1
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Wahi A, Jain P, Sinhari A, Jadhav HR. Progress in discovery and development of natural inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) as anti-cancer agents. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:675-702. [PMID: 37615708 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The study of epigenetic translational modifications had drawn great interest for the last few decades. These processes play a vital role in many diseases and cancer is one of them. Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key enzymes involved in the acetylation and deacetylation of histones and ultimately in post-translational modifications. Cancer frequently exhibits epigenetic changes, particularly disruption in the expression and activity of HDACs. It includes the capacity to regulate proliferative signalling, circumvent growth inhibitors, escape cell death, enable replicative immortality, promote angiogenesis, stimulate invasion and metastasis, prevent immunological destruction, and genomic instability. The majority of tumours develop and spread as a result of HDAC dysregulation. As a result, HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) were developed, and they today stand as a very promising therapeutic approach. One of the most well-known and efficient therapies for practically all cancer types is chemotherapy. However, the efficiency and safety of treatment are constrained by higher toxicity. The same has been observed with the synthetic HDACi. Natural products, owing to many advantages over synthetic compounds for cancer treatment have always been a choice for therapy. Hence, naturally available molecules are of particular interest for HDAC inhibition and HDAC has drawn the attention of the research fraternity due to their potential to offer a diverse array of chemical structures and bioactive compounds. This diversity opens up new avenues for exploring less toxic HDAC inhibitors to reduce side effects associated with conventional synthetic inhibitors. The review presents comprehensive details on natural product HDACi, their mechanism of action and their biological effects. Moreover, this review provides a brief discussion on the structure activity relationship of selected natural HDAC inhibitors and their analogues which can guide future research to discover selective, more potent HDACi with minimal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Wahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Priti Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India.
| | - Apurba Sinhari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Hemant R Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
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2
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Drakontaeidi A, Pontiki E. A Review on Molecular Docking on HDAC Isoforms: Novel Tool for Designing Selective Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1639. [PMID: 38139766 PMCID: PMC10746130 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into histone deacetylases (HDACs) has experienced a remarkable surge in recent years. These enzymes are key regulators of several fundamental biological processes, often associated with severe and potentially fatal diseases. Inhibition of their activity represents a promising therapeutic approach and a prospective strategy for the development of new therapeutic agents. A critical aspect of their inhibition is to achieve selectivity in terms of enzyme isoforms, which is essential to improve treatment efficacy while reducing undesirable pleiotropic effects. The development of computational chemistry tools, particularly molecular docking, is greatly enhancing the precision of designing molecules with inherent potential for specific activity. Therefore, it was considered necessary to review the molecular docking studies conducted on the major isozymes of the enzyme in order to identify the specific interactions associated with each selective HDAC inhibitor. In particular, the most critical isozymes of HDAC (1, 2, 3, 6, and 8) have been thoroughly investigated within the scope of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleni Pontiki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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3
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Shiota H, Alekseyenko AA, Wang ZA, Filic I, Knox TM, Luong NM, Huang Y, Scott DA, Jones KL, Gokhale PC, Lemieux ME, Cole PA, Kuroda MI, French CA. Chemical Screen Identifies Diverse and Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Repressors of NUT Function: Implications for NUT Carcinoma Pathogenesis and Treatment. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1818-1830. [PMID: 34285087 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NUT carcinoma (NC), characterized most commonly by the BRD4-NUTM1 fusion, is a rare, aggressive variant of squamous carcinoma with no effective treatment. BRD4-NUT drives growth and maintains the poorly differentiated state of NC by activating pro-growth genes such as MYC, through the formation of massive, hyperacetylated, superenhancer-like domains termed megadomains. BRD4-NUT-mediated hyperacetylation of chromatin is facilitated by the chromatin-targeting tandem bromodomains of BRD4, combined with NUT, which recruits the histone acetyltransferase, p300. Here, we developed a high-throughput small-molecule screen to identify inhibitors of transcriptional activation by NUT. In this dCAS9-based GFP-reporter assay, the strongest hits were diverse histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Two structurally unrelated HDAC inhibitors, panobinostat and the novel compound, IRBM6, both repressed growth and induced differentiation of NC cells in proportion to their inhibition of NUT transcriptional activity. These two compounds repressed transcription of megadomain-associated oncogenic genes, such as MYC and SOX2, while upregulating pro-differentiation, non-megadomain-associated genes, including JUN, FOS, and key cell-cycle regulators, such as CDKN1A. The transcriptional changes correlate with depletion of BRD4-NUT from megadomains, and redistribution of the p300/CBP-associated chromatin acetylation mark, H3K27ac, away from megadomains toward regular enhancer regions previously populated by H3K27ac. In NC xenograft models, we demonstrated that suppression of tumor growth by panobinostat was comparable with that of bromodomain inhibition, and when combined they improved both survival and growth suppression. IMPLICATIONS: The findings provide mechanistic and preclinical rationale for the use of HDAC inhibitors, alone or combined with other agents, in the treatment of NUT carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shiota
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Artyom A Alekseyenko
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhipeng A Wang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivona Filic
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tatiana M Knox
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nhi M Luong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yeying Huang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen L Jones
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Prafulla C Gokhale
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Philip A Cole
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mitzi I Kuroda
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher A French
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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4
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Elek GZ, Koppel K, Zubrytski DM, Konrad N, Järving I, Lopp M, Kananovich DG. Divergent Access to Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory Cyclopeptides via a Late-Stage Cyclopropane Ring Cleavage Strategy. Short Synthesis of Chlamydocin. Org Lett 2019; 21:8473-8478. [PMID: 31596600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A unified step-economical strategy for accessing histone deacetylase inhibitory peptides is proposed, based on the late-stage installation of multiple zinc-binding functionalities via the cleavage of the strained cyclopropane ring in the common pluripotent cyclopropanol precursor. The efficacy of the proposed diversity-oriented approach has been validated by short stereoselective synthesis of natural product chlamydocin, containing a challenging-to-install fragment of (2S,9S)-2-amino-8-oxo-9,10-epoxydecanoic acid (Aoe) and a range of its analogues, derivatives of 2-amino-8-oxodecanoic and 2-aminosuberic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Zoltán Elek
- Tallinn University of Technology , School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Akadeemia tee 15 , 12618 Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Kaur Koppel
- Tallinn University of Technology , School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Akadeemia tee 15 , 12618 Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Dzmitry M Zubrytski
- Belarusian State University , Department of Organic Chemistry , Leningradskaya 14 , 220050 Minsk , Belarus
| | - Nele Konrad
- Tallinn University of Technology , School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Akadeemia tee 15 , 12618 Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Ivar Järving
- Tallinn University of Technology , School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Akadeemia tee 15 , 12618 Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Margus Lopp
- Tallinn University of Technology , School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Akadeemia tee 15 , 12618 Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Dzmitry G Kananovich
- Tallinn University of Technology , School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Akadeemia tee 15 , 12618 Tallinn , Estonia
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5
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Janssens Y, Wynendaele E, Vanden Berghe W, De Spiegeleer B. Peptides as epigenetic modulators: therapeutic implications. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:101. [PMID: 31300053 PMCID: PMC6624906 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides originating from different sources (endogenous, food derived, environmental, and synthetic) are able to influence different aspects of epigenetic regulation. Endogenous short peptides, resulting from proteolytic cleavage of proteins or upon translation of non-annotated out of frame transcripts, can block DNA methylation and hereby regulate gene expression. Peptides entering the body by digestion of food-related proteins can modulate DNA methylation and/or histone acetylation while environmental peptides, synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and marine sponges, mainly inhibit histone deacetylation. In addition, synthetic peptides that reverse or inhibit different epigenetic modifications of both histones and the DNA can be developed as well. Next to these DNA and histone modifications, peptides can also influence the expression of non-coding RNAs such as lncRNAs and the maturation of miRNAs. Seen the advantages over small molecules, the development of peptide therapeutics is an interesting approach to treat diseases with a strong epigenetic basis like cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. To date, only a limited number of drugs with a proven epigenetic mechanism of action have been approved by the FDA of which two (romidepsin and nesiritide) are peptides. A large knowledge gap concerning epigenetic effects of peptides is present, and this class of molecules deserves more attention in the development as epigenetic modulators. In addition, none of the currently approved peptide drugs are under investigation for their potential effects on epigenetics, hampering drug repositioning of these peptides to other indications with an epigenetic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorick Janssens
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Protein Science, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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6
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Kudo N, Ito A, Arata M, Nakata A, Yoshida M. Identification of a novel small molecule that inhibits deacetylase but not defatty-acylase reaction catalysed by SIRT2. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0070. [PMID: 29685974 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT2 is a member of the human sirtuin family of proteins and possesses NAD+-dependent lysine deacetylase/deacylase activity. SIRT2 has been implicated in carcinogenesis in various cancers including leukaemia and is considered an attractive target for cancer therapy. Here, we identified NPD11033, a selective small-molecule SIRT2 inhibitor, by a high-throughput screen using the RIKEN NPDepo chemical library. NPD11033 was largely inactive against other sirtuins and zinc-dependent deacetylases. Crystallographic analysis revealed a unique mode of action, in which NPD11033 creates a hydrophobic cavity behind the substrate-binding pocket after a conformational change of the Zn-binding small domain of SIRT2. Furthermore, it forms a hydrogen bond to the active site histidine residue. In addition, NPD11033 inhibited cell growth of human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells with a concomitant increase in the acetylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A, a physiological substrate of SIRT2. Importantly, NPD11033 failed to inhibit defatty-acylase activity of SIRT2, despite its potent inhibitory effect on its deacetylase activity. Thus, NPD11033 will serve as a useful tool for both developing novel anti-cancer agents and elucidating the role of SIRT2 in various cellular biological processes.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Frontiers in epigenetic chemical biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kudo
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mayumi Arata
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakata
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan .,Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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7
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Zhao L, Wang Z, Zhang H, Li W, Yue Q, Jin Y. Design, Preparation of 3-Hydroxy Isoindolinone Cyclotripeptides, and the In Vitro
Antitumor Activities Against Cervical Carcinoma HeLa Cells. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
| | - Wenting Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
| | - Qunfeng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
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8
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Sixto-López Y, Bello M, Correa-Basurto J. Insights into structural features of HDAC1 and its selectivity inhibition elucidated by Molecular dynamic simulation and Molecular Docking. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:584-610. [PMID: 29447615 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1441072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of proteins whose main function is the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues located on histone and non-histone substrates, which regulates gene transcription and other activities in cells. HDAC1 dysfunction has been implicated in cancer development and progression; thus, its inhibition has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy. Two additional metal binding sites (Site 1 and Site 2) in HDACs have been described that are primarily occupied by potassium ions, suggesting a possible structural role that affects HDAC activity. In this work, we explored the structural role of potassium ions in Site 1 and Site 2 and how they affect the interactions of compounds with high affinities for HDAC1 (AC1OCG0B, Chlamydocin, Dacinostat and Quisinostat) and SAHA (a pan-inhibitor) using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in concert with a Molecular-Mechanics-Generalized-Born-Surface-Area (MMGBSA) approach. Four models were generated: one with a potassium ion (K+) in both sites (HDAC1k), a second with K+ only at site 1 (HDAC1ks1), a third with K+ only at site 2 (HDAC1ks2) and a fourth with no K+ (HDAC1wk). We found that the presence or absence of K+ not only impacted the structural flexibility of HDAC1, but also its molecular recognition, consistent with experimental findings. These results could therefore be useful for further structure-based drug design studies addressing new HDAC1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudibeth Sixto-López
- a Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación , Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City 11340 , Mexico
| | - Martiniano Bello
- a Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación , Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City 11340 , Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- a Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación , Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City 11340 , Mexico
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9
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Kurita K, Sakamoto T, Yagi N, Sakamoto Y, Ito A, Nishino N, Sako K, Yoshida M, Kimura H, Seki M, Matsunaga S. Live imaging of H3K9 acetylation in plant cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45894. [PMID: 28418019 PMCID: PMC5394682 DOI: 10.1038/srep45894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of histone acetylation is important in development and cellular responses to environmental stimuli. However, the dynamics of histone acetylation at the single-cell level remains poorly understood. Here we established a transgenic plant cell line to track histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) with a modification-specific intracellular antibody (mintbody). The H3K9ac-specific mintbody fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP) was introduced into tobacco BY-2 cells. We successfully demonstrated that H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP interacted with H3K9ac in vivo. The ratio of nuclear/cytoplasmic H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP detected in quantitative analysis reflected the endogenous H3K9ac levels. Under chemically induced hyperacetylation conditions with histone deacetylase inhibitors including trichostatin A, Ky-2 and Ky-14, significant enhancement of H3K9ac was detected by H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP dependent on the strength of inhibitors. Conversely, treatment with a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, C646 caused a reduction in the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio of H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP. Using this system, we assessed the environmental responses of H3K9ac and found that cold and salt stresses enhanced H3K9ac in tobacco BY-2 cells. In addition, a combination of H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine labelling confirmed that H3K9ac level is constant during interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kurita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takuya Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Yagi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norikazu Nishino
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Kaori Sako
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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10
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Zhao L, Zhang H, Cui J, Zhao M, Wang Z, Yue Q, Jin Y. Photo-induced synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of Fenestin A analogs. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03363j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two bioactive Fenestin A analogs were synthesized by photo-induced cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Jianing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Meiqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Qunfeng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
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11
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Maolanon AR, Kristensen HME, Leman LJ, Ghadiri MR, Olsen CA. Natural and Synthetic Macrocyclic Inhibitors of the Histone Deacetylase Enzymes. Chembiochem 2016; 18:5-49. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex R. Maolanon
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Helle M. E. Kristensen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Luke J. Leman
- Department of Chemistry; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Department of Chemistry; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Christian A. Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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12
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Zhang S, De Leon Rodriguez LM, Lacey E, Piggott AM, Leung IKH, Brimble MA. Cyclization of Linear Tetrapeptides Containing N
-Methylated Amino Acids by using 1-Propanephosphonic Acid Anhydride. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland; 23 Symonds St 1142 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Luis M. De Leon Rodriguez
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery; The University of Auckland; 1142 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies; Building C; 28-54 Percival Rd. 2164 Smithfield NSW Australia
| | - Andrew M. Piggott
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Macquarie University; 2109 NSW Australia
| | - Ivanhoe K. H. Leung
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland; 23 Symonds St 1142 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland; 23 Symonds St 1142 Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery; The University of Auckland; 1142 Auckland New Zealand
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13
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Choubey SK, Jeyaraman J. A mechanistic approach to explore novel HDAC1 inhibitor using pharmacophore modeling, 3D- QSAR analysis, molecular docking, density functional and molecular dynamics simulation study. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 70:54-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Ueoka R, Hitora Y, Ito A, Yoshida M, Okada S, Takada K, Matsunaga S. Curacin E from the Brittle Star Ophiocoma scolopendrina. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2754-2757. [PMID: 27684202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract of the brittle star Ophiocoma scolopendrina afforded curacin E (1), a congener of curacin A (2). Curacin A (2) is an antimitotic agent of cyanobacterial origin. The structure of curacin E was studied by interpretation of NMR data and the ECD spectrum. Curacin E has an ethylcarbonyl terminus in its side chain and inhibits the proliferation of P388 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ueoka
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuki Hitora
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Chemical Genomics Reserach Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , Wako Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN , Wako Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genomics Reserach Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , Wako Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN , Wako Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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15
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Ganai SA. Histone deacetylase inhibitor pracinostat in doublet therapy: a unique strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy and to tackle herculean cancer chemoresistance. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1926-1935. [PMID: 26853619 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1135966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have shown promising results in neurodegeneration and cancer. Hydroxamate HDACi, including vorinostat, have shown encouraging results in haematological malignancies, but the poor pharmacokinetic of these inhibitors leads to insufficient tumour concentration limiting their application against solid malignancies. Objective This article deals with novel HDAC inhibitor pracinostat (SB939) and delineates its therapeutic role in solid and haematological malignancies. The article provides rigorous details about the underlying molecular mechanisms modulated by pracinostat to exert cytotoxic effect. The article further highlights the doublet therapy that may be used to tackle monotonous cancer chemoresistance. Methods Both old and the latest literature on pracinostat was retrieved from diverse sources, such as PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, general Google search using both pracinostat and SB939 keywords in various ways: after thorough evaluation the topic which can fulfil the current gap was chosen. Results Pracinostat shows potent anticancer activity against both solid and haematological malignancies compared to the FDA-approved drug vorinostat. This marvellous inhibitor has better physicochemical, pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties than the defined inhibitor vorinostat. Pracinostat has >100-fold more affinity towards HDACs compared to other zinc-dependent metalloenzymes and shows maximum efficacy when used in doublet therapy. Conclusion Pracinostat shows potent anticancer activity even against therapeutically challenging cancers when used in doublet therapy. However, the triplet combination studies of the defined inhibitor that may prove even more beneficial are still undone, emphasizing the desperate need of further research in the defined gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Ganai
- a Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology , Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir , Shalimar , Srinagar , Jammu & Kashmir , India
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16
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Okuda K, Ito A, Uehara T. Regulation of Histone Deacetylase 6 Activity via S-Nitrosylation. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:1434-7. [PMID: 26328501 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous regulatory factor produced by NO synthases (NOS) and it plays several critical roles via S-nitrosylation of protein cysteine residues. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) functions in the maintenance/balance of chromatin acetylation and contributes to transcriptional supression. It has been reported that S-nitrosylation of HDAC2 is involved in the regulation of deacetylase activity. However, it remains unknown whether other subtypes of the HDAC family are S-nitrosylated. In the present study, we found that HDAC6 is a target of NO. A biotin-switch assay revealed that endogenous HDAC6 is S-nitrosylated by both NO donors and NO derived from the inducible type of NOS in cells treated with cytokines. NO led to suppressed deacetylase activity in vitro and increased acetylated α-tubulin, a major substrate for HDAC6, in A549 cells. These findings suggest that S-nitrosylation of HDAC6 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of protein acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosaku Okuda
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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17
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Ganai SA. Histone deacetylase inhibitor givinostat: the small-molecule with promising activity against therapeutically challenging haematological malignancies. J Chemother 2016; 28:247-54. [PMID: 27121910 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2016.1145375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetyl transferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are counteracting epigenetic enzymes regulating the turnover of histone acetylation thereby regulating transcriptional events in a precise manner. Deregulation of histone acetylation caused by aberrant expression of HDACs plays a key role in tumour onset and progression making these enzymes as candidate targets for anticancer drugs and therapy. Small-molecules namely histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) modulating the biological function of HDACs have shown multiple biological effects including differentiation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumour models. HDACi in general have been described in plethora of reviews with respect to various cancers. However, no review article is available describing thoroughly the role of inhibitor givinostat (ITF2357 or [6-(diethylaminomethyl) naphthalen-2-yl] methyl N-[4-(hydroxycarbamoyl) phenyl] carbamate) in haematological malignancies. Thus, the present review explores the intricate role of novel inhibitor givinostat in the defined malignancies including multiple myeloma, acute myelogenous leukaemia, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma apart from myeloproliferative neoplasms. The distinct molecular mechanisms triggered by this small-molecule inhibitor in these cancers to exert cytotoxic effect have also been dealt with. The article also highlights the combination strategy that can be used for enhancing the therapeutic efficiency of this inhibitor in the upcoming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Ganai
- a Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology , SKUAST-Kashmir , Srinagar , India
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18
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Ganai SA. Histone deacetylase inhibitor sulforaphane: The phytochemical with vibrant activity against prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 81:250-257. [PMID: 27261601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are closely involved in the patho-physiology of prostate cancer. Histone deacetylases (HDACs), the transcriptional corepressors have strong crosstalk with prostate cancer progression as they influence various genes related to tumour suppression. HDACs play a marked role in myriad of human cancers and as such are emerging as striking molecular targets for anticancer drugs and therapy. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), the small-molecules interfering HDACs are emerging as promising chemotherapeutic agents. These inhibitors have shown multiple effects including cell growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis in prostate cancer. The limited efficacy of HDACi as single agents in anticancer therapy has been strongly improved via novel therapeutic strategies like doublet therapy (combined therapy). More than 20HDACi have already entered into the journey of clinical trials and four have been approved by FDA against diverse cancers. This review deals with plant derived HDACi sulphoraphane (SFN; 1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)-butane) and its potential role in prostate cancer therapy along with the underlying molecular mechanism being involved. The article further highlights the therapeutic strategy that can be utilized for sensitizing conventional therapy resistant cases and for acquiring the maximum therapeutic benefit from this promising inhibitor in the upcoming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Ganai
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006 Jammu & Kashmir, India.
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19
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Ganai SA. Strategy for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of histone deacetylase inhibitor dacinostat: the novel paradigm to tackle monotonous cancer chemoresistance. Arch Pharm Res 2015:10.1007/s12272-015-0673-9. [PMID: 26481010 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate gene expression by creating the closed state of chromatin via histone hypoacetylation. Histone acetylation deregulation caused by aberrant expression of classical HDACs leads to imprecise gene regulation culminating in various diseases including cancer. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), the small-molecules modulating the biological function of HDACs have shown promising results in inducing cell cycle arrest, differentiation and apoptosis in tumour models. HDACi do not show desired cytotoxic effect when used in monotherapy due to triggering of various resistance mechanisms in cancer cells emphasizing the desperate need of novel strategies that can be used to overcome such challenges. The present article provides intricate details about the novel HDACi dacinostat (LAQ-824) against multiple myeloma and acute myeloid leukaemia. The distinct molecular mechanisms modulated by dacinostat in exerting cytotoxic effect against the defined malignancies have also been detailed. The article also explains the strategy that can be used to circumvent the conventional therapy resistant cases and for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of dacinostat for effective anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Ganai
- Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, India.
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20
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An efficient synthesis of SK-658 and its analogs as potent histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2015; 59:145-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Islam MN, Islam MS, Hoque MA, Kato T, Nishino N, Ito A, Yoshida M. Bicyclic tetrapeptide histone deacetylase inhibitors with methoxymethyl ketone and boronic acid zinc-binding groups. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:121-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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RETRACTED: Design and synthesis of CHAP31, trapoxin B and HC-toxin based bicyclic tetrapeptides disulfide as potent histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3850-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Hoque MA, Islam MS, Islam MN, Kato T, Nishino N, Ito A, Yoshida M. Design and synthesis of mono and bicyclic tetrapeptides thioester as potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2435-44. [PMID: 25048030 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a promising class of anticancer agents that have an effect on gene regulation. The naturally occurring cyclic depsipeptide FK228 containing disulfide and Largazole possessing thioester functionalities act as pro-drugs and share the same HDAC inhibition mechanism in cell. Inspired from these facts, we have reported bicyclic tetrapeptide disulfide HDAC inhibitors resembling FK228 with potent activity and enhanced selectivity. In the present study, we report the design and synthesis of several mono and bicyclic tetrapeptide thioester HDAC inhibitors that share the inhibition mechanism similar to Largazole. Most of the compounds showed HDAC1 and HDAC4 inhibition and p21 promoting activity in nanomolar ranges. Among these the monocyclic peptides 1, 2 and bicyclic peptide, 4 are notable demanding more advanced research to be promising anticancer drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashraful Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia,
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24
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Islam MN, Islam MS, Hoque MA, Kato T, Nishino N, Ito A, Yoshida M. Bicyclic tetrapeptides as potent HDAC inhibitors: effect of aliphatic loop position and hydrophobicity on inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3862-70. [PMID: 25022972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibiting bicyclic tetrapeptides have been designed and synthesized through intramolecular ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction and peptide cyclization. We designed bicyclic tetrapeptides based on CHAP31, trapoxin B and HC-toxin I. The HDAC inhibitory and p21 promoter assay results showed that the aliphatic loop position as well as the hydrophobicity plays an important role toward the activity of the bicyclic tetrapeptide HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Islam
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashraful Hoque
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Tamaki Kato
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
| | - Norikazu Nishino
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory/Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory/Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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25
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Li XH, Huang ML, Wang SM, Wang Q. Selective Inhibition of Bicyclic Tetrapeptide Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor on HDAC4 and K562 Leukemia Cell. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:7095-100. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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26
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Synthesis and evaluation of N⁸-acetylspermidine analogues as inhibitors of bacterial acetylpolyamine amidohydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4530-40. [PMID: 23790721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are small essential polycations involved in many biological processes. Enzymes of polyamine metabolism have been extensively studied and are attractive drug targets. Nevertheless, the reversible acetylation of polyamines remains poorly understood. Although eukaryotic N(8)-acetylspermidine deacetylase activity has already been detected and studied, the specific enzyme responsible for this activity has not yet been identified. However, a zinc deacetylase from Mycoplana ramosa, acetylpolyamine amidohydrolase (APAH), has been reported to use various acetylpolyamines as substrates. The recently solved crystal structure of this polyamine deacetylase revealed the formation of an 'L'-shaped active site tunnel at the dimer interface, with ideal dimensions and electrostatic properties for accommodating narrow, flexible, cationic polyamine substrates. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of N(8)-acetylspermidine analogues bearing different zinc binding groups as potential inhibitors of APAH. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibit modest potency, with IC₅₀ values in the mid-micromolar range, but compounds bearing hydroxamate or trifluoromethylketone zinc binding groups exhibit enhanced inhibitory potency in the mid-nanomolar range. These inhibitors will enable future explorations of acetylpolyamine function in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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27
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Traoré M, Mietton F, Maubon D, Peuchmaur M, Francisco Hilário F, Pereira de Freitas R, Bougdour A, Curt A, Maynadier M, Vial H, Pelloux H, Hakimi MA, Wong YS. Flexible Synthesis and Evaluation of Diverse Anti-Apicomplexa Cyclic Peptides. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3655-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4001492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Traoré
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Flore Mietton
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Danièle Maubon
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, BP
217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Marine Peuchmaur
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Flaviane Francisco Hilário
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais,
Brasil
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Bougdour
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Aurélie Curt
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, BP
217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Marjorie Maynadier
- Dynamique
des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier 2,
CNRS UMR 5235, CP 107, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex
5, France
| | - Henri Vial
- Dynamique
des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier 2,
CNRS UMR 5235, CP 107, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex
5, France
| | - Hervé Pelloux
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, BP
217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Mohamed-Ali Hakimi
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Yung-Sing Wong
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Matsubara K, Lee AR, Kishigami S, Ito A, Matsumoto K, Chi H, Nishino N, Yoshida M, Hosoi Y. Dynamics and regulation of lysine-acetylation during one-cell stage mouse embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shimazu T, Hirschey MD, Newman J, He W, Shirakawa K, Le Moan N, Grueter CA, Lim H, Saunders LR, Stevens RD, Newgard CB, Farese RV, de Cabo R, Ulrich S, Akassoglou K, Verdin E. Suppression of oxidative stress by β-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor. Science 2012; 339:211-4. [PMID: 23223453 DOI: 10.1126/science.1227166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1178] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of acetyl-coenzyme A and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) affect histone acetylation and thereby couple cellular metabolic status and transcriptional regulation. We report that the ketone body d-β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) is an endogenous and specific inhibitor of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs). Administration of exogenous βOHB, or fasting or calorie restriction, two conditions associated with increased βOHB abundance, all increased global histone acetylation in mouse tissues. Inhibition of HDAC by βOHB was correlated with global changes in transcription, including that of the genes encoding oxidative stress resistance factors FOXO3A and MT2. Treatment of cells with βOHB increased histone acetylation at the Foxo3a and Mt2 promoters, and both genes were activated by selective depletion of HDAC1 and HDAC2. Consistent with increased FOXO3A and MT2 activity, treatment of mice with βOHB conferred substantial protection against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Shimazu
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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30
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Islam MS, Bhuiyan MPI, Islam MN, Nsiama TK, Oishi N, Kato T, Nishino N, Ito A, Yoshida M. Evaluation of functional groups on amino acids in cyclic tetrapeptides in histone deacetylase inhibition. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2103-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Islam NM, Kato T, Nishino N, Kim HJ, Ito A, Yoshida M. Bicyclic peptides as potent inhibitors of histone deacetylases: optimization of alkyl loop length. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:997-9. [PMID: 20045316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic tetrapeptide hydroxamic acids were prepared as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and the evaluated inhibitory activity shows that they are potent against HDAC1 and HDAC4. The in vivo activity depends on alkyl loop length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul M Islam
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
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32
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Vire B, de Walque S, Restouin A, Olive D, Van Lint C, Collette Y. Anti-leukemia activity of MS-275 histone deacetylase inhibitor implicates 4-1BBL/4-1BB immunomodulatory functions. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7085. [PMID: 19759901 PMCID: PMC2738963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have demonstrated promising therapeutic potential in clinical trials for hematological malignancies. HDACi, such as SAHA/Vorinostat, Trichostatin A, and MS-275 were found to induce apoptosis of leukemic blasts through activation of the death receptor pathway and transcriptional induction of the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-related pro-apoptotic family members, TRAIL and FasL. The impact of HDACi on TNF-related costimulatory molecules such as 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL/TNFSF9) is however not known. Following exposure to SAHA/Vorinostat, Trichostatin A, and MS-275, transcript levels were determined by real time PCR in Jurkat, Raji and U937 cells. Treatment with HDACi up-regulated TNFSF9 gene expression in the three leukemia cell lines, yet to different extend and with distinct kinetics, which did not require de novo protein synthesis and was not associated with DNAse I hypersensitive chromatin remodeling. Transcriptional activity of TNFSF9 promoter-luciferase constructs was induced up to 12 fold by HDACi, and implication of Sp1/Sp3 transcription factors binding to functional GC-box elements was evidenced by reporter gene assays, site-directed mutagenesis, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Functionality of modulated target genes was assessed in allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction experiments. MS-275- and to a lesser extent Trichostatin A- and SAHA-treated Raji cells significantly up regulated T lymphocytes proliferation which was reduced by about 50% by a 4-1BB blocking recombinant protein, while MS-275- but neither Trichostatin A- nor SAHA-treated cells up-regulated IFNγ secretion by T lymphocytes. Our results identify 4-1BBL/4-1BB as a downstream target of HDACi, especially of MS-275 anti-leukemia action in vitro. Thus, HDACi such as MS-275 displaying dual TNF-dependent proapoptotic and costimulatory activities might be favored for inclusion in HDACi-based anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Vire
- INSERM U891, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane de Walque
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Gosselies, Belgique
| | - Audrey Restouin
- INSERM U891, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- INSERM U891, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Gosselies, Belgique
| | - Yves Collette
- INSERM U891, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Iijima Y, Munakata A, Shin-ya K, Ganesan A, Doi T, Takahashi T. A solid-phase total synthesis of the cyclic depsipeptide HDAC inhibitor spiruchostatin A. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Zinc bioinorganic chemistry has emphasized the role of the metal ion on the structure and function of the protein. There is, more recently, an increasing appreciation of the role of zinc proteins in a variety of human diseases. This critical review, aimed at both bioinorganic and medicinal chemists, shows how apparently widely-diverging diseases share the common mechanistic approaches of targeting the essential function of the metal ion to inhibit activity. Protein structure and function is briefly summarized in the context of its clinical relevance. The status of current and potential inhibitors is discussed along with the prospects for future developments (162 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Anzellotti
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 842006, Richmond, VA23284, USA
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Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins are transcription regulators linked to cancer. As a result, multiple small molecule HDAC inhibitors are in various phases of clinical trials as anti-cancer drugs. The majority of HDAC inhibitors non-selectively influence the activities of eleven human HDAC isoforms, which are divided into distinct classes. This tutorial review focuses on the recent progress toward the identification of class-selective and isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors. The emerging trends suggest that subtle differences in the active sites of the HDAC isoforms can be exploited to dictate selectivity.
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Nishino N, Shivashimpi GM, Soni PB, Bhuiyan MPI, Kato T, Maeda S, Nishino TG, Yoshida M. Interaction of aliphatic cap group in inhibition of histone deacetylases by cyclic tetrapeptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:437-45. [PMID: 17900911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a promising class of anticancer agents that effect gene regulation. To know the interaction of aliphatic cap groups with HDACs, cyclic tetrapeptide and bicyclic peptide disulfide hybrids were synthesized without aromatic ring in their macrocyclic framework. Benzene ring of l-Phe in chlamydocin was replaced with several aliphatic amino acids and also a fused bicyclic tetrapeptide was synthesized by ring closing metathesis using Grubb's first generation catalyst. The inhibitory activities of the cyclic peptides against histone deacetylase enzymes were evaluated, which demonstrated most of them are interesting candidates as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Nishino
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan.
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors: a novel class of anti-cancer agents on its way to the market. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008; 46:205-80. [PMID: 18381127 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(07)00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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38
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Shivashimpi GM, Amagai S, Kato T, Nishino N, Maeda S, Nishino TG, Yoshida M. Molecular design of histone deacetylase inhibitors by aromatic ring shifting in chlamydocin framework. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7830-9. [PMID: 17881232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydocin, a cyclic tetrapeptide containing aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), l-phenylalanine (l-Phe), d-proline (d-Pro), and a unique amino acid l-2-amino-8-oxo-9,10-epoxydecanoic acid, inhibits the histone deacetylases (HDACs), a class of enzymes, which play important roles in regulation of gene expression. Sulfur containing amino acids can also inhibit potently, so zinc ligand, such as sulfhydryl group connected with a linker to the so-called capping group, corresponding to cyclic tetrapeptide framework in case of chlamydocin is supposed to interact with the surface of HDAC molecule. Various changes in amino acid residues in chlamydocin may afford specific inhibitors toward HDAC paralogs. To find out specific inhibitors, we focused on benzene ring of l-Phe in chlamydocin framework to shift to various parts of cyclic tetrapeptide. We prepared and introduced several aromatic amino acids into the cyclic tetrapeptides. By evaluating inhibitory activity of these macrocyclic peptides against HDACs, we could find potent inhibitors by shifting the aromatic ring to the Aib site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj M Shivashimpi
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
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Riester D, Hildmann C, Schwienhorst A. Histone deacetylase inhibitors--turning epigenic mechanisms of gene regulation into tools of therapeutic intervention in malignant and other diseases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:499-514. [PMID: 17377788 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors reside among the most promising targeted anticancer agents that are potent inducers of growth arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptotic cell death of transformed cells. In October 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first drug of this new class, vorinostat (1, Zolinza, Merck). Several histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors more are in clinical trials. HDAC inhibitors have shown significant activity against a variety of hematological and solid tumors at doses that are well tolerated by patients, both in monotherapy as well as in combination therapy with other drugs. This paper reviews the most recent developments in HDAC inhibitor design, particularly in the context of anticancer therapy, and other possible pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Riester
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Preparative Molecular Biology, Institute for Microbiology und Genetics, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Cheng X, Zhang X. Structural dynamics of protein lysine methylation and demethylation. Mutat Res 2007; 618:102-15. [PMID: 17374386 PMCID: PMC2588418 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lysine methylation plays a central role in the "histone code" that regulates chromatin structure, impacts transcription, and responds to DNA damage. A single lysine can be mono-, di-, tri-methylated, or unmethylated, with different functional consequences for each of the four forms. This review (written in the early 2006) described structural aspects of methylation of histone lysine residues by two enzyme families with entirely different structural scaffolding (the SET proteins and Dot1p), and the protein motifs that recognize (decode) these methyl-lysine signals. We also discuss the recently discovered protein lysine demethylating enzymes (LSD1 and JmjC domains).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Chapter 21 Recent Advances in the Medicinal Chemistry of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(07)42021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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