Synthesis, in vitro and in silico evaluation of l-tyrosine containing PPARα/γ dual agonists

Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation and Identification of Antidiabetic Compound of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.)'s Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model

(1) Background: An earlier study on the hypoglycemic activity of S. polyanthum (Wight.) leaf methanol extract identified squalene as the major chemical compound. The present study was conducted to assess the hypoglycemic effect of fractions and subfractions of the methanol extract of S. polyanthum compared to the squalene using a bioassay-guided in vivo study. (2) Methods: The methanol extract was fractionated using the liquid−liquid fractionation method. Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rat was used to study the hypoglycemic effect. (3) Results: The findings showed that chloroform fraction significantly (p < 0.05) lowered blood glucose levels of diabetic rats as compared to the control. Further fractionation of chloroform fraction yielded subfraction-1 and -2, whereby subfraction-1 exhibited a higher blood-glucose-lowering effect. The lipid profile test showed that the total cholesterol level of subfraction-1 and squalene-treated groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05). An immunohistochemistry study revealed that none of the treatments regenerated pancreatic β-cells. Gas chromatography−mass spectrophotometer analysis identified the presence of squalene in the active methanol extract, chloroform fraction, and subfraction-1. In silico analysis revealed a higher affinity of squalene against protein receptors that control lipid metabolism than metformin. (4) Conclusions: Data obtained from the present work suggested the crude methanol extract exerted the highest hypoglycemic effect compared to fraction, subfraction, and squalene, confirming synergistic effect may be responsible for the hypoglycemic activity of S. polyanthum.

General Method of Synthesis of 5-(Het)arylamino-1,2,3-triazoles via Buchwald-Hartwig Reaction of 5-Amino- or 5-Halo-1,2,3-triazoles

An efficient access to the novel 5-(het)arylamino-1,2,3-triazole derivatives has been developed. The method is based on Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction of 5-Amino or 5-Halo-1,2,3-triazoles with (het)aryl halides and amines, respectively. As result, it was found that palladium complex [(THP-Dipp)Pd(cinn)Cl] bearing expanded-ring N-heterocyclic carbene ligand is the most active catalyst for the process to afford the target molecules in high yields.

In silico analysis of a potential antidiabetic phytochemical erythrin against therapeutic targets of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disorder characterized by a chronic elevation in blood glucose levels. Currently, antidiabetic drugs are available to counteract the associated pathologies. Their concomitant effects necessitate the investigation for an effective and safe drug aimed to diminish blood glucose levels with fewer side effects. Several researchers are taking new initiatives to explore plant sources as they are known to contain a wide variety of active agents. Hence, the present study was undertaken to study the role of natural products using in silico interaction studies. Erythrin a compound present in lichens was selected as a potential anti-diabetic agent. Molecular docking studies were carried out with 14 target proteins to evaluate its antidiabetic potential. Molecular docking analysis resulted in favourable binding energy of interaction ranging as low as - 119.676 to - 92.9545 kcal/mol for erythrin, Analogue showed the highest interactions with 3C45 (- 119.676 kcal/mol) followed by 2Q5S (- 118.398 kcal/mol), 1XU7 (- 117.341 kcal/mol), 3K35 (- 114.267 kcal/mol). Erythrin was found to fare better than the three clinically used antidiabetic compounds, metformin, repaglinide and sitagliptin. Further, the molecular interactions between erythrin and the diabetes related target proteins was established by analysing the interactions with associated amino acids. In silico pharmacokinetics and toxicity profile of erythrin using admetSAR software predicted erythrin as non-carcinogenic and non-mutagenic. The drug-likeliness was calculated using molsoft software respecting Lipinski's rule of five. The compound was found to comply with Lipinksi rules violating only one filter criterion. The study suggested that erythrin could be a potential anti-diabetic agent.

CoMFA analysis of dual/multiple PPAR activators

Dual or multiple activators are agents which act at more than one biological target and produce synergistic therapeutic effect. Computational methods can be successfully employed in designing dual activators. 'Additivity of molecular fields' concept was recently introduced to help design new dual activators. This concept is employed in this work to explore the scope and limitations of the concept, with the help of reported PPARalpha/gamma/delta multiple activators. Three individual CoMFA models were first generated, followed by dual and multiple models. Dual PPARalpha/gamma CoMFA model could be developed successfully. However, dual PPARgamma/delta, dual PPARalpha/delta and multiple PPARalpha/gamma/delta CoMFA models could not be very well developed. This follows from the poor correlation observed in the PPARdelta CoMFA model.

Design and synthesis of 6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as PPARγ activators

The design and synthesis of novel series of 6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (pyrimidone) derivatives that are high affinity ligands for peroxisome proliferators activated receptor gamma have been reported as a potential substitute of 2,4-thiazolidinedione head group. The FlexX docking and radioligand binding affinity of some promising compounds of this series is comparable to that of thiazolidinedione based antidiabetic drugs currently in clinical use.