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Vale N, Ferreira A, Matos J, Fresco P, Gouveia MJ. Amino Acids in the Development of Prodrugs. Molecules 2018; 23:E2318. [PMID: 30208629 PMCID: PMC6225300 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although drugs currently used for the various types of diseases (e.g., antiparasitic, antiviral, antibacterial, etc.) are effective, they present several undesirable pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties. Most of the drugs have low bioavailability, lack of sensitivity, and do not target only the damaged cells, thus also affecting normal cells. Moreover, there is the risk of developing resistance against drugs upon chronic treatment. Consequently, their potential clinical applications might be limited and therefore, it is mandatory to find strategies that improve those properties of therapeutic agents. The development of prodrugs using amino acids as moieties has resulted in improvements in several properties, namely increased bioavailability, decreased toxicity of the parent drug, accurate delivery to target tissues or organs, and prevention of fast metabolism. Herein, we provide an overview of models currently in use of prodrug design with amino acids. Furthermore, we review the challenges related to the permeability of poorly absorbed drugs and transport and deliver on target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vale
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Abigail Ferreira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- LAQV&REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Matos
- SpiroChem AG, Rosental Area, WRO-1074-3, Mattenstrasse 24, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Paula Fresco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Gouveia
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Bencze LC, Komjáti B, Pop LA, Paizs C, Irimie FD, Nagy J, Poppe L, Toşa MI. Synthesis of enantiopure l-(5-phenylfuran-2-yl)alanines by a sequential multienzyme process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Vig BS, Huttunen KM, Laine K, Rautio J. Amino acids as promoieties in prodrug design and development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1370-85. [PMID: 23099277 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Prodrugs are biologically inactive agents that upon biotransformation in vivo result in active drug molecules. Since prodrugs might alter the tissue distribution, efficacy and the toxicity of the parent drug, prodrug design should be considered at the early stages of preclinical development. In this regard, natural and synthetic amino acids offer wide structural diversity and physicochemical properties. This review covers the use of amino acid prodrugs to improve poor solubility, poor permeability, sustained release, intravenous delivery, drug targeting, and metabolic stability of the parent drug. In addition, practical considerations and challenges associated with the development of amino acid prodrugs are also covered.
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Jiang YL, McGoldrick CA, Yin D, Zhao J, Patel V, Brannon MF, Lightner JW, Krishnan K, Stone WL. A specific molecular beacon probe for the detection of human prostate cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3632-8. [PMID: 22572577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The small-molecule, water-soluble molecular beacon probe 1 is hydrolyzed by the lysate and living cells of human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP), resulting in strong green fluorescence. In contrast, probe 1 does not undergo significant hydrolysis in either the lysate or living cells of human nontumorigenic prostate cells (RWPE-1). These results, corroborated by UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescent microscopy, reveal that probe 1 is a sensitive and specific fluorogenic and chromogenic sensor for the detection of human prostate cancer cells among nontumorigenic prostate cells and that carboxylesterase activity is a specific biomarker for human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.
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Aromdee C. Modifications of andrographolide to increase some biological activities: a patent review (2006 - 2011). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:169-80. [PMID: 22329509 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.661718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Andrographis paniculata Nees, Acanthaceae, is a well-recognised medicinal plant in Asia. It has been reported to possess a variety of biological activities. The main constituent of A. paniculata is andrographolide (Androg). Since the plant is known to treat many diseases, Androg was modified for many biological activities to treat and prevent a variety of diseases. AREA COVERED This review surveys the patents from 2006 to 15 November 2011 for antibacterials, antivirals, antidiabetic, anticancer, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory analogues. SciFinder database was used to search for the patent work using the keywords 'andrographolide', 'andrographolide derivatives', 'andrographolide analogues' and later additional limits, that is, 'patent' and 'years', 'Clinical trial' and 'years' were searched. Espacenet was also searched for 'andrographolide', 'andrographolide derivatives' and 'andrographolide analogues'. EXPERT OPINION Androg is a good pharmacophore for many pharmacological activities. Esterification at either one or more of the three hydroxyls with short/long chains, heterocyclic, aromatic fatty acids was attempted and tested for a variety of activities. Most of the responses were positive. Other modifications were epoxidation at Δ(7(18)) along with esterifications with various carboxylic acids for anticancer activity. 15-Alkylidene analogues were investigated for α-glucosidase inhibition. The improvement of activities have not yet been proven to be due to the increase in the ability of analogues to reach the targets as prodrugs or the new feature structures fitted to the receptors. It seems that substitution with active compounds, such as lipoic acid, is a new trend for modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantana Aromdee
- Khon Kaen University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 123 Mitraparp Rd, Muang Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Nucleoside and nucleotide HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors: 25 years after zidovudine. Antiviral Res 2009; 85:39-58. [PMID: 19887088 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, nucleoside analog 3'-azidothymidine (AZT) was shown to efficiently block the replication of HIV in cell culture. Subsequent studies demonstrated that AZT acts via the selective inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) by its triphosphate metabolite. These discoveries have established the first class of antiretroviral agents: nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Over the years that followed, NRTIs evolved into the main component of antiretroviral drug combinations that are now used for the treatment of all populations of HIV infected patients. A total of thirteen NRTI drug products are now available for clinical application: eight individual NRTIs, four fixed-dose combinations of two or three NRTIs, and one complete fixed-dose regimen containing two NRTIs and one non-nucleoside RT inhibitor. Multiple NRTIs or their prodrugs are in various stages of clinical development and new potent NRTIs are still being identified through drug discovery efforts. This article will review basic principles of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of NRTIs, discuss their clinical use including limitations associated with long-term NRTI therapy, and describe newly identified NRTIs with promising pharmacological profiles highlighting those in the development pipeline. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of antiretroviral drug discovery and development, volume 85, issue 1, 2010.
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