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Gobbi S, Belluti F, Rampa A, Bisi A. Flavonoid-Inspired Vascular Disrupting Agents: Exploring Flavone-8-Acetic Acid and Derivatives in the New Century. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144228. [PMID: 34299503 PMCID: PMC8305436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring flavonoids are found as secondary metabolites in a wide number of plants exploited for both medicine and food and have long been known to be endowed with multiple biological activities, making them useful tools for the treatment of different pathologies. Due to the versatility of the scaffolds and the vast possibilities of appropriate decoration, they have also been regarded as fruitful sources of lead compounds and excellent chemical platforms for the development of bioactive synthetic compounds. Flavone-8-acetic acid (FAA) and 5,6-dimethylxanthone acetic acid (DMXAA) emerged for their antitumour potential due to the induction of cytokines and consequent rapid haemorrhagic necrosis of murine tumour vasculature, and different series of derivatives have been designed thereafter. Although the promising DMXAA failed in phase III clinical trials because of strict species-specificity, a boost in research came from the recent identification of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), responsible for supporting tumoural innate immune responses, as a possible biological target. Consequently, in the last decade a renewal of interest for these flavonoid-based structures was noticed, and novel derivatives have been synthesised and evaluated for a deeper understanding of the molecular features needed for affecting human cells. Undoubtedly, these natural-derived molecules deserve further investigation and still appear attractive in an anticancer perspective.
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Ribeiro J, Veloso C, Fernandes C, Tiritan ME, Pinto MMM. Carboxyxanthones: Bioactive Agents and Molecular Scaffold for Synthesis of Analogues and Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:E180. [PMID: 30621303 PMCID: PMC6337274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthones represent a structurally diverse group of compounds with a broad range of biological and pharmacological activities, depending on the nature and position of various substituents in the dibenzo-γ-pyrone scaffold. Among the large number of natural and synthetic xanthone derivatives, carboxyxanthones are very interesting bioactive compounds as well as important chemical substrates for molecular modifications to obtain new derivatives. A remarkable example is 5,6-dimethylxanthone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a simple carboxyxanthone derivative, originally developed as an anti-tumor agent and the first of its class to enter phase III clinical trials. From DMXAA new bioactive analogues and derivatives were also described. In this review, a literature survey covering the report on carboxyxanthone derivatives is presented, emphasizing their biological activities as well as their application as suitable building blocks to obtain new bioactive derivatives. The data assembled in this review intends to highlight the therapeutic potential of carboxyxanthone derivatives and guide the design for new bioactive xanthone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Veloso
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Cancer Cell Cytotoxic Activity of Vadimezan Hydrazones. Pharm Chem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-016-1455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yang ZM, Huang J, Qin JK, Dai ZK, Lan WL, Su GF, Tang H, Yang F. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1-hydroxyl-3-aminoalkoxy xanthone derivatives as potent anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:487-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kennedy AR, Akkurt M, Mohamed SK, Abdelhamid AA, Marzouk AAE. 14-Bromo-12-chloro-2,16-dioxa-penta-cyclo-[7.7.5.0(1,21).0(3,8).0(10,15)]henicosa-3(8),10,12,14-tetra-ene-7,20-dione. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o769-70. [PMID: 23723914 PMCID: PMC3648294 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813010374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C19H16BrClO4, both the fused xanthene rings and one of the cyclohexane rings adopt envelope conformations, while the other cyclohexane ring is in a chair conformation. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming infinite chains running along [10-1] incorporating R22(16) ring motifs. In addition, C—H⋯π interactions and weak π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.768 (3) Å] help to consolidate the packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
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Species-specific detection of the antiviral small-molecule compound CMA by STING. EMBO J 2013; 32:1440-50. [PMID: 23604073 PMCID: PMC3655471 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research on antiviral small molecules starting in the early 1970s has led to the identification of 10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanone (CMA) as a potent type I interferon (IFN) inducer. Up to date, the mode of action of this antiviral molecule has remained elusive. Here we demonstrate that CMA mediates a cell-intrinsic type I IFN response, depending on the ER-resident protein STING. CMA directly binds to STING and triggers a strong antiviral response through the TBK1/IRF3 route. Interestingly, while CMA displays extraordinary activity in phosphorylating IRF3 in the murine system, CMA fails to activate human cells that are otherwise responsive to STING ligands. This failure to activate human STING can be ascribed to its inability to bind to the C-terminal ligand-binding domain of human STING. Crystallographic studies show that two CMA molecules bind to the central Cyclic diguanylate (c-diGMP)-binding pocket of the STING dimer and fold the lid region in a fashion similar, but partially distinct, to c-diGMP. Altogether, these results provide novel insight into ligand-sensing properties of STING and, furthermore, unravel unexpected species-specific differences of this innate sensor.
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DMXAA (Vadimezan, ASA404) is a multi-kinase inhibitor targeting VEGFR2 in particular. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 122:449-57. [PMID: 22142330 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The flavone acetic acid derivative DMXAA [5,6-dimethylXAA (xanthenone-4-acetic acid), Vadimezan, ASA404] is a drug that displayed vascular-disrupting activity and induced haemorrhagic necrosis and tumour regression in pre-clinical animal models. Both immune-mediated and non-immune-mediated effects contributed to the tumour regression. The vascular disruption was less in human tumours, with immune-mediated effects being less prominent, but nonetheless DMXAA showed promising effects in Phase II clinical trials in non-small-cell lung cancer. However, these effects were not replicated in Phase III clinical trials. It has been difficult to understand the differences between the pre-clinical findings and the later clinical trials as the molecular targets for the agent have never been clearly established. To investigate the mechanism of action, we sought to determine whether DMXAA might target protein kinases. We found that, at concentrations achieved in blood during clinical trials, DMXAA has inhibitory effects against several kinases, with most potent effects being on members of the VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) tyrosine kinase family. Some analogues of DMXAA were even more effective inhibitors of these kinases, in particular 2-MeXAA (2-methylXAA) and 6-MeXAA (6-methylXAA). The inhibitory effects were greatest against VEGFR2 and, consistent with this, we found that DMXAA, 2-MeXAA and 6-MeXAA were able to block angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos and also inhibit VEGFR2 signalling in HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells). Taken together, these results indicate that at least part of the effects of DMXAA are due to it acting as a multi-kinase inhibitor and that the anti-VEGFR activity in particular may contribute to the non-immune-mediated effects of DMXAA on the vasculature.
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Edwards DJ, Hadfield JA, Wallace TW, Ducki S. Tubulin-binding dibenz[c,e]oxepines as colchinol analogues for targeting tumour vasculature. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:219-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00500b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang SJ, Hu WX. Vadimezan: 2-(5,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-9 H-xanthen-4-yl)acetic acid. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2082-3. [PMID: 21588382 PMCID: PMC3007383 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810028394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In the title molecule, C17H14O4, the C atom of the carboxyl group deviates by 1.221 (3) Å from the plane [maximum deviation = 0.0122(2) Å] of the tricycic ring system. In the crystal structure, intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers, and π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.491 (3), 3.591 (3), 3.639 (3) and 3.735 (3) Å] link these dimers into layers parallel to the ac plane. Weak intermolecular C—H⋯O interactions further consolidate the crystal packing.
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