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Perez SJLP, Fu CW, Li WS. Sialyltransferase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer Metastasis: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185673. [PMID: 34577144 PMCID: PMC8470674 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Potent, cell-permeable, and subtype-selective sialyltransferase inhibitors represent an attractive family of substances that can potentially be used for the clinical treatment of cancer metastasis. These substances operate by specifically inhibiting sialyltransferase-mediated hypersialylation of cell surface glycoproteins or glycolipids, which then blocks the sialic acid recognition pathway and leads to deterioration of cell motility and invasion. A vast amount of evidence for the in vitro and in vivo effects of sialyltransferase inhibition or knockdown on tumor progression and tumor cell metastasis or colonization has been accumulated over the past decades. In this regard, this review comprehensively discusses the results of studies that have led to the recent discovery and development of sialyltransferase inhibitors, their potential biomedical applications in the treatment of cancer metastasis, and their current limitations and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ser John Lynon P. Perez
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (S.J.L.P.P.); (C.-W.F.)
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Fu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (S.J.L.P.P.); (C.-W.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shan Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (S.J.L.P.P.); (C.-W.F.)
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-27898662; Fax: +886-2-27831237
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Platis M, Vlachakis D, Foudah AI, Muharram MM, Alqarni MH, Papageorgiou AC, Labrou NE. The Interaction of Schistosoma Japonicum Glutathione Transferase with Cibacron Blue 3GA and its Fragments. Med Chem 2021; 17:332-343. [PMID: 32242785 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200403074742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 26kDa glutathione transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) from Schistosoma japonicum (SjGST) is recognized as the major detoxification enzyme of S. japonicum, a pathogenic helminth causing schistosomiasis. OBJECTIVE In the present study, the interaction of the chlorotriazine dye Cibacron blue 3GA (CB3GA) and its structural analogues with SjGST was investigated. The work aimed to shed light on the non-substrate ligand-binding properties of the enzyme. METHODS Kinetic inhibition analysis, affinity labelling experiments and molecular modelling studies were employed. RESULTS The results showed that CB3GA is a potent inhibitor (IC50 0.057 ± 0.003 μM) towards SjGST. The enzyme was specifically and irreversibly inactivated by the dichlorotriazine-analogue of CB3GA (IC50 0.190 ± 0.024 μM), following a biphasic pseudo-first-order saturation kinetics with approximately 1 mol of inhibitor per mol of the dimeric enzyme being incorporated. All other monochlorotriazine analogues behave as reversible inhibitors with lower inhibition potency (IC50 5.2-82.3 μM). Kinetic inhibition studies, together with molecular modelling and molecular dynamics simulations, established that the CB3GA binding site overlaps both the G- and H-sites. Both hydrophobic/ polar interactions, as well as steric effects, have decisive roles in determining the inhibitory strength of CB3GA and its analogues. CONCLUSION The results of the present study might be useful in future drug design and development efforts towards SjGST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Platis
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
| | - Ahmed I Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942 Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy M Muharram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
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3
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Sudha AJ, Aslam NA, Sandhu A, Yasuda M, Baba A, Babu SA. Synthesis of β-cyanoalanine and enantiomerically enriched aspartate derivatives via the Zn- or In-mediated nucleophilic addition to α-imino esters. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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van der Vlag R, Hirsch A. Analytical Methods in Protein-Templated Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. COMPREHENSIVE SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY II 2017. [PMCID: PMC7150222 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.12559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Szabo R, Skropeta D. Advancement of Sialyltransferase Inhibitors: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:219-270. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Szabo
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
- Centre for Medical & Molecular Bioscience; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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6
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Crystal structures of 26kDa Clonorchis sinensis glutathione S-transferase reveal zinc binding and putative metal binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:457-61. [PMID: 23916611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of CsGST in two different space groups revealed that Asp26 and His79 coordinate a zinc ion. In one space group, His46 of an adjacent molecule participates in the coordination within 2.0Å. In the other space group, Asp26, His79 and a water molecule coordinate a zinc ion. The CsGST-D26H structure showed that four histidine residues - His26 and His79 from one molecule and the same residues from a symmetry-related neighboring molecule - coordinate a zinc ion. The coordinated zinc ions are located between two molecules and mediate molecular contacts within the crystal.
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7
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Synthesis and SAR studies of praziquantel derivatives with activity against Schistosoma japonicum. Molecules 2013; 18:9163-78. [PMID: 23912271 PMCID: PMC6269691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of praziquantel derivatives with activity against adult Schistosoma japonicum are described. Several of them showed better worm killing activity than praziquantel and could serve as leads for further optimization.
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8
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Bai Y, Luo Q, Zhang W, Miao L, Xu J, Li H, Liu J. Highly Ordered Protein Nanorings Designed by Accurate Control of Glutathione S-Transferase Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:10966-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405519s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Quan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiayun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Junqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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9
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Clipson AJ, Bhat VT, McNae I, Caniard AM, Campopiano DJ, Greaney MF. Bivalent enzyme inhibitors discovered using dynamic covalent chemistry. Chemistry 2012; 18:10562-70. [PMID: 22782854 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A bivalent dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) system has been designed to selectively target members of the homodimeric glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme family. The dynamic covalent libraries (DCLs) use aniline-catalysed acylhydrazone exchange between bivalent hydrazides and glutathione-conjugated aldehydes and the bis-hydrazides act as linkers to bridge between each glutathione binding site. The resultant DCLs were found to be compatible and highly responsive to templating with different GST isozymes, with the best results coming from the M and Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) class of GSTs, targets in cancer and tropical disease, respectively. The approach yielded compounds with selective, nanomolar affinity (K(i) =61 nM for mGSTM1-1) and demonstrates that DCC can be used to simultaneously interrogate binding sites on different subunits of a dimeric protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Clipson
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd., Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Wang CH, Wu HT, Cheng HM, Yen TJ, Lu IH, Chang HC, Jao SC, Shing TKM, Li WS. Inhibition of Glutathione S-Transferase M1 by New Gabosine Analogues Is Essential for Overcoming Cisplatin Resistance in Lung Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8574-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201131n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chie-Hong Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ho T. Wu
- Department of Chemistry and
Center of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hau M. Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and
Center of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tien-Jui Yen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Lu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Shu-Chuan Jao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115,
Taiwan
| | - Tony K. M. Shing
- Department of Chemistry and
Center of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Shan Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree
Program in Marine
Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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11
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S-2-Amino-4-cyanobutanoic acid (β-cyanomethyl-l-Ala) as an atom-efficient solubilising synthon for l-glutamine. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Bhat VT, Caniard AM, Luksch T, Brenk R, Campopiano DJ, Greaney MF. Nucleophilic catalysis of acylhydrazone equilibration for protein-directed dynamic covalent chemistry. Nat Chem 2010; 2:490-7. [PMID: 20489719 PMCID: PMC2913121 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry uses reversible chemical reactions to set up an equilibrating network of molecules at thermodynamic equilibrium, which can adjust its composition in response to any agent capable of altering the free energy of the system. When the target is a biological macromolecule, such as a protein, the process corresponds to the protein directing the synthesis of its own best ligand. Here, we demonstrate that reversible acylhydrazone formation is an effective chemistry for biological dynamic combinatorial library formation. In the presence of aniline as a nucleophilic catalyst, dynamic combinatorial libraries equilibrate rapidly at pH 6.2, are fully reversible, and may be switched on or off by means of a change in pH. We have interfaced these hydrazone dynamic combinatorial libraries with two isozymes from the glutathione S-transferase class of enzyme, and observed divergent amplification effects, where each protein selects the best-fitting hydrazone for the hydrophobic region of its active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal T. Bhat
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Anne M. Caniard
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Torsten Luksch
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ruth Brenk
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dominic J. Campopiano
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Michael F. Greaney
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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13
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Li WS, Lam WS, Liu KC, Wang CH, Chang HC, Jen YC, Hsu YT, Shivatare SS, Jao SC. Overcoming the Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells by Rational Design of Efficient Glutathione S-Transferase Inhibitors. Org Lett 2009; 12:20-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902298s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shan Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wing See Lam
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chie-Hong Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hui Chuan Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ya Ching Jen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sachin S. Shivatare
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Jao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Torres-Rivera A, Landa A. Glutathione transferases from parasites: a biochemical view. Acta Trop 2008; 105:99-112. [PMID: 17897613 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The glutathione transferase (GST) system of parasites represents the main detoxification mechanism of hydrophobic and electrophilic compounds. Parasites lack the CYP450 activity, hence part of its function has been taken over by other enzymes including GSTs. Cytosolic GSTs (cGSTs) are found in this system and constitute a versatile and numerous group that in parasites display many peculiarities in contrast to mammalian cGSTs. This review summarizes aspects of the biochemistry of parasite cGSTs such as substrate specificities, inhibitor sensitivities, classification, kinetics and catalysis, as well as some aspects of their protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anayetzin Torres-Rivera
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edificio A, 2o Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
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Okhrimenko O, Jelesarov I. A survey of the year 2006 literature on applications of isothermal titration calorimetry. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lo WJ, Chiou YC, Hsu YT, Lam WS, Chang MY, Jao SC, Li WS. Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Synthesis of Glutathione Conjugates: Application to the Understanding of a Parasite's Defense System and Alternative to the Discovery of Potent Glutathione S-Transferase Inhibitors. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 18:109-20. [PMID: 17226963 DOI: 10.1021/bc0601727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A primary pathway for metabolism of electrophilic compounds in Schistosoma japonicum involves glutathione S-transferase (SjGST)-catalyzed formation of glutathione (GSH) conjugates. As part of a program aimed at gaining a better understanding of the defense system of parasites, a series of aromatic halides (1-8), aliphatic halides (9, 10), epoxides (11-20), alpha,beta-unsaturated esters (21, 22), and alpha,beta-unsaturated amides (23, 24) were prepared, and their participation in glutathione conjugate formation was evaluated. Products from enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions of these substances with glutathione were characterized and quantified by using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), NMR, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) analysis. Mechanisms for formation of specific mono(glutathionyl) or bis(glutathionyl) conjugates are proposed. Although the results of this effort indicate that SjGST does not catalyze addition or substitution reactions of 1, 3, 4, 7-9, 11-13, 15-17, 19-21, and 24, they demonstrate that 2, 5, 6, 14, 18, and 23 undergo efficient enzyme-catalyzed conjugation reactions. The kcat values for SjGST with 23 and 18 are about 886-fold and 14-fold, respectively, larger than that for 5. This observation suggests that 23 is a good substrate in comparison to other electrophiles. Furthermore, the initially formed conjugation product, 23a, is also a substrate for SjGST in a process that forms the bis(glutathionyl) conjugate 23b. Products arising by enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways are generated under the conditions of SjGST-activated GSH conjugation. Interestingly, production of nonenzymatic GSH conjugates with electrophilic substrates often overwhelms the activity of the enzyme. The nonenzymatic GSH conjugates, 9a-11a, 16a, 21a, and 22a, are inhibitors of SjGST with respective IC50 values of 1.95, 75.5, 0.96, 19.0, 152, and 0.36 microM, and they display moderate inhibitory activities against human GSTA2. Direct evidence has been gained for substrate inhibition by 10 toward SjGST and GSTA2 that is more potent than that of its GSH conjugate 10a. The significance of this work is found in the development of a convenient NMR-based technique that can be used to characterize glutathione conjugates derived from small molecule libraries as part of efforts aimed at uncovering specific potent SjGST and GSTA2 inhibitors. This method has potential in applications to the identification of novel inhibitors of other GST targets that are of chemotherapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Lo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
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Chang KH, Lee L, Chen J, Li WS. Lithocholic acid analogues, new and potent alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase inhibitors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:629-31. [PMID: 16446832 DOI: 10.1039/b514915k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A new type of noncompetitive alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase inhibitor has been synthesized; we report the discovery, preparation and inhibitory activity of sixteen lithocholic acid analogues.
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