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Wang R, Wei Y, Wang M, Yan P, Jiang H, Du Z. Interaction of Natural Compounds in Licorice and Turmeric with HIV-NCp7 Zinc Finger Domain: Potential Relevance to the Mechanism of Antiviral Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123563. [PMID: 34200973 PMCID: PMC8230585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleocapsid proteins (NCp) are zinc finger (ZF) proteins, and they play a central role in HIV virus replication, mainly by interacting with nucleic acids. Therefore, they are potential targets for anti-HIV therapy. Natural products have been shown to be able to inhibit HIV, such as turmeric and licorice, which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Liquiritin (LQ), isoliquiritin (ILQ), glycyrrhizic acid (GL), glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and curcumin (CUR), which were the major active components, were herein chosen to study their interactions with HIV-NCp7 C-terminal zinc finger, aiming to find the potential active compounds and reveal the mechanism involved. The stacking interaction between NCp7 tryptophan and natural compounds was evaluated by fluorescence. To elucidate the binding mode, mass spectrometry was used to characterize the reaction mixture between zinc finger proteins and active compounds. Subsequently, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and molecular docking were used to validate and reveal the binding mode from a structural perspective. The results showed that ILQ has the strongest binding ability among the tested compounds, followed by curcumin, and the interaction between ILQ and the NCp7 zinc finger peptide was mediated by a noncovalent interaction. This study provided a scientific basis for the antiviral activity of turmeric and licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runjing Wang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.W.); (P.Y.); (H.J.)
- Ningxia Pharmaceutical Inspection and Research Institute, Yinchuan 750001, China
| | - Yinyu Wei
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.W.); (P.Y.); (H.J.)
| | - Meiqin Wang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.W.); (P.Y.); (H.J.)
| | - Pan Yan
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.W.); (P.Y.); (H.J.)
| | - Hongliang Jiang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.W.); (P.Y.); (H.J.)
| | - Zhifeng Du
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (R.W.); (Y.W.); (M.W.); (P.Y.); (H.J.)
- Correspondence:
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Behl T, Rocchetti G, Chadha S, Zengin G, Bungau S, Kumar A, Mehta V, Uddin MS, Khullar G, Setia D, Arora S, Sinan KI, Ak G, Putnik P, Gallo M, Montesano D. Phytochemicals from Plant Foods as Potential Source of Antiviral Agents: An Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:381. [PMID: 33921724 PMCID: PMC8073840 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide include viral infections, such as Ebola, influenza virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and recently COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Currently, we can count on a narrow range of antiviral drugs, especially older generation ones like ribavirin and interferon which are effective against viruses in vitro but can often be ineffective in patients. In addition to these, we have antiviral agents for the treatment of herpes virus, influenza virus, HIV and hepatitis virus. Recently, drugs used in the past especially against ebolavirus, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, have been considered for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. However, even if these drugs represent important tools against viral diseases, they are certainly not sufficient to defend us from the multitude of viruses present in the environment. This represents a huge problem, especially considering the unprecedented global threat due to the advancement of COVID-19, which represents a potential risk to the health and life of millions of people. The demand, therefore, for new and effective antiviral drugs is very high. This review focuses on three fundamental points: (1) presents the main threats to human health, reviewing the most widespread viral diseases in the world, thus describing the scenario caused by the disease in question each time and evaluating the specific therapeutic remedies currently available. (2) It comprehensively describes main phytochemical classes, in particular from plant foods, with proven antiviral activities, the viruses potentially treated with the described phytochemicals. (3) Consideration of the various applications of drug delivery systems in order to improve the bioavailability of these compounds or extracts. A PRISMA flow diagram was used for the inclusion of the works. Taking into consideration the recent dramatic events caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the cry of alarm that denounces critical need for new antiviral drugs is extremely strong. For these reasons, a continuous systematic exploration of plant foods and their phytochemicals is necessary for the development of new antiviral agents capable of saving lives and improving their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Swati Chadha
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Distt. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171207, India;
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh;
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Gaurav Khullar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Dhruv Setia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Gunes Ak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Department of Food Technology, University North, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia;
| | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Elkhalifa D, Al-Hashimi I, Al Moustafa AE, Khalil A. A comprehensive review on the antiviral activities of chalcones. J Drug Target 2020; 29:403-419. [PMID: 33232192 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1853759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Some viral outbreaks have plagued the world since antiquity, including the most recent COVID-19 pandemic. The continuous spread and emergence of new viral diseases have urged the discovery of novel treatment options that can overcome the limitations of currently marketed antiviral drugs. Chalcones are natural open chain flavonoids that are found in various plants and can be synthesised in labs. Several studies have shown that these small organic molecules exert a number of pharmacological activities, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the antiviral activities of chalcones and their derivatives on a set of human viral infections and their potential for targeting the most recent COVID-19 disease. Accordingly, we herein review chalcones activities on the following human viruses: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency, influenza, human rhinovirus, herpes simplex, dengue, human cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C, Rift Valley fever and Venezuelan equine encephalitis. We hope that this review will pave the way for the design and development of potentially potent and broad-spectrum chalcone based antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Elkhalifa
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacy, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ashraf Khalil
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Karunakaran J, Dhatchana Moorthy N, Chowdhury SR, Iqbal S, Majumder HK, Gunasekaran K, Vellaichamy E, Mohanakrishnan AK. Divergent Synthesis and Evaluation of the in vitro Cytotoxicity Profiles of 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophenyl-2-propen-1-one Analogues. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1418-1430. [PMID: 31343838 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT)-appended propenones were prepared by condensation reaction and their in vitro cytotoxicity effects were evaluated against five human cancer cell lines. Preliminary structure-activity relationships of EDOT-incorporated 2-propenone derivatives were also established. The EDOT-appended enones demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines. The most active analogue, (E)-3-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (3 p, GI50 =110 nm), severely inhibited the clonogenic potential of cancer cells, and induced cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and caused an accumulation of HCT116 colon cancer cells with >4 N DNA content. Also, 3 p exhibited weak inhibition of the enzymatic activity of human topoisomerase I. Molecular docking studies indicated preferential binding of the compounds to the ATP-binding pocket of the human checkpoint 2 kinase (Chk2) catalytic domain, thus, identifying a novel diaryl 2-propenone chemotype for the development of potent inhibitors of Chk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandran Karunakaran
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nachiappan Dhatchana Moorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Orchid Pharma Limited, Orchid Towers #313, Valluvar Kottam High Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Somenath Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Saleem Iqbal
- Center for Advanced studies in Crystallography & Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hemanta K Majumder
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishnasamy Gunasekaran
- Center for Advanced studies in Crystallography & Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elangovan Vellaichamy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arasambattu K Mohanakrishnan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ötvös SB, Hsieh CT, Wu YC, Li JH, Chang FR, Fülöp F. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Deuterium-Labeled Antidiabetic Chalcones: Studies towards the Selective Deuteration of the Alkynone Core. Molecules 2016; 21:318. [PMID: 26959006 PMCID: PMC6273355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry-based syntheses of deuterium-labeled analogs of important antidiabetic chalcones were achieved via highly controlled partial C≡C bond deuteration of the corresponding 1,3-diphenylalkynones. The benefits of a scalable continuous process in combination with on-demand electrolytic D2 gas generation were exploited to suppress undesired over-reactions and to maximize reaction rates simultaneously. The novel deuterium-containing chalcone derivatives may have interesting biological effects and improved metabolic properties as compared with the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Chi-Ting Hsieh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Jih-Heng Li
- Ph.D. Program in Toxicology and School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Abstract
Natural or synthetic chalcones with different substituents have revealed a variety of biological activities that may benefit human health. The underlying mechanisms of action, particularly with respect to the direct cellular targets and the modes of interaction with the targets, have not been rigorously characterized, which imposes challenges to structure-guided rational development of therapeutic agents or chemical probes with acceptable target-selectivity profile. This review summarizes literature evidence on chalcones’ direct molecular targets in the context of their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Computational design of a full-length model of HIV-1 integrase: modeling of new inhibitors and comparison of their calculated binding energies with those previously studied. J Mol Model 2013; 19:4349-68. [PMID: 23907552 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A full-length model of integrase (IN) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was constructed based on the distinctly resolved X-ray crystal structures of its three domains, named N-terminal, catalytic core and C-terminal. Thirty-one already known inhibitors with varieties of structural differences as well as nine newly tested ones were docked into the catalytic core. The molecular dynamic (MD) and binding properties of these complexes were obtained by MD calculations. The binding energies calculated by molecular mechanic/Poisson Boltzmann solvation area were significantly correlationed with available IC50. Four inhibitors including two newly designed were also docked into the full-length model and their MD behaviors and binding properties were calculated. It was found that one of the newly designed compounds forms a better complex with HIV-1 IN compared to the rest including raltegravir. MD calculations were performed with AMBER suite of programs using ff99SB force field for the proteins and the general Amber force field for the ligands. In conclusion, the results have produced a promising standpoint not only in the construction of the full-length model but also in development of new drugs against it. However, the role of multimer formation and the involvement of DNAs, and their subsequent effect on the complexation and inhibition, are required to arrive at a conclusive decision.
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Meskini I, Daoudi M, Daran JC, Ben Hadda T, Zouihri H. Poly[[bis-{μ(3)-2-[(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(phen-yl)meth-yl]propane-dioato}tetra-sodium(I)] 7.5-hydrate]. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:m1009-10. [PMID: 21588089 PMCID: PMC3007501 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810028515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title polymer, {[Na4(C15H14N2O4)2]·7.5H2O}n, contains two 2-[(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(phenyl)methyl]propanedioate (ppmp) anions, eight water molecules (one located on a twofold rotation axis) and five sodium cations (one located on an inversion center and the other one located on a twofold rotation axis). The carboxylate groups of the ppmp anions and the water molecules bridge the Na cations, forming a two-dimensional polymeric structure. In the structure there are two types of coordination environment around the metal cations: one Na cation is coordinated by five O atoms in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry while the other four Na cations are coordinated by six O atoms in a distorted octahedral geometry. Extensive O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure. The H atoms of one methyl group of the ppmp anion are disordered equally over two positions.
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Meskini I, Daoudi M, Daran JC, Kerbal A, Zouihri H. Diethyl 2-[(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)meth-yl]propane-dioate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o1965. [PMID: 21588286 PMCID: PMC3007575 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810025572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C20H26N2O5, was prepared in good yield (76%) through condensation of diethyl (4-methoxybenzyl)propanedioate with 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole. The dihedral between the benzene and pyrazole rings is 83.96 (10)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by a C—H⋯O interaction, which links the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers.
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Meskini I, Daoudi M, Daran JC, Zouihri H, Ben Hadda T. Diethyl 2-[phen-yl(pyrazol-1-yl)meth-yl]propane-dioate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o1014. [PMID: 21579078 PMCID: PMC2979074 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810011748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C17H20N2O4, which differ slightly in the orientation of the phenyl ring and carbonyl groups with respect to the pyrazole unit. In the first molecule, the dihedral angle between the phenyl and pyrazole rings is 68.99 (13)° while the two carbonyl groups make a dihedral angle of 72.1 (4)°. The corresponding values in the second molecule are 68.54 (14) and 71.5 (4)°, respectively.
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Meskini I, Daoudi M, Daran JC, Zouihri H, Kerbal A. Diethyl 2-{(dibenzyl-amino)[4-(trifluoro-meth-yl)phen-yl]meth-yl}malonate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o961-2. [PMID: 21580764 PMCID: PMC2983889 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810010512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C29H30F3NO4, contains two independent molecules. In each independent molecule, one of two terminal ethyl groups is disordered over two conformations: the occupancies of major components were fixed at 0.53 and 0.64 in the two molecules. In the crystal structure, weak intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link molecules into chains propagating along [10].
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Meskini I, Daoudi M, Daran JC, Zouihri H, Ben Hadda T. Diethyl 2-[(N-benzyl-N-methyl-amino)(phen-yl)meth-yl]propane-dioate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o746. [PMID: 21580591 PMCID: PMC2984050 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810007506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C22H27NO4, the mean planes of the two benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 73.54 (13)°. One of the methyl groups is disordered over two sites, with site occupation factors of 0.47 (15) and 0.53 (15). The crystal packing is controlled by van der Waals forces and a possible C—H⋯O interaction, forming a chain running parallel to the a axis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Most of the studies investigating inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus integration have focused on blocking the enzymatic functions of HIV integrase, with the predominant judgment that integration inhibitors need to block at least one of the integrase-catalyzed reactions. Recent studies, however, have highlighted the importance of other proteins and their contacts with integrase in the preintegration complex, and their involvement in chromosomal integration of the viral DNA. RECENT FINDINGS Promising results of clinical trials for two new integrase inhibitors were announced recently, providing the proof of the concept for using HIV-1 integrase inhibitors as antiretroviral therapy. Two strategies are currently employed for the development of novel inhibitors of HIV integrase: synthesis of hybrid molecules comprising core structures of two or more known inhibitors, and three-dimensional pharmacophore searches based on previously discovered compounds. By highlighting the role of the cellular cofactor LEDGF/p75 in HIV integration, novel approaches are indicated that aim to develop compounds altering contact between HIV integrase and integration cofactors. SUMMARY By the discovery of novel inhibitors and targets for HIV integration, coupled with recent studies in characterizing preintegration complex formation, new insight is provided for the rational design of anti-HIV integration inhibitors.
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Loizidou EZ, Kousiappa I, Zeinalipour-Yazdi CD, Van de Vijver DAMC, Kostrikis LG. Implications of HIV-1 M group polymorphisms on integrase inhibitor efficacy and resistance: genetic and structural in silico analyses. Biochemistry 2009; 48:4-6. [PMID: 19090674 DOI: 10.1021/bi8019349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The extensive polymorphisms among HIV-1 subtypes have been implicated in drug resistance development. Integrase inhibitors represent the latest addition to the treatment of HIV-1, and their efficacy and resistance patterns among M group strains are currently under investigation. This study analyzed the intersubtype variation within 108 integrase sequences from seven subtypes. The residues associated with catalytic activity and primary resistance to raltegravir were highly conserved among all strains. Variations were observed in residues associated with secondary resistance. Molecular modeling studies indicated a two-way binding mode of raltegravir that explains the resistance pathways and the implication of nonconservative mutations in integrase-raltegravir interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriketi Z Loizidou
- Department of Biology, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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16
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Exploring the binding of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors by comparative residue interaction analysis (CoRIA). J Mol Model 2008; 15:233-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-008-0399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Dayam R, Gundla R, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Neamati N. HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: 2005-2006 update. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:118-54. [PMID: 17979144 DOI: 10.1002/med.20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes the integration of proviral DNA into the host genome, an essential step for viral replication. Inhibition of IN catalytic activity provides an attractive strategy for antiretroviral drug design. Currently two IN inhibitors, MK-0518 and GS-9137, are in advanced stages of human clinical trials. The IN inhibitors in clinical evaluation demonstrate excellent antiretroviral efficacy alone or in combination regimens as compared to previously used clinical antiretroviral agents in naive and treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients. However, the emergence of viral strains resistant to clinically studied IN inhibitors and the dynamic nature of the HIV-1 genome demand a continued effort toward the discovery of novel inhibitors to keep a therapeutic advantage over the virus. Continued efforts in the field have resulted in the discovery of compounds from diverse chemical classes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive report of all IN inhibitors discovered in the years 2005 and 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Dayam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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HIV‐1 Integrase Inhibitors: Update and Perspectives. HIV-1: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS 2008; 56:199-228. [DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Deng J, Sanchez T, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Dayam R, Yunes RA, Garofalo A, Bolger MB, Neamati N. Discovery of structurally diverse HIV-1 integrase inhibitors based on a chalcone pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4985-5002. [PMID: 17502148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported small-molecule chalcones as a novel class of HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors. The most potent compound showed an IC50 value of 2 microM for both IN-mediated 3'-processing and strand transfer reactions. To further utilize the chalcones, we developed pharmacophore models to identify chemical signatures important for biological activity. The derived models were validated with a collection of published inhibitors, and then were applied to screen a subset of our small molecule database. We tested 71 compounds in an in vitro assay specific for IN enzymatic activity. Forty-four compounds showed inhibitory potency<100 microM, and four of them exhibited IC50 values<10 microM. One compound, 62, with an IC50 value of 0.6 microM, displayed better potency than the original chalcone 2 against the strand transfer process. This study demonstrates the systematic use of pharmacophore technologies to discover novel structurally diverse inhibitors based on lead molecules that would exhibit poor characteristics in vivo. The identified compounds have the potential to exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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