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Akiyama T, Johns BA, Taoda Y, Yoshida H, Taishi T, Kawasuji T, Murai H, Yoshinaga T, Sato A, Seki T, Koyama M, Miki S, Kawauchi-Miki S, Kagitani-Suyama A, Fujiwara T. Molecular design and evaluation of aza-polycyclic carbamoyl pyridones as HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 111:129902. [PMID: 39059564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are the most prescribed anchor drug in antiretroviral therapy. Today, there is an increasing need for long-acting treatment of HIV-1 infection. Improving drug pharmacokinetics and anti-HIV-1 activity are key to developing more robust inhibitors suitable for long-acting formulations, but 2nd-generation INSTIs have chiral centers, making it difficult to conduct further exploration. In this study, we designed aza-tricyclic and aza-bicyclic carbamoyl pyridone scaffolds which are devoid of the problematic hemiaminal stereocenter present in dolutegravir (DTG). This scaffold hopping made it easy to introduce several substituents, and evolving structure-activity studies using these scaffolds resulted in several leads with promising properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Akiyama
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
| | - Brian A Johns
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area Unit, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Yoshiyuki Taoda
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Taishi
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawasuji
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murai
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshinaga
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Mikiko Koyama
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miki
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kawauchi-Miki
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Akemi Kagitani-Suyama
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tamio Fujiwara
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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2
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Starosotnikov AM, Bastrakov MA. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Incorporating Pyridine Moiety. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119314. [PMID: 37298265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes one of the most dangerous diseases-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An estimated about 40 million people are currently living with HIV worldwide, most of whom are already on antiretroviral therapy. This makes the development of effective drugs to combat this virus very relevant. Currently, one of the dynamically developing areas of organic and medicinal chemistry is the synthesis and identification of new compounds capable of inhibiting HIV-1 integrase-one of the HIV enzymes. A significant number of studies on this topic are published annually. Many compounds inhibiting integrase incorporate pyridine core. Therefore, this review is an analysis of the literature on the methods for the synthesis of pyridine-containing HIV-1 integrase inhibitors since 2003 to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Starosotnikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A Bastrakov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Garrepalli S, Gudipati R, Amasa SR, Ravindhranath K, Pal M. Synthesis of two diastereomeric impurities of a fluorinated antiretroviral drug dolutegravir. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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4
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Yang XW, Li DH, Song AX, Liu FS. "Bulky-Yet-Flexible" α-Diimine Palladium-Catalyzed Reductive Heck Cross-Coupling: Highly Anti-Markovnikov-Selective Hydroarylation of Alkene in Air. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11750-11765. [PMID: 32808522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To pursue a highly regioselective and efficient reductive Heck reaction, a series of moisture- and air-stable α-diimine palladium precatalysts were rationally designed, readily synthesized, and fully characterized. The relationship between the structures of the palladium complexes and the catalytic properties was investigated. It was revealed that the"bulky-yet-flexible"palladium complexes allowed highly anti-Markovnikov-selective hydroarylation of alkenes with (hetero)aryl bromides under aerobic conditions. Further synthetic application of the present protocol could provide rapid and straightforward access to functional and biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Wen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - Dong-Hui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - A-Xiang Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - Feng-Shou Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
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5
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Sirous H, Fassihi A, Brogi S, Campiani G, Christ F, Debyser Z, Gemma S, Butini S, Chemi G, Grillo A, Zabihollahi R, Aghasadeghi MR, Saghaie L, Memarian HR. Synthesis, Molecular Modelling and Biological Studies of 3-hydroxypyrane- 4-one and 3-hydroxy-pyridine-4-one Derivatives as HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors. Med Chem 2019; 15:755-770. [PMID: 30569867 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666181219113225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the progress in the discovery of antiretroviral compounds for treating HIV-1 infection by targeting HIV integrase (IN), a promising and well-known drug target against HIV-1, there is a growing need to increase the armamentarium against HIV, for avoiding the drug resistance issue. OBJECTIVE To develop novel HIV-1 IN inhibitors, a series of 3-hydroxy-pyrane-4-one (HP) and 3- hydroxy-pyridine-4-one (HPO) derivatives have been rationally designed and synthesized. METHODS To provide a significant characterization of the novel compounds, in-depth computational analysis was performed using a novel HIV-1 IN/DNA binary 3D-model for investigating the binding mode of the newly conceived molecules in complex with IN. The 3D-model was generated using the proto-type foamy virus (PFV) DNA as a structural template, positioning the viral polydesoxyribonucleic chain into the HIV-1 IN homology model. Moreover, a series of in vitro tests were performed including HIV-1 activity inhibition, HIV-1 IN activity inhibition, HIV-1 IN strand transfer activity inhibition and cellular toxicity. RESULTS Bioassay results indicated that most of HP analogues including HPa, HPb, HPc, HPd, HPe and HPg, showed favorable inhibitory activities against HIV-1-IN in the low micromolar range. Particularly halogenated derivatives (HPb and HPd) offered the best biological activities in terms of reduced toxicity and optimum inhibitory activities against HIV-1 IN and HIV-1 in cell culture. CONCLUSION Halogenated derivatives, HPb and HPd, displayed the most promising anti-HIV profile, paving the way to the optimization of the presented scaffolds for developing new effective antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Sirous
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran.,Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Chemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Grillo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rezvan Zabihollahi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid R Memarian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441 Isfahan, Iran
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Sirous H, Chemi G, Gemma S, Butini S, Debyser Z, Christ F, Saghaie L, Brogi S, Fassihi A, Campiani G, Brindisi M. Identification of Novel 3-Hydroxy-pyran-4-One Derivatives as Potent HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors Using in silico Structure-Based Combinatorial Library Design Approach. Front Chem 2019; 7:574. [PMID: 31457006 PMCID: PMC6700280 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe herein the development and experimental validation of a computational protocol for optimizing a series of 3-hydroxy-pyran-4-one derivatives as HIV integrase inhibitors (HIV INIs). Starting from a previously developed micromolar inhibitors of HIV integrase (HIV IN), we performed an in-depth investigation based on an in silico structure-based combinatorial library designing approach. This method allowed us to combine a combinatorial library design and side chain hopping with Quantum Polarized Ligand Docking (QPLD) studies and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. The combinatorial library design allowed the identification of the best decorations for our promising scaffold. The resulting compounds were assessed by the mentioned QPLD methodology using a homology model of full-length binary HIV IN/DNA for retrieving the best performing compounds acting as HIV INIs. Along with the prediction of physico-chemical properties, we were able to select a limited number of drug-like compounds potentially displaying potent HIV IN inhibition. From this final set, based on the synthetic accessibility, we further shortlisted three representative compounds for the synthesis. The compounds were experimentally assessed in vitro for evaluating overall HIV-1 IN inhibition, HIV-1 IN strand transfer activity inhibition, HIV-1 activity inhibition and cellular toxicity. Gratifyingly, all of them showed relevant inhibitory activity in the in vitro tests along with no toxicity. Among them HPCAR-28 represents the most promising compound as potential anti-HIV agent, showing inhibitory activity against HIV IN in the low nanomolar range, comparable to that found for Raltegravir, and relevant potency in inhibiting HIV-1 replication and HIV-1 IN strand transfer activity. In summary, our results outline HPCAR-28 as a useful optimized hit for the potential treatment of HIV-1 infection by targeting HIV IN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Sirous
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Giulia Chemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Medicine, K.U. Leuven and IRC KULAK, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- Molecular Medicine, K.U. Leuven and IRC KULAK, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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7
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Gudisela MR, Bommu P, Navuluri S, Mulakayala N. Synthesis and Characterization of Potential Impurities of Dolutegravir: A HIV Drug. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mura Reddy Gudisela
- Department of Chemistry; VFSTR, Vadlamudi; Guntur 522213 India
- PS3 Laboratories LLC; Hyderabad - 500072 India
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8
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Damkaci F, Sigindere C, Sobiech T, Vik E, Malone J. N-Picolinamides as ligands in Ullman type C–O coupling reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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Discovery of novel 5-hydroxy-4-pyridone-3-carboxy acids as potent inhibitors of influenza Cap-dependent endonuclease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4739-4742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Sankareswaran S, Mannam M, Chakka V, Mandapati SR, Kumar P. Identification and Control of Critical Process Impurities: An Improved Process for the Preparation of Dolutegravir Sodium. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Srimurugan Sankareswaran
- Micro Labs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigini Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhavarao Mannam
- Micro Labs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigini Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
| | - Veerababu Chakka
- Micro Labs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigini Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
| | - Srirami Reddy Mandapati
- Micro Labs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigini Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Micro Labs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigini Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
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11
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Rostami M, Sirous H, Zabihollahi R, Aghasadeghi MR, Sadat SM, Namazi R, Saghaie L, Memarian HR, Fassihi A. Design, synthesis and anti-HIV-1 evaluation of a series of 5-hydroxypyridine-4-one derivatives as possible integrase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Design and synthesis of 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-triazolylbenzoic acids as HIV integrase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Effects of raltegravir or elvitegravir resistance signature mutations on the barrier to dolutegravir resistance in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2596-606. [PMID: 25691633 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04844-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently approved HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) dolutegravir (DTG) (S/GSK1349572) has overall advantageous activity when tested in vitro against HIV-1 with raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG) resistance signature mutations. We conducted an in vitro resistance selection study using wild-type HIV-1 and mutants with the E92Q, Y143C, Y143R, Q148H, Q148K, Q148R, and N155H substitutions to assess the DTG in vitro barrier to resistance. No viral replication was observed at concentrations of ≥ 32 nM DTG, whereas viral replication was observed at 160 nM RAL or EVG in the mutants. In the Q148H, Q148K, or Q148R mutants, G140S/Q148H, E138K/Q148K, E138K/Q148R, and G140S/Q148R secondary mutations were identified with each INSTI and showed high resistance to RAL or EVG but limited resistance to DTG. E138K and G140S, as secondary substitutions to Q148H, Q148K, or Q148R, were associated with partial recovery in viral infectivity and/or INSTI resistance. In the E92Q, Y143C, Y143R, and N155H mutants, no secondary substitutions were associated with DTG. These in vitro results suggest that DTG has a high barrier to the development of resistance in the presence of RAL or EVG signature mutations other than Q148. One explanation for this high barrier to resistance is that no additional secondary substitution of E92Q, Y143C, Y143R, or N155H simultaneously increased the fold change in 50% effective concentration (EC50) to DTG and infectivity. Although increased DTG resistance via the Q148 pathway and secondary substitutions occurs at low concentrations, a higher starting concentration may reduce or eliminate the development of DTG resistance in this pathway in vitro.
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14
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15
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Sirous H, Zabihollahi R, Aghasadeghi MR, Sadat SM, Saghaie L, Fassihi A. Docking studies of some 5-hydroxypyridine-4-one derivatives: evaluation of integrase and ribonuclease H domain of reverse transcriptase as possible targets for anti-HIV-1 activity. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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DeAnda F, Hightower KE, Nolte RT, Hattori K, Yoshinaga T, Kawasuji T, Underwood MR. Dolutegravir interactions with HIV-1 integrase-DNA: structural rationale for drug resistance and dissociation kinetics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77448. [PMID: 24146996 PMCID: PMC3797783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Signature HIV-1 integrase mutations associated with clinical raltegravir resistance involve 1 of 3 primary genetic pathways, Y143C/R, Q148H/K/R and N155H, the latter 2 of which confer cross-resistance to elvitegravir. In accord with clinical findings, in vitro drug resistance profiling studies with wild-type and site-directed integrase mutant viruses have shown significant fold increases in raltegravir and elvitegravir resistance for the specified viral mutants relative to wild-type HIV-1. Dolutegravir, in contrast, has demonstrated clinical efficacy in subjects failing raltegravir therapy due to integrase mutations at Y143, Q148 or N155, which is consistent with its distinct in vitro resistance profile as dolutegravir's antiviral activity against these viral mutants is equivalent to its activity against wild-type HIV-1. Kinetic studies of inhibitor dissociation from wild-type and mutant integrase-viral DNA complexes have shown that dolutegravir also has a distinct off-rate profile with dissociative half-lives substantially longer than those of raltegravir and elvitegravir, suggesting that dolutegravir's prolonged binding may be an important contributing factor to its distinct resistance profile. To provide a structural rationale for these observations, we constructed several molecular models of wild-type and clinically relevant mutant HIV-1 integrase enzymes in complex with viral DNA and dolutegravir, raltegravir or elvitegravir. Here, we discuss our structural models and the posited effects that the integrase mutations and the structural and electronic properties of the integrase inhibitors may have on the catalytic pocket and inhibitor binding and, consequently, on antiviral potency in vitro and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix DeAnda
- Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kendra E. Hightower
- Biological Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Nolte
- Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | - Takashi Kawasuji
- Chemistry Infectious Diseases, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Mark R. Underwood
- Medicines Development Infectious Diseases, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Dewdney TG, Wang Y, Kovari IA, Reiter SJ, Kovari LC. Reduced HIV-1 integrase flexibility as a mechanism for raltegravir resistance. J Struct Biol 2013; 184:245-50. [PMID: 23891838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase is an essential enzyme necessary for the replication of the HIV virus as it catalyzes the insertion of the viral genome into the host chromosome. Raltegravir was the first integrase inhibitor approved by the FDA for antiretroviral treatment. HIV patients on raltegravir containing regimens often develop drug resistance mutations at residue 140 and 148 in the catalytic 140's loop resulting in a 5-10 fold decrease in susceptibility to raltegravir. Obtaining crystallographic structure information on the Q148H/R, G140S/A primary and secondary mutations has been elusive. Using 10 ns molecular dynamics simulations, we present a detailed analysis of the structural changes induced by these mutations. The formation frequency of a transient helix in the catalytic 140's loop is increased and the length of this helix is extended from 3-residues to 4 in the mutants relative to the wild type. This helix causes reduced flexibility in the protein active site and therefore serves as a gating mechanism restricting the access of raltegravir to the integrase binding pocket. These results suggest that resistance to raltegravir occurs through a common mechanism of altering the formation frequency of transient secondary structures such as α2 and β5 in addition to the conformational changes in the 140's loop therefore decreasing the flexibility of the HIV-1 integrase protein. The reduced integrase flexibility serves as a mechanism of resistance to raltegravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaria G Dewdney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Johns BA, Kawasuji T, Weatherhead JG, Taishi T, Temelkoff DP, Yoshida H, Akiyama T, Taoda Y, Murai H, Kiyama R, Fuji M, Tanimoto N, Jeffrey J, Foster SA, Yoshinaga T, Seki T, Kobayashi M, Sato A, Johnson MN, Garvey EP, Fujiwara T. Carbamoyl pyridone HIV-1 integrase inhibitors 3. A diastereomeric approach to chiral nonracemic tricyclic ring systems and the discovery of dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572) and (S/GSK1265744). J Med Chem 2013; 56:5901-16. [PMID: 23845180 DOI: 10.1021/jm400645w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitors dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572) (3) and S/GSK1265744 (4). These drugs stem from a series of carbamoyl pyridone analogues designed using a two-metal chelation model of the integrase catalytic active site. Structure-activity studies evolved a tricyclic series of carbamoyl pyridines that demonstrated properties indicative of once-daily dosing and superior potency against resistant viral strains. An inherent hemiaminal ring fusion stereocenter within the tricyclic carbamoyl pyridone scaffold led to a critical substrate controlled diastereoselective synthetic strategy whereby chiral information from small readily available amino alcohols was employed to control relative and absolute stereochemistry of the final drug candidates. Modest to extremely high levels of stereochemical control were observed depending on ring size and position of the stereocenter. This approach resulted in the discovery of 3 and 4, which are currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Johns
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development , Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area Unit, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Tartaggia S, Caporale A, Fontana F, Stabile P, Castellin A, De Lucchi O. A convenient synthesis of the key intermediate of selective COX-2 inhibitor Etoricoxib. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42619j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Naphthyridinone (NTD) integrase inhibitors: N1 protio and methyl combination substituent effects with C3 amide groups. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:422-5. [PMID: 23245515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Substituent effects of a series of N1 protio and methyl naphthyridinone HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer inhibitors has been explored. The effects of combinations of the N1 substituent and C3 amide groups was extensively studied to compare enzyme inhibition, antiviral activity and protein binding effects on potency. The impact of substitution on ligand efficiency was considered and several compounds were advanced into in vivo pharmacokinetic studies ultimately leading to the clinical candidate GSK364735.
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21
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Viral enzymes containing magnesium: Metal binding as a successful strategy in drug design. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Kawasuji T, Johns BA, Yoshida H, Taishi T, Taoda Y, Murai H, Kiyama R, Fuji M, Yoshinaga T, Seki T, Kobayashi M, Sato A, Fujiwara T. Carbamoyl pyridone HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. 1. Molecular design and establishment of an advanced two-metal binding pharmacophore. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8735-44. [PMID: 22963135 DOI: 10.1021/jm3010459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Our group has focused on expanding the scope of a two-metal binding pharmacophore concept to explore HIV-1 integrase inhibitors through medicinal chemistry efforts to design novel scaffolds which allow for improvement of pharmacokinetic (PK) and resistance profiles. A novel chelating scaffold was rationally designed to effectively coordinate two magnesium cofactors and to extend an aromatic group into an optimal hydrophobic pharmacophore space. The new chemotype, consisting of a carbamoyl pyridone core unit, shows high inhibitory potency in both enzymatic and antiviral assay formats with low nM IC₅₀ and encouraging potency shift effects in the presence of relevant serum proteins. The new inhibitor design displayed a remarkable PK profile suggestive of once daily dosing without the need for a PK booster as demonstrated by robust drug concentrations at 24 h after oral dosing in rats, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawasuji
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
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In Silico and In Vitro Comparison of HIV-1 Subtypes B and CRF02_AG Integrases Susceptibility to Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors. Adv Virol 2012; 2012:548657. [PMID: 22829822 PMCID: PMC3398581 DOI: 10.1155/2012/548657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Most antiretroviral medical treatments were developed and tested principally on HIV-1 B nonrecombinant strain, which represents less than 10% of the worldwide HIV-1-infected population. HIV-1 circulating recombinant form CRF02_AG is prevalent in West Africa and is becoming more frequent in other countries. Previous studies suggested that the HIV-1 polymorphisms might be associated to variable susceptibility to antiretrovirals. This study is pointed to compare the susceptibility to integrase (IN) inhibitors of HIV-1 subtype CRF02_AG IN respectively to HIV-1 B. Structural models of B and CRF02_AG HIV-1 INs as unbound enzymes and in complex with the DNA substrate were built by homology modeling. IN inhibitors—raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (ELV) and L731,988—were docked onto the models, and their binding affinity for both HIV-1 B and CRF02_AG INs was compared. CRF02_AG INs were cloned and expressed from plasma of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-naïve infected patients. Our in silico and in vitro studies showed that the sequence variations between the INs of CRF02_AG and B strains did not lead to any notable difference in the structural features of the enzyme and did not impact the susceptibility to the IN inhibitors. The binding modes and affinities of INSTI inhibitors to B and CRF02_AG INs were found to be similar. Although previous studies suggested that several naturally occurring variations of CRF02_AG IN might alter either IN/vDNA interactions or INSTIs binding, our study demonstrate that these variations do affect neither IN activity nor its susceptibility to INSTIs.
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Computational POM and 3D-QSAR evaluation of experimental in vitro HIV-1-Integrase inhibition of amide-containing diketoacids. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Salvi L, Davis NR, Ali SZ, Buchwald SL. A new biarylphosphine ligand for the Pd-catalyzed synthesis of diaryl ethers under mild conditions. Org Lett 2011; 14:170-3. [PMID: 22182186 DOI: 10.1021/ol202955h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new bulky biarylphosphine ligand (L8) has been developed that allows the Pd-catalyzed C-O cross-coupling of a wide range of aryl halides and phenols under milder conditions than previously possible. A direct correlation between the size of the ligand substituents in the 2', 4', and 6' positions of the nonphosphine containing ring and the reactivity of the derived catalyst system was observed. Specifically, the rate of coupling increased with the size of these substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Salvi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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26
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Bacchi A, Carcelli M, Compari C, Fisicaro E, Pala N, Rispoli G, Rogolino D, Sanchez TW, Sechi M, Sinisi V, Neamati N. Investigating the role of metal chelation in HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8407-20. [PMID: 22066494 DOI: 10.1021/jm200851g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) has been validated as an attractive target for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Several studies have confirmed that the metal binding function is a crucial feature in many of the reported IN inhibitors. To provide new insights on the metal chelating mechanism of IN inhibitors, we prepared a series of metal complexes of two ligands (HL1 and HL2), designed as representative models of the clinically used compounds raltegravir and elvitegravir. Potentiometric measurements were conducted for HL2 in the presence of Mg(II), Mn(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) in order to delineate a metal speciation model. We also determined the X-ray structures of both of the ligands and of three representative metal complexes. Our results support the hypothesis that several selective strand transfer inhibitors preferentially chelate one cation in solution and that the metal complexes can interact with the active site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bacchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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27
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Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is indispensable for HIV-1 replication and has become a validated target for developing anti-AIDS agents. In two decades of development of IN inhibition-based anti-HIV therapeutics, a significant number of compounds were identified as IN inhibitors, but only some of them showed antiviral activity. This article reviews a number of patented HIV-1 IN inhibitors, especially those that possess high selectivity for the strand transfer reaction. These compounds generally have a polar coplanar moiety, which is assumed to chelate two magnesium ions in the binding site. Resistance to those compounds, when given to patients, can develop as a result of IN mutations. We refer to those compounds as authentic IN inhibitors. Continued drug development has so far delivered one authentic IN inhibitor to the market (raltegravir in 2007). Current and future attention will be focused on the development of novel authentic IN inhibitors with the goal of overcoming viral resistance.
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Wong CH, Chan WS, Lo CM, Chow HF, Ngai T, Wong KW. Synthesis and Self Assembling Properties of Rod-Like, 2-Ureido-4-pyrimidinone-Based Main Chain Supramolecular Dendronized Polymers. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101647j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ho Wong
- Department of Chemistry and The Center of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wing-Shong Chan
- Department of Chemistry and The Center of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chui-Man Lo
- Department of Chemistry and The Center of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hak-Fun Chow
- Department of Chemistry and The Center of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Areas of Excellent Scheme, University Grants Committee, Hong Kong SAR
| | - To Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and The Center of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ka-Wai Wong
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR
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29
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Ferro S, Luca LD, Barreca ML, Grazia SD, Christ F, Debyser Z, Chimirri A. New chloro,fluorobenzylindole derivatives as integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and their mode of action. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5510-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Computer-aided drug design (CADD) methodologies have made great advances and contributed significantly to the discovery and/or optimization of many clinically used drugs in recent years. CADD tools have likewise been applied to the discovery of inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase, a difficult and worthwhile target for the development of efficient anti-HIV drugs. This article reviews the application of CADD tools, including pharmacophore search, quantitative structure-activity relationships, model building of integrase complexed with viral DNA and quantum-chemical studies in the discovery of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Different structurally diverse integrase inhibitors have been identified by, or with significant help from, various CADD tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhong Liao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, NCI-Frederick, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marc C Nicklaus
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, NCI-Frederick, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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31
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Barreca ML, Iraci N, De Luca L, Chimirri A. Induced-fit docking approach provides insight into the binding mode and mechanism of action of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1446-56. [PMID: 19544345 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional model of a complex between HIV-1 integrase (IN), viral DNA, and metal ions that we recently built was used as a target for a docking method (induced-fit docking, IFD) that accurately predicts ligand binding modes and concomitant structural changes in the receptor. Six different well-known integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs): L-708,906, L-731,988, S-1360, L-870,810, raltegravir, and elvitegravir were thus used as ligands for our docking simulations. The obtained IFD results are consistent with the mechanism of action proposed for this class of IN inhibitors, that is, metal chelating/binding agents. This study affords new insight into the possible mechanism of inhibition and binding conformations for INSTIs. The impact on our hypothesis of specific mutations associated with IN inhibitor resistance was also evaluated. All these findings might have implications for integrase-directed HIV-1 drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Barreca
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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32
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ZENG J, LÜ X, ZENG C, HU L, ZHONG R. Design, Synthesis and Anti-HIV Integrase Evaluation of 1,2,3- Triazol-4-yl-substituted 1,4-Dihydro-4-oxo-1,5-napthyridine- 3-carboxylic Acids. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Thomas MG, Maga G, Mouscadet JF, Howarth NM. Investigation of novel lipid-functionalized PNA monomers as potential HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase and/or integrase inhibitors. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 26:1063-6. [PMID: 18058537 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701513414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A range of novel N-terminal lipid-functionalized peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomers have been prepared and their abilities to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase have been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Thomas
- Chemistry, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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34
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Dayam R, Gundla R, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Neamati N. HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: 2005-2006 update. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:118-54. [PMID: 17979144 DOI: 10.1002/med.20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes the integration of proviral DNA into the host genome, an essential step for viral replication. Inhibition of IN catalytic activity provides an attractive strategy for antiretroviral drug design. Currently two IN inhibitors, MK-0518 and GS-9137, are in advanced stages of human clinical trials. The IN inhibitors in clinical evaluation demonstrate excellent antiretroviral efficacy alone or in combination regimens as compared to previously used clinical antiretroviral agents in naive and treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients. However, the emergence of viral strains resistant to clinically studied IN inhibitors and the dynamic nature of the HIV-1 genome demand a continued effort toward the discovery of novel inhibitors to keep a therapeutic advantage over the virus. Continued efforts in the field have resulted in the discovery of compounds from diverse chemical classes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive report of all IN inhibitors discovered in the years 2005 and 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Dayam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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35
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The naphthyridinone GSK364735 is a novel, potent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase inhibitor and antiretroviral. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 52:901-8. [PMID: 18160521 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01218-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The naphthyridinone GSK364735 potently inhibited recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase in a strand transfer assay (mean 50% inhibitory concentration +/- standard deviation, 8 +/- 2 nM). As expected based on the structure of the drug, it bound competitively with another two-metal binding inhibitor (Kd [binding constant], 6 +/- 4 nM). In a number of different cellular assays, GSK364735 inhibited HIV replication with potency at nanomolar concentrations (e.g., in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and MT-4 cells, 50% effective concentrations were 1.2 +/- 0.4 and 5 +/- 1 nM, respectively), with selectivity indexes of antiviral activity versus in-assay cytotoxicity of at least 2,200. When human serum was added, the antiviral potency decreased (e.g., a 35-fold decrease in the presence of 100% human serum was calculated by extrapolation from the results of the MT-4 cell assay). In cellular assays, GSK364735 blocked viral DNA integration, with a concomitant increase in two-long-terminal-repeat circles. As expected, this integrase inhibitor was equally active against wild-type viruses and mutant viruses resistant to approved drugs targeting either reverse transcriptase or protease. In contrast, some but not all viruses resistant to other integrase inhibitors were resistant to GSK364735. When virus was passaged in the presence of the inhibitor, we identified resistance mutations within the integrase active site that were the same as or similar to mutations arising in response to other two-metal binding inhibitors. Finally, either additive or synergistic effects were observed when GSK364735 was tested in combination with approved antiretrovirals (i.e., no antagonistic effects were seen). Thus, based on all the data, GSK364735 exerted potent antiviral activity through the inhibition of viral DNA integration by interacting at the two-metal binding site within the catalytic center of HIV integrase.
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36
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Kawasuji T, Fuji M, Yoshinaga T, Sato A, Fujiwara T, Kiyama R. 3-Hydroxy-1,5-dihydro-pyrrol-2-one derivatives as advanced inhibitors of HIV integrase. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5487-92. [PMID: 17560110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The two-metal binding model we previously reported as an inhibition mechanism of HIV integrase (HIV IN) produced a new direction in modification of 2-hydroxy-3-heteroaryl acrylic acid inhibitors (HHAAs). Here we present a novel series of HIV IN inhibitors having a 3-hydroxy-1,5-dihydro-pyrrol-2-one moiety (HDPO) as an advanced analog of HHAAs. This cyclic modification of the chelating region of HHAA produces a favorable configuration to coordinate two-metal ions in HIV IN, which consequently gave improvements in not only enzymatic assay but also antiviral cell based assay in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawasuji
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Company, Ltd, Sagisu, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553-0002, Japan.
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37
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Deng J, Sanchez T, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Dayam R, Yunes RA, Garofalo A, Bolger MB, Neamati N. Discovery of structurally diverse HIV-1 integrase inhibitors based on a chalcone pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4985-5002. [PMID: 17502148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported small-molecule chalcones as a novel class of HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors. The most potent compound showed an IC50 value of 2 microM for both IN-mediated 3'-processing and strand transfer reactions. To further utilize the chalcones, we developed pharmacophore models to identify chemical signatures important for biological activity. The derived models were validated with a collection of published inhibitors, and then were applied to screen a subset of our small molecule database. We tested 71 compounds in an in vitro assay specific for IN enzymatic activity. Forty-four compounds showed inhibitory potency<100 microM, and four of them exhibited IC50 values<10 microM. One compound, 62, with an IC50 value of 0.6 microM, displayed better potency than the original chalcone 2 against the strand transfer process. This study demonstrates the systematic use of pharmacophore technologies to discover novel structurally diverse inhibitors based on lead molecules that would exhibit poor characteristics in vivo. The identified compounds have the potential to exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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38
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Walker MA, Johnson T, Naidu BN, Banville J, Remillard R, Plamondon S, Martel A, Li C, Torri A, Samanta H, Lin Z, Dicker I, Krystal M, Meanwell NA. Benzyl amide-ketoacid inhibitors of HIV-integrase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4886-90. [PMID: 17604626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Integrase is one of three enzymes expressed by HIV and represents a validated target for therapy. Previous reports have demonstrated that the diketoacid-based chemotype is a useful starting point for the design of inhibitors of this enzyme. In this study, one of the ketone groups is replaced by a benzylamide resulting in a new potent chemotype. A preliminary SAR study is carried out to investigate the substitution requirements on the phenyl ring and methylene group of the benzylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Walker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, The Richard L Gelb Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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39
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Kawasuji T, Fuji M, Yoshinaga T, Sato A, Fujiwara T, Kiyama R. A platform for designing HIV integrase inhibitors. Part 2: A two-metal binding model as a potential mechanism of HIV integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8420-9. [PMID: 17005407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We propose a two-metal binding model as a potential mechanism of chelating inhibitors against HIV integrase (HIV IN) represented by 2-hydroxy-3-heteroaryl acrylic acids (HHAAs). Potential inhibitors would bind to two metal ions in the active site of HIV IN to prevent human DNA from undergoing the integration reaction. Correlation of the results of metal (Mg(2+) and Mn(2+)) titration studies with HIV IN inhibition for a series of active and inactive compounds provides support for the model. Results suggest Mg(2+) is an essential cofactor for chelating inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawasuji
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Company, Ltd, Sagisu, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553-0002, Japan.
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