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Silva Neto GJ, Silva LR, Omena RJMD, Aguiar ACC, Annunciato Y, Rosseto B, Gazarini ML, Heimfarth L, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Ferreira E, Meneghetti MR. Dual Quinoline-Hybrid Compounds with Antimalarial Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum Parasites. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05598d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although we have at our disposal relatively low-cost drugs that can be prescribed for the treatment of malaria, the prevalence of resistant strains of the causative parasite has required the...
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Mustazza C, Sbriccoli M, Minosi P, Raggi C. Small Molecules with Anti-Prion Activity. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5446-5479. [PMID: 31560283 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190927121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prion pathologies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the misfolding of the physiological Prion Protein (PrPC) into a β-structure-rich isoform called PrPSc. To date, there is no available cure for prion diseases and just a few clinical trials have been carried out. The initial approach in the search of anti-prion agents had PrPSc as a target, but the existence of different prion strains arising from alternative conformations of PrPSc, limited the efficacy of the ligands to a straindependent ability. That has shifted research to PrPC ligands, which either act as chaperones, by stabilizing the native conformation, or inhibit its interaction with PrPSc. The role of transition-metal mediated oxidation processes in prion misfolding has also been investigated. Another promising approach is the indirect action via other cellular targets, like membrane domains or the Protein- Folding Activity of Ribosomes (PFAR). Also, new prion-specific high throughput screening techniques have been developed. However, so far no substance has been found to be able to extend satisfactorily survival time in animal models of prion diseases. This review describes the main features of the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of the various chemical classes of anti-prion agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mustazza
- National Centre for Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sbriccoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Minosi
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Raggi
- National Centre for Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Ong WY, Go ML, Wang DY, Cheah IKM, Halliwell B. Effects of Antimalarial Drugs on Neuroinflammation-Potential Use for Treatment of COVID-19-Related Neurologic Complications. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:106-117. [PMID: 32897518 PMCID: PMC7477069 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus that is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects not only peripheral organs such as the lungs and blood vessels, but also the central nervous system (CNS)—as seen by effects on smell, taste, seizures, stroke, neuropathological findings and possibly, loss of control of respiration resulting in silent hypoxemia. COVID-19 induces an inflammatory response and, in severe cases, a cytokine storm that can damage the CNS. Antimalarials have unique properties that distinguish them from other anti-inflammatory drugs. (A) They are very lipophilic, which enhances their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hence, they have the potential to act not only in the periphery but also in the CNS, and could be a useful addition to our limited armamentarium against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (B) They are non-selective inhibitors of phospholipase A2 isoforms, including cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). The latter is not only activated by cytokines but itself generates arachidonic acid, which is metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Free radicals are produced in this process, which can lead to oxidative damage to the CNS. There are at least 4 ways that antimalarials could be useful in combating COVID-19. (1) They inhibit PLA2. (2) They are basic molecules capable of affecting the pH of lysosomes and inhibiting the activity of lysosomal enzymes. (3) They may affect the expression and Fe2+/H+ symporter activity of iron transporters such as divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), hence reducing iron accumulation in tissues and iron-catalysed free radical formation. (4) They could affect viral replication. The latter may be related to their effect on inhibition of PLA2 isoforms. Inhibition of cPLA2 impairs an early step of coronavirus replication in cell culture. In addition, a secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) isoform, PLA2G2D, has been shown to be essential for the lethality of SARS-CoV in mice. It is important to take note of what ongoing clinical trials on chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can eventually tell us about the use of antimalarials and other anti-inflammatory agents, not only for the treatment of COVID-19, but also for neurovascular disorders such as stroke and vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
| | - Mei-Lin Go
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Irwin Kee-Mun Cheah
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
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Ellett LJ, Revill ZT, Koo YQ, Lawson VA. Strain variation in treatment and prevention of human prion diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 175:121-145. [PMID: 32958230 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases describe a number of different human disorders that differ in their clinical phenotypes, which are nonetheless united by their transmissible nature and common pathology. Clinical variation in the absence of a conventional infectious agent is believed to be encoded by different conformations of the misfolded prion protein. This misfolded protein is the target of methods designed to prevent disease transmission in a surgical setting and reduction of the misfolded seed or preventing its continued propagation have been the focus of therapeutic strategies. It is therefore possible that strain variation may influence the efficacy of prevention and treatment approaches. Historically, an understanding of prion disease transmission and pathogenesis has been focused on research tools developed using agriculturally relevant strains of prion disease. However, an increased understanding of the molecular biology of human prion disorders has highlighted differences not only between different forms of the disease affecting humans and animals but also within diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), which is represented by several sporadic CJD specific conformations and an additional conformation associated with variant CJD. In this chapter we will discuss whether prion strain variation can affect the efficacy of methods used to decontaminate prions and whether strain variation in pre-clinical models of prion disease can be used to identify therapeutic strategies that have the best possible chance of success in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Ellett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zoe T Revill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yong Qian Koo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Victoria A Lawson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Prasher P, Sharma M. Medicinal chemistry of acridine and its analogues. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1589-1618. [PMID: 30429967 PMCID: PMC6195008 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
'Acridine' along with its functional analogue 'Acridone' is the most privileged pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry with diverse applications ranging from DNA intercalators, endonuclease mimics, ratiometric selective ion sensors, and P-glycoprotein inhibitors in countering the multi-drug resistance, enzyme inhibitors, and reversals of neurodegenerative disorders. Their interaction with DNA and ability of selectively identifying numerous biologically useful ions has cemented exploitability of the acridone nucleus in modern day therapeutics. Additionally, most derivatives and salts of acridine are planar, crystalline, and stable displaying a strong fluorescence which, when coupled with their marked bio selectivity and low cytotoxicity, enables the studying and monitoring of several biochemical, metabolic, and pharmacological processes. In this review, a detailed picture covering the important therapeutic aspects of the acridone nucleus and its functional analogues is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies , Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
- Department of Chemistry , University of Petroleum & Energy Studies , Dehradun 248007 , India . ;
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies , Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
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One-pot synthesis of 2,3-bis-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)succinates and arylmethylene-bis-3,3′-quinoline-2-ones. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
Prion diseases are associated with the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), a glycoprotein expressed at the surface of a wide variety of cell types, into a misfolded conformer (the scrapie form of PrP, or PrPSc) that accumulates in brain tissues of affected individuals. PrPSc is a self-catalytic protein assembly capable of recruiting native conformers of PrPC, and causing their rearrangement into new PrPSc molecules. Several previous attempts to identify therapeutic agents against prion diseases have targeted PrPSc, and a number of compounds have shown potent anti-prion effects in experimental models. Unfortunately, so far, none of these molecules has successfully been translated into effective therapies for prion diseases. Moreover, mounting evidence suggests that PrPSc might be a difficult pharmacological target because of its poorly defined structure, heterogeneous composition, and ability to generate different structural conformers (known as prion strains) that can elude pharmacological intervention. In the last decade, a less intuitive strategy to overcome all these problems has emerged: targeting PrPC, the common substrate of any prion strain replication. This alternative approach possesses several technical and theoretical advantages, including the possibility of providing therapeutic effects also for other neurodegenerative disorders, based on recent observations indicating a role for PrPC in delivering neurotoxic signals of different misfolded proteins. Here, we provide an overview of compounds claimed to exert anti-prion effects by directly binding to PrPC, discussing pharmacological properties and therapeutic potentials of each chemical class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Biggi
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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Effect of heterocyclic ring system on formation of dimeric quinolones under catalyst-free conditions: a green approach. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-3032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Exploring Anti-Prion Glyco-Based and Aromatic Scaffolds: A Chemical Strategy for the Quality of Life. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060864. [PMID: 28538692 PMCID: PMC6152669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by protein misfolding and aggregation, affecting the brain progressively and consequently the quality of life. Alzheimer’s is also a protein misfolding disease, causing dementia in over 40 million people worldwide. There are no therapeutics able to cure these diseases. Cellular prion protein is a high-affinity binding partner of amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers, the most toxic species in Alzheimer’s pathology. These findings motivate the development of new chemicals for a better understanding of the events involved. Disease control is far from being reached by the presently known therapeutics. In this review we describe the synthesis and mode of action of molecular entities with intervention in prion diseases’ biological processes and, if known, their role in Alzheimer’s. A diversity of structures is covered, based on glycans, steroids and terpenes, heterocycles, polyphenols, most of them embodying aromatics and a structural complexity. These molecules may be regarded as chemical tools to foster the understanding of the complex mechanisms involved, and to encourage the scientific community towards further developments for the cure of these devastating diseases.
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Abstract
Although an effective therapy for prion disease has not yet been established, many advances have been made toward understanding its pathogenesis, which has facilitated research into therapeutics for the disease. Several compounds, including flupirtine, quinacrine, pentosan polysulfate, and doxycycline, have recently been used on a trial basis for patients with prion disease. Concomitantly, several lead antiprion compounds, including compound B (compB), IND series, and anle138b, have been discovered. However, clinical trials are still far from yielding significantly beneficial results, and the findings of lead compound studies in animals have highlighted new challenges. These efforts have highlighted areas that need improvement or further exploration to achieve more effective therapies. In this work, we review recent advances in prion-related therapeutic research and discuss basic scientific issues to be resolved for meaningful medical intervention of prion disease.
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12
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Synthesis of acridine cyclic imide hybrid molecules and their evaluation for anticancer activity. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bolognesi ML, Legname G. Approaches for discovering anti-prion compounds: lessons learned and challenges ahead. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:389-97. [PMID: 25682812 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1016498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent years have witnessed major advances in our understanding of the molecular bases of prion diseases. These studies not only highlight the protein misfolding as a potential initiator of a neurodegenerative process, they also provide a foundation for considering whether such a process can be common to many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. This makes prion diseases a sort of prototype of neurodegenerative disease, endowed with some intrinsic positive features in terms of drug development. Thanks to the fact that disappearance of the scrapie protein can serve as a clear readout of drug efficiency, phenotypic approaches have high potential for prion disease drug discovery. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss phenotypic screening and how it lends itself to drug repositioning. Furthermore, they discuss the advantages of working with a molecule with proven safety, tolerability and drug-like properties in combination with a reliable phenotypic screening and how it could improve the success rate for prion drug development. They also provide examples of several interesting candidates that have been identified using this approach, including quinacrine, astemizole, guanabenz and doxycycline. EXPERT OPINION The availability of persistently scrapie-infected murine neuroblastoma cells has greatly helped to identify compounds that inhibit prion formation. However, a human neuronal model infected with the human isoform would ultimately serve as the ideal disease model toward the discovery of effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna , Italy
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14
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Hernán-Gómez A, Herd E, Uzelac M, Cadenbach T, Kennedy AR, Borilovic I, Aromı́ G, Hevia E. Zincate-Mediated Arylation Reactions of Acridine: Pre- and Postarylation Structural Insights. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501251q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Hernán-Gómez
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
| | - Emma Herd
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
| | - Marina Uzelac
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
| | - Thomas Cadenbach
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
| | - Ivana Borilovic
- Departament
de Quı́mica Inorgànica and Institut de Nanociència
i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Aromı́
- Departament
de Quı́mica Inorgànica and Institut de Nanociència
i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
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Staderini M, Bolognesi ML, Menéndez JC. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Generation of CC and CN Bonds on π-Deficient Heterocyclic Substrates. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Li X, Wang Z, Feng Y, Song T, Su P, Chen C, Chai G, Yang Y, Zhang Z. Two-face, two-turn α-helix mimetics based on a cross-acridine scaffold: analogues of the Bim BH3 domain. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1280-5. [PMID: 24838655 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The design of a cross-acridine scaffold mimicking the i, i+3, i+5, and i+7 residues distributed over a two-face, two-turn α-helix is described. Docking studies and 2D (1)H, (15)N HSQC NMR spectroscopy provide compelling evidence that compound 3 d accurately reproduces the arrangement of four hotspots in the Bim BH3 peptide to permit binding to the Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 proteins (Ki 0.079 and 0.056 μM, respectively). Furthermore, the hotspot mutation could also be mimicked by individual or multiple deletions of side chains on the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116012 (P.R. China)
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Quinacrine promotes replication and conformational mutation of chronic wasting disease prions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:6028-33. [PMID: 24711410 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322377111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinacrine's ability to reduce levels of pathogenic prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in mouse cells infected with experimentally adapted prions led to several unsuccessful clinical studies in patients with prion diseases, a 10-y investment to understand its mechanism of action, and the production of related compounds with expectations of greater efficacy. We show here, in stark contrast to this reported inhibitory effect, that quinacrine enhances deer and elk PrP(Sc) accumulation and promotes propagation of prions causing chronic wasting disease (CWD), a fatal, transmissible, neurodegenerative disorder of cervids of uncertain zoonotic potential. Surprisingly, despite increased prion titers in quinacrine-treated cells, transmission of the resulting prions produced prolonged incubation times and altered PrP(Sc) deposition patterns in the brains of diseased transgenic mice. This unexpected outcome is consistent with quinacrine affecting the intrinsic properties of the CWD prion. Accordingly, quinacrine-treated CWD prions were comprised of an altered PrP(Sc) conformation. Our findings provide convincing evidence for drug-induced conformational mutation of prions without the prerequisite of generating drug-resistant variants of the original strain. More specifically, they show that a drug capable of restraining prions in one species/strain setting, and consequently used to treat human prion diseases, improves replicative ability in another and therefore force reconsideration of current strategies to screen antiprion compounds.
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Nguyen T, Yang T, Go ML. Functionalized acridin-9-yl phenylamines protected neuronal HT22 cells from glutamate-induced cell death by reducing intracellular levels of free radical species. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1830-8. [PMID: 24602904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro neuronal cell death model based on the HT22 mouse hippocampal cell model is a convenient means of identifying compounds that protect against oxidative glutamate toxicity which plays a role in the development of certain neurodegenerative diseases. Functionalized acridin-9-yl-phenylamines were found to protect HT22 cells from glutamate challenge at submicromolar concentrations. The Aryl(1)-NH-Aryl(2) scaffold that is embedded in these compounds was the minimal pharmacophore for activity. Mechanistically, protection against the endogenous oxidative stress generated by glutamate did not involve up-regulation of glutathione levels but attenuation of the late stage increases in mitochondrial ROS and intracellular calcium levels. The NH residue in the pharmacophore played a crucial role in this regard as seen from the loss of neuroprotection when it was structurally modified or replaced. That the same NH was essential for radical scavenging in cell-free and cell-based systems pointed to an antioxidant basis for the neuroprotective activities of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800E Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA
| | - Tianming Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mei-Lin Go
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.
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W. Gribble G, D. Mosher M, D. Jaycox G, Cory M, A. Fairley T. Potential DNA Bis-Intercalating Agents. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of N,N'-(Methylenedi-4,1-cyclohexanediyl-bis(9-acridinamine) Isomers. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-s(s)77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Venko K, Župerl Š, Novič M. Prediction of antiprion activity of therapeutic agents with structure–activity models. Mol Divers 2013; 18:133-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Staderini M, Cabezas N, Bolognesi ML, Menéndez JC. Solvent- and chromatography-free amination of π-deficient nitrogen heterocycles under microwave irradiation. A fast, efficient and green route to 9-aminoacridines, 4-aminoquinolines and 4-aminoquinazolines and its application to the synthesis of the drugs amsacrine and bistacrine. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Mays CE, Joy S, Li L, Yu L, Genovesi S, West FG, Westaway D. Prion inhibition with multivalent PrPSc binding compounds. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6808-22. [PMID: 22748770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Quinacrine and related heterocyclic compounds have antiprion activity. Since the infectious pathogen of prion diseases is composed of multimeric PrP(Sc) assemblies, we hypothesized that this antiprion property could be enhanced by attaching multiple quinacrine-derived chloroquinoline or acridine moieties to a scaffold. In addition to exploring Congo red dye and tetraphenylporphyrin tetracarboxylic acid scaffolds, which already possess intrinsic prion-binding ability; trimesic acid was used in this role. In practice, Congo red itself could not be modified with chloroquinoline or acridine units, and a modified dicarboxyl analog was also unreactive. The latter also lacked antiprion activity in infected cultured cells. While addition of chloroquinoline to a tetraphenylporphyrin tetracarboxylic acid scaffold resulted in some reduction of PrP(Sc), moieties attached to a trimesic acid scaffold exhibited sub-micromolar IC(50)'s as well as a toxicity profile superior to quinacrine. Antiprion activity of these molecules was influenced by the length, polarity, and rigidity associated with the variable linear or cyclic polyamine tethers, and in some instances was modulated by host-cell and/or strain type. Unexpectedly, several compounds in our series increased PrP(Sc) levels. Overall, inhibitory and enhancing properties of these multivalent compounds offer new avenues for structure-based investigation of prion biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Mays
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Corsaro A, Thellung S, Villa V, Nizzari M, Aceto A, Florio T. Recombinant human prion protein fragment 90-231, a useful model to study prion neurotoxicity. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2012; 16:50-9. [PMID: 22321015 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), or prion diseases, are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders of animals and humans. Human diseases include Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSSD) diseases, fatal familial insomnia, and Kuru. Human and animal TSEs share a common histopathology with a pathognomonic triad: spongiform vacuolation of the grey matter, neuronal death, glial proliferation, and, more inconstantly, amyloid deposition. According to the "protein only" hypothesis, TSEs are caused by a unique post-translational conversion of normal, host-encoded, protease-sensitive prion protein (PrP(sen) or PrP(C)) to an abnormal disease-associated isoform (PrP(res) or PrP(Sc)). To investigate the molecular mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by PrP(Sc) we developed a protocol to obtain millimolar amounts of soluble recombinant polypeptide encompassing the amino acid sequence 90-231 of human PrP (hPrP90-231). This protein corresponds to the protease-resistant prion protein fragment that originates after amino-terminal truncation. Importantly, hPrP90-231 has a flexible backbone that, similar to PrP(C), can undergo to structural rearrangement. This peptide, structurally resembling PrP(C), can be converted in a PrP(Sc)-like conformation, and thus represents a valuable model to study prion neurotoxicity. In this article we summarized our experimental evidence on the molecular and structural mechanisms responsible of hPrP90-231 neurotoxicity on neuroectodermal cell line SHSY5Y and the effects of some PrP pathogen mutations identified in familial TSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corsaro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Oncology Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Italy
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Thompson MJ, Louth JC, Little SM, Jackson MP, Boursereau Y, Chen B, Coldham I. Synthesis and Evaluation of 1-Amino-6-halo-β-carbolines as Antimalarial and Antiprion Agents. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:578-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nguyen T, Sakasegawa Y, Doh-Ura K, Go ML. Anti-prion activities and drug-like potential of functionalized quinacrine analogs with basic phenyl residues at the 9-amino position. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2917-29. [PMID: 21531054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis and cell-based anti-prion activity of quinacrine analogs derived by replacing the basic alkyl side chain of quinacrine with 4-(4-methylpiperazin-I-yl)phenyl, (1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl) and their structural variants. Several promising analogs were found that have a more favorable anti-prion profile than quinacrine in terms of potency and activity across different prion-infected murine cell models. They also exhibited greater binding affinities for a human prion protein fragment (hPrP(121-231)) than quinacrine, and had permeabilities on the PAMPA-BBB assay that fall within the range of CNS permeant candidates. When evaluated on bidirectional assays on a Pgp overexpressing cell line, one analog was less susceptible to Pgp efflux activity compared to quinacrine. Taken together, the results point to an important role for the substituted 9-amino side chain attached to the acridine, tetrahydroacridine and quinoline scaffolds. The nature of this side chain influenced cell-based potency, PAMPA permeability and binding affinity to hPrP(121-231).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Sikorski A, Trzybiński D. The influence of benzoate anion substituents on the crystal packing and hydrogen-bonding network of 9-aminoacridinium salts. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sikorski A, Trzybiński D. Anion-controlled networks of intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure of 9-aminoacridinium salts. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bongarzone S, Bolognesi ML. The concept of privileged structures in rational drug design: focus on acridine and quinoline scaffolds in neurodegenerative and protozoan diseases. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:251-68. [PMID: 22647203 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.550914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For nearly 20 years, privileged structures have offered an optimal source of core scaffolds and capping fragments for the design of combinatorial libraries directed at a broad spectrum of targets. From describing structures promiscuous within a given target family, the concept has evolved to include frameworks that can modulate proteins lacking a strict target class relation. AREAS COVERED Based on a literature search from 2000 to 2010, we discuss how two privileged motifs, quinolines and acridines, are particularly recurrent in compounds active against two quite different pathologies, neurodegenerative and protozoan diseases. EXPERT OPINION As privileged structures, quinolines and acridines could improve the productivity of drug discovery projects in the field of neurodegenerative and protozoan diseases. They could be particularly relevant for protozoan diseases because of the importance of cost-effective strategies and less stringent intellectual property concerns. Furthermore, because of their inherent affinity for various targets, privileged structures could offer a viable starting point in the search for novel multi-target ligands. Finally, from a broader perspective, they can serve as effective probes for investigating unknown but interrelated mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Bongarzone
- Statistical and Biological Physics Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati - International School for Advanced Studies, (SISSA-ISAS), Italian Institute of Technology, SISSA-ISAS Unit, 34151 Trieste, Italy
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Ren P, Vechorkin O, Csok Z, Salihu I, Scopelliti R, Hu X. Pd, Pt, and Ru complexes of a pincer bis(amino)amide ligand. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:8906-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Efficacy of novel acridine derivatives in the inhibition of hPrP90-231 prion protein fragment toxicity. Neurotox Res 2010; 19:556-74. [PMID: 20405353 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Quinacrine is one of the few molecules tested to treat patients affected by prion diseases, although the clinical outcome is largely unsatisfactory. To identify novel derivatives with higher neuroprotective activity, we evaluated the effects of a small library of acridine derivatives. The 6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine derivatives bearing on position 9 a quinolizidin-1-ylamino (Q1, Q2) or a quinolizidin-1-ylalkylamino residue (Q3, Q4, Q6, Q7), the thio-bioisoster of Q3 (Q5), the 9-(N-lupinylthiopropyl)amino derivative (Q8) and simple acridines (Q9 and Q10) were considered. We compared the effects of quinacrine and these novel analogues in the inhibition of the cytotoxic activity and protease K (PK) resistance of the human prion protein fragment 90-231 (hPrP90-231). We demonstrate that quinacrine caused a significant reduction of hPrP90-231 toxicity due to its binding to the fragment and the prevention of its conversion in a toxic isoform. All acridine derivatives analyzed showed high affinity binding for hPrP90-231, but only Q3 and Q10, caused a significant reduction of hPrP90-231 cytotoxicity, with higher efficacy than quinacrine. We attempted to correlate the cytoprotective effects of the new compounds with some biochemical parameters (binding affinity to hPrP90-231, intrinsic fluorescence quenching, hydrophobic amino acid exposure), but a direct relationship occurred only with the reduction of PK resistance, likely due to the prevention of the acquisition of the β-sheet-rich toxic conformation. These data represent interesting leads for further modifications of the basic side chain and the substituent pattern of the acridine nucleus to develop novel compounds with improved antiprion activity to be tested in in vivo experimental setting.
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Csuk R, Barthel A, Raschke C, Kluge R, Ströhl D, Trieschmann L, Böhm G. Synthesis of Monomeric and Dimeric Acridine Compounds as Potential Therapeutics in Alzheimer and Prion Diseases. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2009; 342:699-709. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200900065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sasvari Z, Bach S, Blondel M, Nagy PD. Inhibition of RNA recruitment and replication of an RNA virus by acridine derivatives with known anti-prion activities. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7376. [PMID: 19823675 PMCID: PMC2757906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small molecule inhibitors of RNA virus replication are potent antiviral drugs and useful to dissect selected steps in the replication process. To identify antiviral compounds against Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a model positive stranded RNA virus, we tested acridine derivatives, such as chlorpromazine (CPZ) and quinacrine (QC), which are active against prion-based diseases. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we report that CPZ and QC compounds inhibited TBSV RNA accumulation in plants and in protoplasts. In vitro assays revealed that the inhibitory effects of these compounds were manifested at different steps of TBSV replication. QC was shown to have an effect on multiple steps, including: (i) inhibition of the selective binding of the p33 replication protein to the viral RNA template, which is required for recruitment of viral RNA for replication; (ii) reduction of minus-strand synthesis by the tombusvirus replicase; and (iii) inhibition of translation of the uncapped TBSV genomic RNA. In contrast, CPZ was shown to inhibit the in vitro assembly of the TBSV replicase, likely due to binding of CPZ to intracellular membranes, which are important for RNA virus replication. Conclusion/Significance Since we found that CPZ was also an effective inhibitor of other plant viruses, including Tobacco mosaic virus and Turnip crinkle virus, it seems likely that CPZ has a broad range of antiviral activity. Thus, these inhibitors constitute effective tools to study similarities in replication strategies of various RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Sasvari
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Stéphane Bach
- USR3151-CNRS “Protein Phosphorylation & Human Disease”, Station Biologique, B.P. 74, 29682 Roscoff cedex, Bretagne, France
| | - Marc Blondel
- INSERM U613, Brest, France
- Univ Brest, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, UMR-S613, Brest, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, Brest, France
- CHU Brest, Hop Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
| | - Peter D. Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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