimetics. The current trend in the development of nonpeptide mimetics is clearly directed toward orally active and safe antithrombotic drug candidates. But several nonpeptide mimetics, being evaluated for their oral activity in human clinical trials, are currently not approved for clinical use due to poor safety profile. It is expected that newer and more effective nonpeptide mimetics will be developed in the near future.

Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of donepezil and N-[(5-(benzyloxy)-1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl]-N-methylprop-2-yn-1-amine hybrids as new multipotent cholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

A new family of multitarget molecules able to interact with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), as well as with monoamino oxidase (MAO) A and B, has been synthesized. Novel compounds (3-9) have been designed using a conjunctive approach that combines the benzylpiperidine moiety of the AChE inhibitor donepezil (1) and the indolyl propargylamino moiety of the MAO inhibitor N-[(5-benzyloxy-1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl]-N-methylprop-2-yn-1-amine (2), connected through an oligomethylene linker. The most promising hybrid (5) is a potent inhibitor of both MAO-A (IC50=5.2±1.1 nM) and MAO-B (IC50=43±8.0 nM) and is a moderately potent inhibitor of AChE (IC50=0.35±0.01 μM) and BuChE (IC50=0.46±0.06 μM). Moreover, molecular modeling and kinetic studies support the dual binding site to AChE, which explains the inhibitory effect exerted on Aβ aggregation. Overall, the results suggest that the new compounds are promising multitarget drug candidates with potential impact for Alzheimer's disease therapy.