Synthesis, docking, and in vitro activity of thiosemicarbazones, aminoacyl-thiosemicarbazides and acyl-thiazolidones against Trypanosoma cruzi

DNA G-quadruplexes in the genome of Trypanosoma cruzi as potential therapeutic targets for Chagas disease: Dithienylethene ligands as effective antiparasitic agents

Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and affects over 7 million people worldwide. The two actual treatments, Benznidazole (Bzn) and Nifurtimox, cause serious side effects due to their high toxicity leading to treatment abandonment by the patients. In this work, we propose DNA G-quadruplexes (G4) as potential therapeutic targets for this infectious disease. We have found 174 PQS per 100,000 nucleotides in the genome of T. cruzi and confirmed G4 formation of three frequent motifs. We synthesized a family of 14 quadruplex ligands based in the dithienylethene (DTE) scaffold and demonstrated their binding to these identified G4 sequences. Several DTE derivatives exhibited micromolar activity against epimastigotes of four different strains of T. cruzi, in the same concentration range as Bzn. Compounds L3 and L4 presented remarkable activity against trypomastigotes, the active form in blood, of T. cruzi SOL strain (IC50 = 1.5-3.3 μM, SI = 25-40.9), being around 40 times more active than Bzn and displaying much better selectivity indexes.

1,3-Thiazole derivatives as privileged structures for anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity: Rational design, synthesis, in silico and in vitro studies

Chagas disease is a deadly and centenary neglected disease that is recently surging as a potential global threat. Approximately 30% of infected individuals develop chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy and current treatment with the reference benznidazole (BZN) is ineffective for this stage. We presently report the structural planning, synthesis, characterization, molecular docking prediction, cytotoxicity, in vitro bioactivity and mechanistic studies on the anti-T. cruzi activity of a series of 16 novel 1,3-thiazoles (2-17) derived from thiosemicarbazones (1a, 1b) in a two-step and reproducible Hantzsch-based synthesis approach. The anti-T. cruzi activity was evaluated in vitro against the epimastigote, amastigote and trypomastigote forms of the parasite. In the bioactivity assays, all thiazoles were more potent than BZN against epimastigotes. We found that the compounds presented an overall increased anti-tripomastigote selectivity (Cpd 8 was 24-fold more selective) than BZN, and they mostly presented anti-amastigote activity at very low doses (from 3.65 μM, cpd 15). Mechanistic studies on cell death suggested that the series of 1,3-thiazole compounds herein reported cause parasite cell death through apoptosis, but without compromising the mitochondrial membrane potential. In silico prediction of physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters showed promising drug-like results, being all the reported compounds in compliance with Lipinski and Veber rules. In summary, our work contributes towards a more rational design of potent and selective antitripanosomal drugs, using affordable methodology to yield industrially viable drug candidates.

ACW-02 an Acridine Triazolidine Derivative Presents Antileishmanial Activity Mediated by DNA Interaction and Immunomodulation

The present study proposed the synthesis of a novel acridine derivative not yet described in the literature, chemical characterization by NMR, MS, and IR, followed by investigations of its antileishmanial potential. In vitro assays were performed to assess its antileishmanial activity against L. amazonensis strains and cytotoxicity against macrophages through MTT assay and annexin V-FITC/PI, and the ability to perform an immunomodulatory action using CBA. To investigate possible molecular targets, its interaction with DNA in vitro and in silico targets were evaluated. As results, the compound showed good antileishmanial activity, with IC50 of 6.57 (amastigotes) and 94.97 (promastigotes) µg mL-1, associated with non-cytotoxicity to macrophages (CC50 > 256.00 µg mL-1). When assessed by flow cytometry, 99.8% of macrophages remained viable. The compound induced an antileishmanial effect in infected macrophages and altered TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-6 expression, suggesting a slight immunomodulatory activity. DNA assay showed an interaction with the minor grooves due to the hyperchromic effect of 47.53% and Kb 1.17 × 106 M-1, and was sustained by docking studies. Molecular dynamics simulations and MM-PBSA calculations propose cysteine protease B as a possible target. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the new compound is a promising molecule and contributes as a model for future works.

Small molecules containing chalcogen elements (S, Se, Te) as new warhead to fight neglected tropical diseases

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) encompass a group of infectious diseases with a protozoan etiology, high incidence, and prevalence in developing countries. As a result, economic factors constitute one of the main obstacles to their management. Endemic countries have high levels of poverty, deprivation and marginalization which affect patients and limit their access to proper medical care. As a matter of fact, statistics remain uncollected in some affected areas due to non-reporting cases. World Health Organization and other organizations proposed a plan for the eradication and control of the vector, although many of these plans were halted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite of the available drugs to treat these pathologies, it exists a lack of effectiveness against several parasite strains. Treatment protocols for diseases such as American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), leishmaniasis, and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) have not achieved the desired results. Unfortunately, these drugs present limitations such as side effects, toxicity, teratogenicity, renal, and hepatic impairment, as well as high costs that have hindered the control and eradication of these diseases. This review focuses on the analysis of a collection of scientific shreds of evidence with the aim of identifying novel chalcogen-derived molecules with biological activity against Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and HAT. Compounds illustrated in each figure share the distinction of containing at least one chalcogen element. Sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te) have been grouped and analyzed in accordance with their design strategy, chemical synthesis process and biological activity. After an exhaustive revision of the related literature on S, Se, and Te compounds, 183 compounds presenting excellent biological performance were gathered against the different causative agents of CD, leishmaniasis and HAT.

Synthesis, molecular modelling and antibacterial activity of 4-aryl-thiosemicarbazides

N-Substituted phenyl/cyclohexyl-2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl) hydrazine-1-carbothioamides (2a–r) were synthesized, characterized by spectral and analytical data. The compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion method. Most of the compounds showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Compound 2h with 4-Sulfapyrimidine phenyl substitution was found to be the most promising candidate, active against Gram-positive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of (2–7 μg/mL). From the docking study, we predicted that compounds (2r, 2g, 2h, 2o, 2p and 2e) possess better antibacterial activity by having a good binding affinity with target protein and they could be used as potential drugs as antimicrobials. Amongst all the docked compounds, the compound 2h presented near binding affinity & interaction docking score with DNA gyrase enzymes with reference to ciprofloxacin.

Thio- and selenosemicarbazones as antiprotozoal agents against Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichomonas vaginalis

Herein, we report the preparation of a panel of Schiff bases analogues as antiprotozoal agents by modification of the stereoelectronic effects of the substituents on N-1 and N-4 and the nature of the chalcogen atom (S, Se). These compounds were evaluated towards Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichomonas vaginalis. Thiosemicarbazide 31 showed the best trypanocidal profile (epimastigotes), similar to benznidazole (BZ): IC₅₀ (31)=28.72 μM (CL-B5 strain) and 33.65 μM (Y strain), IC₅₀ (BZ)=25.31 μM (CL-B5) and 22.73 μM (Y); it lacked toxicity over mammalian cells (CC₅₀ > 256 µM). Thiosemicarbazones 49, 51 and 63 showed remarkable trichomonacidal effects (IC₅₀ =16.39, 14.84 and 14.89 µM) and no unspecific cytotoxicity towards Vero cells (CC₅₀ ≥ 275 µM). Selenoisosters 74 and 75 presented a slightly enhanced activity (IC₅₀=11.10 and 11.02 µM, respectively). Hydrogenosome membrane potential and structural changes were analysed to get more insight into the trichomonacidal mechanism.

Synthesis, conformation and Hirshfeld surface analysis of benzoxazole methyl ester as a versatile building block for heterocycles

Solventless cyclocondensation of 2-aminothiophenol with thiourea afforded the benzo[d]oxazole-2-thiol (3a) capable of existing also in the tautomeric form benzo[d]oxazole-2(3H)-thione (3b). Acylation with methyl chloroacetate in dry ethanol in absence of any base or catalyst selectively afforded the S-substituted ester 2-(methoxycarbonylmethylthio)benzo[d]oxazole (4a) in preference to the corresponding N-substituted ester N-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)thioxobenzoxazole (4b). Quantum chemical calculations were conducted to determine the conformational landscape and NBO population analysis showed the strong electronic delocalization via resonance interactions on the 2-mercaptobenzaxazole group. The anomeric effect and the occurrence of a 1,4-S···O intramolecular interactions suggest the relevance of chalcogen bonding in the conformational preference. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H⋯H (33.2%), H⋯O/O⋯H (19.9%) and H⋯C/C⋯H (17.8%) interactions. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions are the dominant interactions in the crystal packing. Computational chemistry indicates that in the crystal, the C-H⋯O hydrogen-bond energy is 44.8 kJ mol-1.

Structural improvement of new thiazolyl-isatin derivatives produces potent and selective trypanocidal and leishmanicidal compounds

Neglected diseases are a group of transmissible diseases that occur mostly in countries in tropical climates. Among this group, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis stand out, considered threats to global health. Treatment for these diseases is limited. Therefore, there is a need for new therapies against these diseases. In this sense, our proposal consisted of developing two series of compounds, using a molecular hybridization of the heterocyclic isatin and thiazole. The isatin and thiazole ring are important scaffold for several biological disorders, including antiparasitic ones. Herein, thiazolyl-isatin has been synthesized from respective thiosemicarbazone or phenyl-thiosemicarbazone, being some of these new thiazolyl-isatin toxic for trypomastigotes without affecting macrophages viability. From this series, compounds 2e (IC₅₀ = 4.43 μM), 2j (IC₅₀ = 2.05 μM), 2l (IC₅₀ = 4.12 μM) and 2m (1.72 μM) showed the best anti-T. cruzi activity for trypomastigote form presenting a selectivity index higher than Benznidazole (BZN). Compounds 2j, 2l and 2m were able to induce a significantly labelling compatible with necrosis in trypomastigotes. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed that T. cruzi trypomastigote cells treated with the compound 2m from IC₅₀ concentrations, promoted changes in the shape, flagella and surface of body causing of the parasite dead. Concerning leishmanicidal evaluation against L. amazonensis and L. infantum, compounds 2l (IC₅₀ = 7.36 and 7.97 μM, respectively) and 2m (6.17 and 6.04 μM, respectively) showed the best activity for promastigote form, besides showed a higher selectivity than Miltefosine. Thus, compounds 2l and 2m showed dual in vitro trypanosomicidal and leishmanicidal activities. A structural activity relationship study showed that thiazolyl-isatin derivatives from phenyl-thiosemicarbazone (2a-m) were, in general, more active than thiazolyl-isatin derivatives from thiosemicarbazone (1a-g). Crystallography studies revealed a different configuration between series 1a-g and 2a-m. The configuration and spatial arrangement divergent between the two sub-series could explain the improved biological activity profile of 2a-m sub-series.

Artificial Intelligence, Big Data and Machine Learning Approaches in Precision Medicine & Drug Discovery

Artificial Intelligence revolutionizes the drug development process that can quickly identify potential biologically active compounds from millions of candidate within a short period. The present review is an overview based on some applications of Machine Learning based tools, such as GOLD, Deep PVP, LIB SVM, etc. and the algorithms involved such as support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), decision tree and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), etc. at various stages of drug designing and development. These techniques can be employed in SNP discoveries, drug repurposing, ligand-based drug design (LBDD), Ligand-based Virtual Screening (LBVS) and Structure- based Virtual Screening (SBVS), Lead identification, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, and ADMET analysis. It is demonstrated that SVM exhibited better performance in indicating that the classification model will have great applications on human intestinal absorption (HIA) predictions. Successful cases have been reported which demonstrate the efficiency of SVM and RF models in identifying JFD00950 as a novel compound targeting against a colon cancer cell line, DLD-1, by inhibition of FEN1 cytotoxic and cleavage activity. Furthermore, a QSAR model was also used to predict flavonoid inhibitory effects on AR activity as a potent treatment for diabetes mellitus (DM), using ANN. Hence, in the era of big data, ML approaches have been evolved as a powerful and efficient way to deal with the huge amounts of generated data from modern drug discovery to model small-molecule drugs, gene biomarkers and identifying the novel drug targets for various diseases.

Privileged Structures in the Design of Potential Drug Candidates for Neglected Diseases

Background:

Privileged motifs are recurring in a wide range of biologically active compounds that reach different pharmaceutical targets and pathways and could represent a suitable start point to access potential candidates in the neglected diseases field. The current therapies to treat these diseases are based in drugs that lack of the desired effectiveness, affordable methods of synthesis and allow a way to emergence of resistant strains. Due the lack of financial return, only few pharmaceutical companies have been investing in research for new therapeutics for neglected diseases (ND).

Methods:

Based on the literature search from 2002 to 2016, we discuss how six privileged motifs, focusing phthalimide, isatin, indole, thiosemicarbazone, thiazole, and thiazolidinone are particularly recurrent in compounds active against some of neglected diseases.

Results:

It was observed that attention was paid particularly for Chagas disease, malaria, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, dengue, African sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis - HAT) and toxoplasmosis. It was possible to verify that, among the ND, antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activities were between the most searched. Besides, thiosemicarbazone moiety seems to be the most versatile and frequently explored scaffold. As well, phthalimide, isatin, thiazole, and thiazolidone nucleus have been also explored in the ND field.

Conclusion:

Some described compounds, appear to be promising drug candidates, while others could represent a valuable inspiration in the research for new lead compounds.

Isothiochromenothiazoles-A Class of Fused Thiazolidinone Derivatives with Established Anticancer Activity That Inhibits Growth of Trypanosoma brucei brucei

Recently, thiazolidinone derivatives have been widely studied as antiparasitic agents. Previous investigations showed that fused 4-thiazolidinone derivatives (especially thiopyranothiazoles) retain pharmacological activity of their synthetic precursors-simple 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones. A series of isothiochromeno[4a,4-d][1,3] thiazoles was investigated in an in vitro assay towards bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. All compounds inhibited parasite growth at concentrations in the micromolar range. The established low acute toxicity of this class of compounds along with a good trypanocidal profile indicates that isothiochromenothiazole derivatives may be promising for designing new antitrypanosomal drugs.

Response of Paracoccidioides lutzii to the antifungal camphene thiosemicarbazide determined by proteomic analysis

Aim: To perform the proteomic profile of Paracoccidioides lutzii after treatment with the compound camphene thiosemicarbazide (TSC-C) in order to study its mode of action. Methods: Proteomic analysis was carried out after cells were incubated with TSC-C in a subinhibitory concentration. Validation of the proteomic results comprised the azocasein assay, western blot and determination of the susceptibility of a mutant to the compound. Results: Proteins related to metabolism, energy and protein fate were regulated after treatment. In addition, TSC-C reduces the proteolytic activity of the protein extract similarly to different types of protease inhibitors. Conclusion: TSC-C showed encouraging antifungal activity, working as a protease inhibitor and downregulating important pathways impairing the ability of the fungi cells to produce important precursors.

Synthesis of novel (E)-1-(2-(2-(4(dimethylamino) benzylidene) hydrazinyl)-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethanone derivatives as ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitors

Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (e5'NT), a membrane-bound enzyme and an essential member of ecto-nucleotidases which regulates extracellular purinergic signalling. Their upregulation results in various disease conditions, for example, inflammation, hypoxia and cancer. Therefore, efforts have been made to synthesize potent and selective inhibitors of e5'NT. Here we have synthesized, characterized and evaluated six thiazole derivatives (3a-3f) as potent e5'NT inhibitors. Among all derivatives, the compound (E)-1-(4-methyl-2-(2-(pyridin-3-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl) thiazol-5-yl)ethanone (3a) exhibited maximum inhibition towards both human and rat enzymes. However, their potency against h-e5'NT was 24-fold higher than r-e5'NT. Only two compounds exhibited inhibitory behaviour towards r-e5'NT. The molecular structures of these derivatives were confirmed with the help of solid-state characterization through NMR (¹H and ¹³C), FTIR and elemental analysis. Additionally, molecular docking was also implemented to explain putative bonding interaction between the active site of an enzyme and potent inhibitors.

Design and Synthesis of New Benzophenone Derivatives with In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity through Dual Inhibition of Edema and Neutrophil Recruitment

A series of novel benzophenone derivatives containing a thiazole heterocyclic nucleus were designed by molecular hybridization. Molecular docking studies have demonstrated the inhibitory potential of the designed compounds against cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes. These compounds were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory properties by the croton oil-induced ear edema assay to examine their effect on both prostaglandin (PG) production and neutrophils recruitment. The thiazole derivatives displayed a potent effect in terms of reducing ear edema. The analysis suggested that the presence of 4-phenyl-2-hydrazinothiazole and the absence of C4'-OCH₃ on the benzophenone derivative structure are strongly related to the inhibition of PG production. In addition, the derivatives 2e, 3a and 3c concomitantly inhibit PG production and neutrophil recruitment, which may be a mechanism of action better than of common NSAIDs due to their inability to inhibit the neutrophil recruitment. Thus, these compounds can be considered as potential lead compounds toward the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs with an innovating mechanism of action.

Structural design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of thiazoles against Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas disease is one of the most significant health problems in the American continent. benznidazole (BDZ) and nifurtimox (NFX) are the only drugs approved for treatment and exhibit strong side effects and ineffectiveness in the chronic stage, besides different susceptibility among T. cruzi DTUs (Discrete Typing Units). Therefore, new drugs to treat this disease are necessary. Thiazole compounds have been described as potent trypanocidal agents. Here we report the structural planning, synthesis and anti-T. cruzi evaluation of a new series of 1,3-thiazoles (7-28), which were designed by placing this heterocycle instead of thiazolidin-4-one ring. The synthesis was conducted in an ultrasonic bath with 2-propanol as solvent at room temperature. By varying substituents attached to the phenyl and thiazole rings, substituents were observed to retain, enhance or greatly increase their anti-T. cruzi activity. In some cases, methyl at position 5 of the thiazole (compounds 9, 12 and 23) increased trypanocidal property. The exchange of phenyl for pyridinyl heterocycle resulted in increased activity, giving rise to the most potent compound against the trypomasigote form (14, IC_50trypo = 0.37 μM). Importantly, these new thiazoles were toxic for trypomastigotes without affecting macrophages and cardiomyoblast viability. The compounds were also evaluated against cruzain, and five of the most active compounds against trypomastigotes (7, 9, 12, 16 and 23) inhibited more than 70% of enzymatic activity at 10 μM, among which compound 7 had an IC₅₀ in the submicromolar range, suggesting a possible mechanism of action. In addition, examination of T. cruzi cell death showed that compound 14 induces apoptosis. We also examined the activity against intracellular parasites, revealing that compound 14 inhibited T. cruzi infection with potency similar to benznidazole. The antiparasitic effect of 14 and benznidazole in combination was also investigated against trypomastigotes and revealed that they have synergistic effects, showing a promising profile for drug combination. Finally, in mice acutely-infected with T. cruzi,14 treatment significanty reduced the blood parasitaemia and had a protective effect on mortality. In conclusion, we report the identification of compounds (7), (12), (15), (23) and (26) with similar trypanocidal activity of benznidazole; compounds (9) and (21) as trypanocidal agents equipotent with BDZ, and compound 14 with potency 28 times better than the reference drug without affecting macrophages and cardiomyoblast viability. Mechanistically, the compounds inhibit cruzain, and 14 induces T. cruzi cell death by an apoptotic process, being considered a good starting point for the development of new anti-Chagas drug candidates.

Methyl (2R)-2-benzamido-2-{[(1R)-2-methoxy-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl]amino}acetate

In the title compound, C19H20N2O5, the dihedral angle between the phenyl rings is 58.85 (8)°, while that between the planes of the methyl acetate groups is 88.30 (8)°. The molecular conformation is also influenced by the presence of an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules, forming chains propagating along thea-axis direction.

Desing and synthesis of potent anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents new thiazoles derivatives which induce apoptotic parasite death

Chagas disease, caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a relevant cause of illness and premature death and it is estimated that 6 million to 7 million people are infected worldwide. Although chemotherapy options are limited presenting serious problems, such as low efficacy and high toxicity. T. cruzi is susceptible to thiazoles, making this class of compounds appealing for drug development. Previously, thiazoles resulted in an increase in anti-T. cruzi activity in comparison to thiosemicarbazones. Here, we report the structural planning, synthesis and anti-T. cruzi evaluation of new thiazoles derivatives (3a-m and 4a-m), designed from molecular hybridization associated with non-classical bioisosterism. By varying substituents attached to the phenyl and thiazole rings, substituents were observed to retain, enhance or greatly increase their anti-T. cruzi activity, in comparison to the corresponding thiosemicarbazones. In most cases, electron-withdrawing substituents, such as bromine, 3,4-dichloro and nitro groups, greatly increased antiparasitic activity. Specifically, new thiazoles were identified that inhibit the epimastigote proliferation and were toxic for trypomastigotes without affecting macrophages viability. These compounds were also evaluated against cruzain. However, inhibition of this enzyme was not observed, suggesting that the compounds work through another mechanism. In addition, examination of T. cruzi cell death showed that these molecules induce apoptosis. In conclusion, except for compounds 3h and 3k, all thiazoles derivatives evaluated exhibited higher cytotoxic activity against the trypomastigote forms than the reference medicament benznidazole, without affecting macrophages viability. Compounds 4d and 4k were highlights, CC50 = 1.2 e 1.6 μM, respectively. Mechanistically, these compounds do not inhibit the cruzain, but induce T. cruzi cell death by an apoptotic process, being considered a good starting point for the development of new anti-Chagas drug candidates.

Design, synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation of thiophen-2-iminothiazolidine derivatives for use against Trypanosoma cruzi

In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of thiophen-2-iminothiazolidine derivatives from thiophen-2-thioureic with good anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Several of the final compounds displayed remarkable trypanocidal activity. The ability of the new compounds to inhibit the activity of the enzyme cruzain, the major cysteine protease of T. cruzi, was also explored. The compounds 3b, 4b, 8b and 8c were the most active derivatives against amastigote form, with significant IC50 values between 9.7 and 6.03μM. The 8c derivative showed the highest potency against cruzain (IC50=2.4μM). Molecular docking study showed that this compound can interact with subsites S1 and S2 simultaneously, and the negative values for the theoretical energy binding (Eb=-7.39kcal·mol(-1)) indicates interaction (via dipole-dipole) between the hybridized sulfur sp(3) atom at the thiazolidine ring and Gly66. Finally, the results suggest that the thiophen-2-iminothiazolidines synthesized are important lead compounds for the continuing battle against Chagas disease.

New 1,3-thiazole derivatives and their biological and ultrastructural effects on Trypanosoma cruzi

In previous studies, the compound 3-(bromopropiophenone) thiosemicarbazone was described as a potent anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and cruzain inhibitor. In view to optimize this activity, 1,3-thiazole core was used as building-block strategy to access new lead generation of anti T. cruzi agents. In this way a series of thiazole derivatives were synthesized and most of these derivatives exhibited antiparasitic activity similar to benznidazole (Bzd). Among them, compounds (1c) and (1g) presented better selective index (SI) than Bzd. In addition, compounds showed inhibitory activity against the cruzain protease. As observed by electron microscopy, compound (1c) treatment caused irreversible and specific morphological changes on ultrastructure organization of T. cruzi, demonstrating that this class of compounds is killing parasites.

Detailed studies of the interaction of 3-chloroaniline with O,O′-diphenylphosphorylisothiocyanate

The reaction of neat 3-chloroaniline with neat SCN–P(O)(OPh)₂ leads to 1. The same reaction in non-dried CH₂Cl₂ or C₆H₆ or Me₂CO leads to 2, 3·0.5C6H6 and 4, respectively.

2-Pyridyl thiazoles as novel anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents: structural design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation

The present work reports on the synthesis, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activities and docking studies of a novel series of 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3-thiazoles derived from 2-pyridine thiosemicarbazone. The majority of these compounds are potent cruzain inhibitors and showed excellent inhibition on the trypomastigote form of the parasite, and the resulting structure-activity relationships are discussed. Together, these data present a novel series of thiazolyl hydrazones with potential effects against Chagas disease and they could be important leads in continuing development against Chagas disease.

Syntheses, spectral characterization, and antimicrobial studies on the coordination compounds of metal ions with schiff base containing both aliphatic and aromatic hydrazide moieties

An EtOH solution of 3-ketobutanehydrazide and salicylhydrazide on refluxing in equimolar ratio forms the corresponding Schiff base, LH₃ (1). The latter reacts with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Zr(OH)₂(IV), MoO₂(VI), and UO₂(VI) ions in equimolar ratio and forms the corresponding coordination compounds, [M(LH)(MeOH)₃] (2, M = Mn, Co, Ni), [Cu(LH)]₂ (3), [M′(LH)(MeOH)] (4, M′ = Zn, Cd), [Zr(OH)₂(LH)(MeOH)₂] (5), [MoO₂(LH)(MeOH)] (6), and [UO₂(LH)(MeOH)] (7). The coordination compounds have been characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, molar conductance, spectral (IR, reflectance, ¹H NMR, ESR) studies, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. They are nonelectrolytes in DMSO. The coordination compounds, except 3, are monomers in diphenyl. They are active against gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis), gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa), and yeast (S. cerevisiae, C. albicans). 1 acts as a dibasic tridentate ONO donor ligand in 2–7 coordinating through its both enolic O and azomethine N atoms. The coordination compounds 2 and 3 are paramagnetic, while rest of the compounds are diamagnetic. A square-planar structure to 3, a tetrahedral structure to 4, an octahedral structure to 2, 6, and 7, and a pentagonal bipyramidal structure to 5 are proposed.

Tau as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein thought to help modulate the stability of neuronal microtubules. In tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease and several frontotemporal dementias, tau is abnormally modified and misfolded resulting in its disassociation from microtubules and the generation of pathological lesions characteristic for each disease. A recent surge in the population of people with neurodegenerative tauopathies has highlighted the immense need for disease-modifying therapies for these conditions, and new attention has focused on tau as a potential target for intervention. In the current work we summarize evidence linking tau to disease pathogenesis and review recent therapeutic approaches aimed at ameliorating tau dysfunction. The primary therapeutic tactics considered include kinase inhibitors and phosphatase activators, immunotherapies, small molecule inhibitors of protein aggregation, and microtubule-stabilizing agents. Although the evidence for tau-based treatments is encouraging, additional work is undoubtedly needed to optimize each treatment strategy for the successful development of safe and effective therapeutics.

1-(3-Fluoro-phen-yl)-4,4,6-trimethyl-3,4-dihydro-pyrimidine-2(1H)-thione

In the title compound, C(13)H(15)FN(2)S, the dihydro-pyrimidine ring is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.086 (3) Å from the mean plane of the rest of the ring for the dimethyl-ated C atom. The benzene ring is almost perpendicular to the dihydro-pyrimidine ring, with a dihedral angle of 83.97 (14)°. The crystal packing is characterized by centrosymmetric dimers resulting from pairs of inter-molecular N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds. There are also C-H⋯π inter-actions.