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Malwal SR, Mazurek B, Ko J, Xie P, Barnes C, Varvitsiotis C, Zimmerman MD, Olatunji S, Lee J, Xie M, Sarathy J, Caffrey M, Strynadka NCJ, Dartois V, Dick T, Lee BNR, Russell DG, Oldfield E. Investigation into the Mechanism of Action of the Tuberculosis Drug Candidate SQ109 and Its Metabolites and Analogues in Mycobacteria. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37235809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We tested a series of SQ109 analogues against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. smegmatis, in addition to determining their uncoupling activity. We then investigated potential protein targets, involved in quinone and cell wall biosynthesis, using "rescue" experiments. There was little effect of menaquinone on growth inhibition by SQ109, but there were large increases in the IC50 of SQ109 and its analogues (up to 20×) on addition of undecaprenyl phosphate (Up), a homologue of the mycobacterial decaprenyl (C50) diphosphate. Inhibition of an undecaprenyl diphosphate phosphatase, an ortholog of the mycobacterial phosphatase, correlated with cell growth inhibition, and we found that M. smegmatis cell growth inhibition could be well predicted by using uncoupler and Up-rescue results. We also investigated whether SQ109 was metabolized inside Mycobacterium tuberculosis, finding only a single metabolite, previously shown to be inactive. The results are of general interest since they help explain the mechanism of SQ109 in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish R Malwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ben Mazurek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jihee Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pujun Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chikako Barnes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christine Varvitsiotis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew D Zimmerman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Samir Olatunji
- Schools of Medicine and Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Min Xie
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Jansy Sarathy
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Martin Caffrey
- Schools of Medicine and Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Natalie C J Strynadka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, United States
| | - Bom Nae Rin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Singla P, Dalal P, Kaur M, Arya G, Nimesh S, Singh R, Salunke DB. Bile Acid Oligomers and Their Combination with Antibiotics To Combat Bacterial Infections. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10265-10275. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singla
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Priyanka Dalal
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Mahaldeep Kaur
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Geeta Arya
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Surendra Nimesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Rachna Singh
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Deepak B. Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Šekutor M, Štimac A, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Frkanec R. Syntheses and characterization of liposome-incorporated adamantyl aminoguanidines. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:6005-13. [PMID: 24988293 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of mono and bis-aminoguanidinium adamantane derivatives has been synthesized and incorporated into liposomes. They combine two biomedically significant molecules, the adamantane moiety and the guanidinium group. The adamantane moiety possesses the membrane compatible features while the cationic guanidinium subunit was recognized as a favourable structural feature for binding to complementary molecules comprising phosphate groups. The liposome formulations of adamantyl aminoguanidines were characterized and it was shown that the entrapment efficiency of the examined compounds is significant. In addition, it was demonstrated that liposomes with incorporated adamantyl aminoguanidines effectively recognized the complementary liposomes via the phosphate group. These results indicate that adamantane derivatives bearing guanidinium groups might be versatile tools for biomedical application, from studies of molecular recognition processes to usage in drug formulation and cell targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Šekutor
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Lv W, Banerjee B, Molland KL, Seleem MN, Ghafoor A, Hamed MI, Wan B, Franzblau SG, Mesecar AD, Cushman M. Synthesis of 3-(3-aryl-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-aryl-1,2,4-triazines that have antibacterial activity and also inhibit inorganic pyrophosphatase. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:406-18. [PMID: 24315189 PMCID: PMC3914758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphatases are potential targets for the development of novel antibacterial agents. A pyrophosphatase-coupled high-throughput screening assay intended to detect o-succinyl benzoic acid coenzyme A (OSB CoA) synthetase inhibitors led to the unexpected discovery of a new series of novel inorganic pyrophosphatase inhibitors. Lead optimization studies resulted in a series of 3-(3-aryl-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-aryl-1,2,4-triazine derivatives that were prepared by an efficient synthetic pathway. One of the tetracyclic triazine analogues 22h displayed promising antibiotic activity against a wide variety of drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, as well as activity versus Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Bacillus anthracis, at a concentration that was not cytotoxic to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lv
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Biplab Banerjee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Katrina L Molland
- Department of Biological Sciences and The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Adil Ghafoor
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Maha I Hamed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Biological Sciences and The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Sil D, Heinbockel L, Kaconis Y, Rössle M, Garidel P, Gutsmann T, David SA, Brandenburg K. Biophysical mechanisms of the neutralization of endotoxins by lipopolyamines. Open Biochem J 2013; 7:82-93. [PMID: 24133550 PMCID: PMC3795406 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01307010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) are one of the strongest immunostimulators in nature, responsible for beneficial effects at low, and pathophysiological effects at high concentrations, the latter frequently leading to sepsis and septic shock associated with high mortality in critical care settings. There are no drugs specifically targeting the pathophysiology of sepsis, and new therapeutic agents are therefore urgently needed. The lipopolyamines are a novel class of small molecules designed to sequester and neutralize LPS. To understand the mechanisms underlying the binding and neutralization of LPS toxicity, we have performed detailed biophysical analyses of the interactions of LPS with candidate lipopolyamines which differ in their potencies of LPS neutralization. We examined gel-to-liquid crystalline phase behavior of LPS and of its supramolecular aggregate structures in the absence and presence of lipopolyamines, the ability of such compounds to incorporate into different membrane systems, and the thermodynamics of the LPS:lipopolyamine binding. We have found that the mechanisms which govern the inactivation process of LPS obey similar rules as found for other active endotoxin neutralizers such as certain antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptesh Sil
- Department. of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Bairwa R, Kakwani M, Tawari NR, Lalchandani J, Ray M, Rajan M, Degani MS. Novel molecular hybrids of cinnamic acids and guanylhydrazones as potential antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1623-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The guanidine group defines chemical and physicochemical properties of many compounds of medical interest and guanidine-containing derivatives constitute a very important class of therapeutic agents suitable for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. OBJECTIVE To review the most important pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of simple guanidine derivatives, cyclic analogues of guanidines as well as peptides, peptidomimetics and peptoids incorporating arginine. METHODS The review presents both the recent patent literature and original papers dealing with guanidine derivatives that show interesting biological activity and emphasizes the newest developing drugs. CONCLUSION Recent achievements in the synthesis of guanidine-containing molecules with diverse chemical, biochemical and pharmacological properties make them of great importance to the design and development of novel drugs acting at CNS, anti-inflammatory agents, inhibitors of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, inhibitors of NO synthase, antithrombotic, antidiabetic and chemotherapeutic agents as well as guanidinium-based transporters and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciszek Saczewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdansk, Poland.
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Abstract
An expanding body of evidence is rendering manifest that many cationic antimicrobial peptides are endowed with different properties and activities, well beyond their direct action on microbes. One of the most interesting and potentially important research avenue on the alternative use of antimicrobial peptides grounds on their affinity toward lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the endotoxin, responsible for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and related, often fatal, disorders that can follow Gram-negative infections. Indeed, not only do several antimicrobial peptides, such as cathelicidins, display an ability to strongly bind LPS and break its aggregates, but they have also been demonstrated to suppress LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses in vitro and to protect from sepsis in animal models. Although many aspects still need to be carefully evaluated - some of which are highlighted here - a mix of antimicrobial, LPS-sequestering/neutralization, and immunomodulatory features make cationic peptides, and especially synthetic or semi-synthetic amphiphilic compounds built on their scheme, attractive candidates for novel drugs to be administered in antisepsis therapies. These therapies will probably hinge either on compounds able to intervene at multiple points in the sepsis cascade or on the combination of two or more immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giuliani
- Research and Development Unit, SpiderBiotech S.r.l, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
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Adediran SA, Day TP, Sil D, Kimbrell MR, Warshakoon HJ, Malladi SS, David SA. Synthesis of a highly water-soluble derivative of amphotericin B with attenuated proinflammatory activity. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1582-90. [PMID: 19663403 PMCID: PMC3709255 DOI: 10.1021/mp9001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB), a well-known polyene antifungal agent, displays a marked tendency to self-associate and, as a consequence, exhibits very poor solubility in water. The therapeutic index of AmB is low and is associated with significant dose-related nephrotoxicity, as well as acute, infusion-related febrile reactions. Reports in the literature indicate that the toxicity of AmB may be related to the physical state of the drug. Reaction of AmB in dimethylformamide with bis(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide yielded an unexpected N-alkylguanidine/N-acylurea bis-adduct of AmB which was highly water-soluble. The absorption spectrum of the AmB derivative in water indicated excellent monomerization, and the antifungal activities of reference AmB and its water-soluble derivative against Candida albicans were found to be virtually identical. Furthermore, the water-soluble adduct is significantly less active in engaging TLR4, which would suggest that the adduct may be less proinflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diptesh Sil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas
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Structure-activity relationships of lipopolysaccharide sequestration in N-alkylpolyamines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2478-81. [PMID: 19332373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that simple N-acyl or N-alkyl polyamines bind to and sequester Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide, affording protection against lethality in animal models of endotoxicosis. Several iterative design-and-test cycles of SAR studies, including high-throughput screens, had converged on compounds with polyamine scaffolds which have been investigated extensively with reference to the number, position, and length of acyl or alkyl appendages. However, the polyamine backbone itself had not been explored sufficiently, and it was not known if incremental variations on the polymethylene spacing would affect LPS-binding and neutralization properties. We have now systematically explored the relationship between variously elongated spermidine [NH(2)-(CH(2))(3)-NH-(CH(2))(4)-NH(2)] and norspermidine [NH(2)-(CH(2))(3)-NH-(CH(2))(3)-NH(2)] backbones, with the N-alkyl group being held constant at C(16) in order to examine if changing the spacing between the inner secondary amines may yield additional SAR information. We find that the norspermine-type compounds consistently showed higher activity compared to corresponding spermine homologues.
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