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Advances in Phenazines over the Past Decade: Review of Their Pharmacological Activities, Mechanisms of Action, Biosynthetic Pathways and Synthetic Strategies. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110610. [PMID: 34822481 PMCID: PMC8620606 DOI: 10.3390/md19110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenazines are a large group of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, providing diverse chemical structures and various biological activities. Natural phenazines are mainly isolated from marine and terrestrial microorganisms. So far, more than 100 different natural compounds and over 6000 synthetic derivatives have been found and investigated. Many phenazines show great pharmacological activity in various fields, such as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, neuroprotective, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity. Researchers continued to investigate these compounds and hope to develop them as medicines. Cimmino et al. published a significant review about anticancer activity of phenazines, containing articles from 2000 to 2011. Here, we mainly summarize articles from 2012 to 2021. According to sources of compounds, phenazines were categorized into natural phenazines and synthetic phenazine derivatives in this review. Their pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action, biosynthetic pathways and synthetic strategies were summarized. These may provide guidance for the investigation on phenazines in the future.
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Sharma V, Gupta M, Kumar P, Sharma A. A Comprehensive Review on Fused Heterocyclic as DNA Intercalators: Promising Anticancer Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:15-42. [PMID: 33213325 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201118113311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of DNA intercalating agents (by Lerman, 1961), a growing number of organic, inorganic, and metallic compounds have been developed to treat life-threatening microbial infections and cancers. Fused-heterocycles are amongst the most important group of compounds that have the ability to interact with DNA. DNA intercalators possess a planar aromatic ring structure that inserts itself between the base pairs of nucleic acids. Once inserted, the aromatic structure makes van der Waals interactions and hydrogen-bonding interactions with the base pairs. The DNA intercalator may also contain an ionizable group that can form ionic interactions with the negatively charged phosphate backbone. After the intercalation, other cellular processes could take place, leading ultimately to cell death. The heterocyclic nucleus present in the DNA intercalators can be considered as a pharmacophore that plays an instrumental role in dictating the affinity and selectivity exhibited by these compounds. In this work, we have carried out a revision of small organic molecules that bind to the DNA molecule via intercalation and cleaving and exert their antitumor activity. A general overview of the most recent results in this area, paying particular attention to compounds that are currently under clinical trials, is provided. Advancement in spectroscopic techniques studying DNA interaction can be examined in-depth, yielding important information on structure-activity relationships. In this comprehensive review, we have focused on the introduction to fused heterocyclic agents with DNA interacting features, from medicinal point of view. The structure-activity relationships points, cytotoxicity data, and binding data and future perspectives of medicinal compounds have been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- IIMT College of Pharmacy, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201308, India
| | - Mohit Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Sciences Building, 2730 South Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, United States
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Atul Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Sumran G, Aggarwal R, Mittal A, Aggarwal A, Gupta A. Design, synthesis and photoinduced DNA cleavage studies of [1,2,4]-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-4(5H)-ones. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chen Z, Xu Y, Qian X. Naphthalimides and analogues as antitumor agents: A review on molecular design, bioactivity and mechanism of action. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Synthesis and characterization of phenanthrene derivatives with anticancer property against human colon and epithelial cancer cell lines. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Studies on Photocleavage, DNA Binding, Cytotoxicity, and Docking Studies of Ruthenium(II) Mixed Ligand Complexes. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:2119-2132. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Li G, Zhou X, Yang P, Jian Y, Deng T, Shen H, Bao Y. Synthesis of a novel methylene-bridged biscarbazole derivative and evaluation of its DNA and nucleotide binding properties. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hetero-metallic trigonal cage-shaped dimeric Ni 3 K core complex of L-proline ligand: Synthesis, structural, electrochemical and DNA binding and cleavage activities. J CHEM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-014-0617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Verma M, Luxami V, Paul K. Synthesis, in vitro evaluation and molecular modelling of naphthalimide analogue as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:352-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chen GJ, Wang ZG, Kou YY, Tian JL, Yan SP. Impact of metal on the DNA photo-induced cleavage activity of a family of Phterpy complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 122:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Aggarwal R, Sumran G, Kumar V, Mittal A. Copper(II) chloride mediated synthesis and DNA photocleavage activity of 1-aryl/heteroaryl-4-substituted-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:6083-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen GJ, Qiao X, Qiao PQ, Xu GJ, Xu JY, Tian JL, Gu W, Liu X, Yan SP. Synthesis, DNA binding, photo-induced DNA cleavage, cytotoxicity and apoptosis studies of copper(II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yu H, Li J, Kou Z, Du X, Wei Y, Fun HK, Xu J, Zhang Y. Photoinduced Tandem Reactions of Isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione with Alkynes To Build Aza-polycycles. J Org Chem 2010; 75:2989-3001. [PMID: 20353178 DOI: 10.1021/jo100218w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhuangfei Kou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xuewen Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Hoong-Kun Fun
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jianhua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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Wu A, Xu Y, Qian X. Novel naphthalimide–amino acid conjugates with flexible leucine moiety as side chain: Design, synthesis and potential antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:592-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yang Q, Yang P, Qian X, Tong L. Naphthalimide intercalators with chiral amino side chains: Effects of chirality on DNA binding, photodamage and antitumor cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6210-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Andaloussi M, Moreau E, Masurier N, Lacroix J, Gaudreault RC, Chezal JM, El Laghdach A, Canitrot D, Debiton E, Teulade JC, Chavignon O. Novel imidazo[1,2-a]naphthyridinic systems (part 1): synthesis, antiproliferative and DNA-intercalating activities. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2505-17. [PMID: 18403058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel imidazo[1,2-a]naphthyridinic systems 6a-15a and 6b-15b were obtained from Friedländer's reaction in imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine series. Most of the compounds were evaluated for their antitumor activity in the NCIs in vitro human tumor cell line screening panel. Among them, pentacyclic derivatives 13b and 14a exhibited in vitro activity comparable to anticancer agent such as amsacrine. Their mechanism of cytotoxicity action was unrelated to poisoning or inhibiting abilities against topo1. On the contrary, we highlighted a direct intercalation of the drugs into DNA by electrophoresis on agarose gel.
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Qian X, Li Z, Yang Q. Highly efficient antitumor agents of heterocycles containing sulfur atom: Linear and angular thiazonaphthalimides against human lung cancer cell in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6846-51. [PMID: 17707644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of aminothiazonaphthalimides, A(1-2) and B(1-2), has been regioselectively synthesized. The linear compounds B(1-2) were evaluated to be far more active than their angular isomers A(1-2) in antitumor evaluation. The linear compounds C-F, derived from compound B(1), all showed highly efficient antitumor activities against A549 and P388 cell lines. Also, cytotoxicities of these four analogues against two tumor cells were highly dependent on the length of the side chains. The compound A(1) or B(1), with two methylene units in the side chain, was more cytotoxic than its corresponding homologue A(2) or B(2), with one more methylene unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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