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Bargagli M, Anderegg MA, Fuster DG. Effects of thiazides and new findings on kidney stones and dysglycemic side effects. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14155. [PMID: 38698738 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics (thiazides) belong to the most frequently prescribed drugs worldwide. By virtue of their natriuretic and vasodilating properties, thiazides effectively lower blood pressure and prevent adverse cardiovascular outcomes. In addition, through their unique characteristic of reducing urine calcium, thiazides are also widely employed for the prevention of kidney stone recurrence and reduction of bone fracture risk. Since their introduction into clinical medicine in the early 1960s, thiazides have been recognized for their association with metabolic side effects, particularly impaired glucose tolerance, and new-onset diabetes mellitus. Numerous hypotheses have been advanced to explain thiazide-induced glucose intolerance, yet underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Regrettably, the lack of understanding and unpredictability of these side effects has prompted numerous physicians to refrain from prescribing these effective, inexpensive, and widely accessible drugs. In this review, we outline the pharmacology and mechanism of action of thiazides, highlight recent advances in the understanding of thiazide-induced glucose intolerance, and provide an up-to-date discussion on the role of thiazides in kidney stone prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bargagli
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.CH, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuel A Anderegg
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.CH, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel G Fuster
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.CH, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Supuran CT. A simple yet multifaceted 90 years old, evergreen enzyme: Carbonic anhydrase, its inhibition and activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 93:129411. [PMID: 37507055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) research over the last three decades are presented, with an emphasis on the deciphering of the activation mechanism, the development of isoform-selective inhibitors/ activators by the tail approach and their applications in the management of obesity, hypoxic tumors, neurological conditions, and as antiinfectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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3
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Kucharczyk P, Albano G, Deisl C, Ho TM, Bargagli M, Anderegg M, Wueest S, Konrad D, Fuster DG. Thiazides Attenuate Insulin Secretion Through Inhibition of Mitochondrial Carbonic Anhydrase 5b in β -Islet Cells in Mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1179-1190. [PMID: 36927842 PMCID: PMC10356162 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Thiazide diuretics (thiazides) are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide, but their use is associated with glucose intolerance and new-onset diabetes mellitus. The molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Our study reveals that thiazides attenuate insulin secretion through inhibition of the mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase isoform 5b (CA5b) in pancreatic β cells. We furthermore discovered that pancreatic β cells express only one functional carbonic anhydrase isoform, CA5b, which is critical in replenishing oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (anaplerosis). These findings explain the mechanism for thiazide-induced glucose intolerance and reveal a fundamental role of CA5b in TCA cycle anaplerosis and insulin secretion in β cells. BACKGROUND Thiazide diuretics are associated with glucose intolerance and new-onset diabetes mellitus. Previous studies demonstrated that thiazides attenuate insulin secretion, but the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We hypothesized that thiazides attenuate insulin secretion via one of the known molecular thiazide targets in β cells. METHODS We performed static insulin secretion experiments with islets of wild-type, Sodium/chloride co-transporter (NCC) (SLC12A3), and sodium-driven chloride/bicarbonate exchanger (NDCBE) (SLC4A8) knock-out (KO) mice and with murine Min6 cells with individual knockdown of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms to identify the molecular target of thiazides in β cells. CA isoform 5b (CA5b) KO mice were then used to assess the role of the putative thiazide target CA5b in β -cell function and in mediating thiazide sensitivity in vitro and in vivo . RESULTS Thiazides inhibited glucose- and sulfonylurea-stimulated insulin secretion in islets and Min6 cells at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Inhibition of insulin secretion by thiazides was CO 2 /HCO 3- -dependent, not additive to unselective CA inhibition with acetazolamide, and independent of extracellular potassium. By contrast, insulin secretion was unaltered in islets of mice lacking the known molecular thiazide targets NCC or NDCBE. CA expression profiling with subsequent knockdown of individual CA isoforms suggested mitochondrial CA5b as a molecular target. In support of these findings, thiazides significantly attenuated Krebs cycle anaplerosis through reduction of mitochondrial oxaloacetate synthesis. CA5b KO mice were resistant to thiazide-induced glucose intolerance, and thiazides did not alter insulin secretion in CA5b KO islets. CONCLUSIONS Thiazides attenuate insulin secretion via inhibition of the mitochondrial CA5b isoform in β cells of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kucharczyk
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Albano
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christine Deisl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tin Manh Ho
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Bargagli
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Anderegg
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel G. Fuster
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Experimental and computational studies of tautomerism pyridine carbonyl thiosemicarbazide derivatives. Struct Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-023-02152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTautomerism is one of the most important phenomena to consider when designing biologically active molecules. In this work, we use NMR spectroscopy, IR, and X-ray analysis as well as quantum-chemical calculations in the gas phase and in a solvent to study tautomerism of 1- (2-, 3- and 4-pyridinecarbonyl)-4-substituted thiosemicarbazide derivatives. The tautomer containing both carbonyl and thione groups turned out to be the most stable. The results of the calculations are consistent with the experimental data obtained from NMR and IR spectroscopy and with the crystalline forms from the X-ray studies. The obtained results broaden the knowledge in the field of structural studies of the thiosemicarbazide scaffold, which will translate into an understanding of the interactions of compounds with a potential molecular target.
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5
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Sulfonamide Diuretic Azosemide as an Efficient Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Akgül Ö, Lucarini E, Mannelli LDC, Ghelardini C, D'Ambrosio K, Buonanno M, Monti SM, De Simone G, Angeli A, Supuran CT, Carta F. Sultam based Carbonic Anhydrase VII inhibitors for the management of neuropathic pain. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113956. [PMID: 34731762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a series of compounds 1-17 derived from the antiepileptic drug Sulthiame (SLT) from which both the benzenesulfonamide and the sultam moiety were retained. All compounds were tested in vitro for their inhibition activity against the human (h) Carbonic Anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) I, II, VII, IX and XII isoforms. Among the series, derivatives 1 and 11 showed great enhancement of both inhibition potency and selectivity towards the hCA VII isoform, when compared to the reference SLT drug. The binding mode of 11 within the hCA VII active site was deciphered by means of X-ray crystallography and revealed the sultam moiety being exposed to the rim of the active site. In vivo experiments on a model of neuropathic pain induced by oxaliplatin clearly showed 11 being an effective pain relieving agent and therefore worth of further exploitation towards the validation of the hCA VII as new target for the management of neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Akgül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Elena Lucarini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Katia D'Ambrosio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Buonanno
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Monti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
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7
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Xiao Q, Lu M, Deng Y, Jian JX, Tong QX, Zhong JJ. Photoinduced Radical Cascade Cyclization: A Metal-Free Approach to Access Difluoroalkylated Dioxodibenzothiazepines. Org Lett 2021; 23:9303-9308. [PMID: 34806891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple and mild photoredox catalytic approach to access difluoroalkylated dioxodibenzothiazepines in high regioselectivity via radical cascade cyclization has been described herein. In contrast to previous methods, this strategy does not involve the use of transition-metal catalysts and avoids the potential disadvantages of inevitable toxicity and the tedious removal process of metal catalysts. The commercially available and inexpensive CF2 precursors, wide substrate scope, and mild reaction conditions demonstrate the practicability of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521041, P. R. China
| | - Maojian Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Yinglan Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Xin Jian
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Xiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ji Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
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8
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Baranauskiene L, Škiudaitė L, Michailovienė V, Petrauskas V, Matulis D. Thiazide and other Cl-benzenesulfonamide-bearing clinical drug affinities for human carbonic anhydrases. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253608. [PMID: 34166457 PMCID: PMC8224972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms catalyze carbon dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and acid protons and are responsible for many biological functions in human body. Despite their vital functions, they are also responsible for, or implicated in, numerous ailments and diseases such as glaucoma, high altitude sickness, and cancer. Because CA isoforms are highly homologous, clinical drugs designed to inhibit enzymatic activity of a particular isoform, can also bind to others with similar affinity causing toxic side effects. In this study, the affinities of twelve CA isoforms have been determined for nineteen clinically used drugs used to treat hypertension related diseases, i.e. thiazides, indapamide, and metolazone. Their affinities were determined using a fluorescent thermal shift assay. Stopped flow assay and isothermal titration calorimetry were also employed on a subset of compounds and proteins to confirm inhibition of CA enzymatic activity and verify the quantitative agreement between different assays. The findings of this study showed that pharmaceuticals could bind to human CA isoforms with variable affinities and inhibit their catalytic activity, even though the drug was intended to interact with a different (non-CA) protein target. Relatively minor structural changes of the compounds may cause significant changes in affinity and selectivity for a particular CA isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Baranauskiene
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lina Škiudaitė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Pharmacy Center, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Michailovienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Petrauskas
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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9
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Santos IC, Brodbelt JS. Structural Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase-Arylsulfonamide Complexes Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1370-1379. [PMID: 33683877 PMCID: PMC8377746 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous mass spectrometry-based strategies ranging from hydrogen-deuterium exchange to ion mobility to native mass spectrometry have been developed to advance biophysical and structural characterization of protein conformations and determination of protein-ligand interactions. In this study, we focus on the use of ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) to examine the structure of human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) and its interactions with arylsulfonamide inhibitors. Carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, has been the target of countless thermodynamic and kinetic studies owing to its well-characterized active site, binding cavity, and mechanism of inhibition by hundreds of ligands. Here, we showcase the application of UVPD for evaluating structural changes of hCAII upon ligand binding on the basis of variations in fragmentation of hCAII versus hCAII-arylsulfonamide complexes, particularly focusing on the hydrophobic pocket. To extend the coverage in the midregion of the protein sequence, a supercharging agent was added to the solutions to increase the charge states of the complexes. The three arylsulfonamides examined in this study largely shift the fragmentation patterns in similar ways, despite their differences in binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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10
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Emerging role of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1233-1249. [PMID: 34013961 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was clinically exploited for decades, as most modern diuretics were obtained considering as lead molecule acetazolamide, the prototypical CA inhibitor (CAI). The discovery and characterization of multiple human CA (hCA) isoforms, 15 of which being known today, led to new applications of their inhibitors. They include widely clinically used antiglaucoma, antiepileptic and antiobesity agents, antitumor drugs in clinical development, as well as drugs for the management of acute mountain sickness and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Emerging roles of several CA isoforms in areas not generally connected to these enzymes were recently documented, such as in neuropathic pain, cerebral ischemia, rheumatoid arthritis, oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease. Proof-of-concept studies thus emerged by using isoform-selective inhibitors, which may lead to new clinical applications in such areas. Relevant preclinical models are available for these pathologies due to the availability of isoform-selective CAIs for all human isoforms, belonging to novel classes of compounds, such as coumarins, sulfocoumarins, dithiocarbamates, benzoxaboroles, apart the classical sulfonamide inhibitors. The inhibition of CAs from pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoans or nematodes started recently to be considered for obtaining anti-infectives with a new mechanism of action.
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11
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Peerzada MN, Hamel E, Bai R, Supuran CT, Azam A. Deciphering the key heterocyclic scaffolds in targeting microtubules, kinases and carbonic anhydrases for cancer drug development. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107860. [PMID: 33895188 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic scaffolds are widely utilized for drug design by taking into account the molecular structure of therapeutic targets that are related to a broad spectrum of ailments, including tumors. Such compounds display various covalent and non-covalent interactions with the specific residues of the target proteins while causing their inhibition. There is a substantial number of heterocyclic compounds approved for cancer treatment, and these compounds function by interacting with different therapeutic targets involved in tumorogenesis. In this review, we trace and emphasize the privileged heterocyclic pharmacophores that have immense potency against several essential chemotherapeutic tumor targets: microtubules, kinases and carbonic anhydrases. Potent compounds currently undergoing pre-clinical and clinical studies have also been assessed for ascertaining the effective class of chemical scaffolds that have significant therapeutic potential against multiple malignancies. In addition, we also describe briefly the role of heterocyclic compounds in various chemotherapy regimens. The optimized molecular hybridization of delineated motifs may result in the discovery of more active anticancer therapeutics and circumvent the development of resistance by specific targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Nabi Peerzada
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Amir Azam
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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12
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Supuran CT. An update on drug interaction considerations in the therapeutic use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:297-307. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1743679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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13
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Thermodynamic, kinetic, and structural parameterization of human carbonic anhydrase interactions toward enhanced inhibitor design. Q Rev Biophys 2019; 51:e10. [PMID: 30912486 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583518000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of rational drug design is to develop small molecules using a quantitative approach to optimize affinity. This should enhance the development of chemical compounds that would specifically, selectively, reversibly, and with high affinity interact with a target protein. It is not yet possible to develop such compounds using computational (i.e., in silico) approach and instead the lead molecules are discovered in high-throughput screening searches of large compound libraries. The main reason why in silico methods are not capable to deliver is our poor understanding of the compound structure-thermodynamics and structure-kinetics correlations. There is a need for databases of intrinsic binding parameters (e.g., the change upon binding in standard Gibbs energy (ΔGint), enthalpy (ΔHint), entropy (ΔSint), volume (ΔVintr), heat capacity (ΔCp,int), association rate (ka,int), and dissociation rate (kd,int)) between a series of closely related proteins and a chemically diverse, but pharmacophoric group-guided library of compounds together with the co-crystal structures that could help explain the structure-energetics correlations and rationally design novel compounds. Assembly of these data will facilitate attempts to provide correlations and train data for modeling of compound binding. Here, we report large datasets of the intrinsic thermodynamic and kinetic data including over 400 primary sulfonamide compound binding to a family of 12 catalytically active human carbonic anhydrases (CA). Thermodynamic parameters have been determined by the fluorescent thermal shift assay, isothermal titration calorimetry, and by the stopped-flow assay of the inhibition of enzymatic activity. Kinetic measurements were performed using surface plasmon resonance. Intrinsic thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of binding were determined by dissecting the binding-linked protonation reactions of the protein and sulfonamide. The compound structure-thermodynamics and kinetics correlations reported here helped to discover compounds that exhibited picomolar affinities, hour-long residence times, and million-fold selectivities over non-target CA isoforms. Drug-lead compounds are suggested for anticancer target CA IX and CA XII, antiglaucoma CA IV, antiobesity CA VA and CA VB, and other isoforms. Together with 85 X-ray crystallographic structures of 60 compounds bound to six CA isoforms, the database should be of help to continue developing the principles of rational target-based drug design.
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14
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Nocentini A, Supuran CT. Advances in the structural annotation of human carbonic anhydrases and impact on future drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1175-1197. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1651289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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15
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Hoffmann J. Impaired cerebrospinal fluid pressure. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 146:171-185. [PMID: 29110769 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure are relatively common and may lead to a variety of symptoms, with headache usually being the most prominent one. The clinical presentation of alterations in CSF pressure may vary significantly and show a striking similitude to several primary headache syndromes. While an increase in CSF pressure may be of primary or secondary origin, a pathologic decrease of CSF pressure is usually the result of a meningeal rupture with a resulting leakage of CSF. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) remain largely unknown. However recent evidence indicates that an abnormality in CSF outflow and absorption is likely to play a significant role. Treatment usually consists of a combination of weight loss and a pharmacologic approach using carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Recent results of the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (RCT) with acetazolamide proved its efficacy in reducing headache and visual disturbances. Clinical evidence suggests efficacy for topiramate and furosemide but no RCT has been conducted to date to confirm these results. In contrast to IIH, spontaneous intracranial hypotension frequently remits spontaneously without specific treatment. If necessary, treatment options range from conservative methods to epidural blood or fibrin sealant patches and surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hoffmann
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Christopoulou EC, Filippatos TD, Megapanou E, Elisaf MS, Liamis G. Phosphate imbalance in patients with heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2017; 22:349-356. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-017-9615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropathic pain affects up to 8% of the population with few therapeutic options for its management. No specific drugs are approved for its treatment. AREAS COVERED Recent advances in understanding the pathological mechanisms of this syndrome and the biochemical/pharmacological characterization of novel drug targets, evidenced carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibition as a new approach for designing antineuropathic pain agents. Expert commentary: Peripheral nerve injury negatively influences spinal γ-aminobutyric (GABA)-ergic networks via a reduction in the neuron-specific potassium-chloride (K(+)-Cl(-)) cotransporter (KCC2), which leads to neuropathic allodynia. CA inhibitors (CAIs) reduce the bicarbonate-dependent depolarization of GABAA receptors, showing analgesic effects. Novel classes of selective sulfonamide CA II/VII inhibitors showed highly improved efficacy in animal models of neuropathic pain, compared to acetazolamide, offering the basis for the development of specific therapies of this syndrome based on selective CA isoforms inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- a Polo Scientifico, NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Florence , Italy
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Synthesis of novel dihydronaphthothiazine S,S -dioxides by intramolecular sulfonylamidomethylation of 2-naphthylmethanesulfonamides using Amberlyst XN-1010. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Intramolecular sulfonylamidomethylation of 2-(2-naphthyl) and 2-(1-naphthyl)ethanesulfonamides: synthesis of new class of naphthosultams. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.02.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Molecules containing the sulfonamide group (R-SO2NH2) as well as its structurally related isosters, sulfamido (R-NH-SO2NH2) and sulfamato (R-O-SO2NH2), constitute the most important class of inhibitors acting on the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1). Despite their presence in the literature, in general the reports lack of a clear and organic overview linking the main structural features of the clinically used inhibitors with the therapeutic aspects. The current review is intended to highlight the structural basis of the interactions of sulfonamide-like groups within the active site of the carbonic anhydrases and will summarize the clinical use of the most interesting molecules for the treatment of relevant pathologies, such as glaucoma, obesity, cancer and CNS-affecting diseases.
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Landreh M, Alvelius G, Johansson J, Jörnvall H. Protective effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on labile protein interactions during electrospray ionization. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4135-9. [PMID: 24754426 DOI: 10.1021/ac500879c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is a valuable tool to probe noncovalent interactions. However, the integrity of the interactions in the gas-phase is heavily influenced by the ionization process. Investigating oligomerization and ligand binding of transthyretin (TTR) and the chaperone domain from prosurfactant protein C, we found that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can improve the stability of the noncovalent interactions during the electrospray process, both regarding ligand binding and the protein quaternary structure. Low amounts of DMSO can reduce in-source dissociation of native protein oligomers and their interactions with hydrophobic ligands, even under destabilizing conditions. We interpret the effects of DMSO as being derived from its enrichment in the electrospray droplets during evaporation. Protection of labile interactions can arise from the decrease in ion charges to reduce the contributions from Coulomb repulsions, as well as from the cooling effect of adduct dissociation. The protective effects of DMSO on labile protein interactions are an important property given its widespread use in protein analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Landreh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, S-171 77, Sweden
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Acetazolamide attenuates chemical-stimulated but not thermal-stimulated acute pain in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:41-7. [PMID: 24335844 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Acetazolamide (AZA), a carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor, has been found to alleviate inflammatory and neuropathic pain in rats. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AZA on thermal- and chemical-stimulated acute pain in mice and the possible mechanisms underlying the effects. METHODS Five acute pain models based on thermal and chemical stimuli were established to investigate the effects of AZA on different types of nociception in mice. The antinociceptive effects of methazolamide (another CA inhibitor) and diazepam (a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptor) were also examined. The drugs were administered either intraperitoneally (ip) or intrathecally. RESULTS AZA (50-200 mg/kg, ip) did not produce analgesia in two thermal-stimulated acute pain models, ie, mouse tail-flick and hot-plate tests. In contrast, AZA (50-200 mg/kg, ip) dose-dependently reduced paw licking time in both capsaicin and formalin tests in mice. A similar result was observed in a mouse acetic acid-induced writhing test. However, AZA (10 nmol/mouse, intrathecally) did not produce significant analgesia in the 3 chemical-stimulated acute pain models. In addition, methazolamide (50-200 mg/kg, ip) and diazepam (0.25-1.0 mg/kg, ip) did not produce significant analgesia in either thermal- or chemical-stimulated acute pain. CONCLUSION AZA produces analgesia in chemical-stimulated, but not thermal-stimulated acute pain in mice. The attenuation of chemical-stimulated acute pain by AZA may not be due to enhancement of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition via inhibiting CA activity but rather a peripheral ion channel-related mechanism.
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Abdelrahim MYM, Tanc M, Winum JY, Supuran CT, Barboiu M. Dominant behaviours in the expression of human carbonic anhydrase hCA I activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8043-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03289f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic deconvolution ofDCLsof inhibitors (CAIs) and activators (CAAs) of hCA I show that the inhibitory effects dominate over the activating ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Yahia M. Abdelrahim
- Adaptative Supramolecular Nanosystems Group
- Institut Européen des Membranes
- ENSCM/UMII/UMR-CNRS 5635
- 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Muhammet Tanc
- Università degli Studi di Firenze
- Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica
- 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Adaptative Supramolecular Nanosystems Group
- Institut Européen des Membranes
- ENSCM/UMII/UMR-CNRS 5635
- 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
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Sinke AP, Kortenoeven MLA, de Groot T, Baumgarten R, Devuyst O, Wetzels JFM, Loffing J, Deen PMT. Hydrochlorothiazide attenuates lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus independently of the sodium-chloride cotransporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F525-33. [PMID: 24352504 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00617.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is the most common cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (Li-NDI). Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) combined with amiloride is the mainstay treatment in Li-NDI. The paradoxical antidiuretic action of HCTZ in Li-NDI is generally attributed to increased sodium and water uptake in proximal tubules as a compensation for increased volume loss due to HCTZ inhibition of the Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC), but alternative actions for HCTZ have been suggested. Here, we investigated whether HCTZ exerted an NCC-independent effect in Li-NDI. In polarized mouse cortical collecting duct (mpkCCD) cells, HCTZ treatment attenuated the Li-induced downregulation of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel abundance. In these cells, amiloride reduces cellular Li influx through the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). HCTZ also reduced Li influx, but to a lower extent. HCTZ increased AQP2 abundance on top of that of amiloride and did not affect the ENaC-mediated transcellular voltage. MpkCCD cells did not express NCC mRNA or protein. These data indicated that in mpkCCD cells, HCTZ attenuated lithium-induced downregulation of AQP2 independently of NCC and ENaC. Treatment of Li-NDI NCC knockout mice with HCTZ revealed a significantly reduced urine volume, unchanged urine osmolality, and increased cortical AQP2 abundance compared with Li-treated NCC knockout mice. HCTZ treatment further resulted in reduced blood Li levels, creatinine clearance, and alkalinized urinary pH. Our in vitro and in vivo data indicate that part of the antidiuretic effect of HCTZ in Li-NDI is NCC independent and may involve a tubuloglomerular feedback response-mediated reduction in glomerular filtration rate due to proximal tubular carbonic anhydrase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne P Sinke
- 286 Dept. of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud Univ. Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Schön A, Brown RK, Hutchins BM, Freire E. Ligand binding analysis and screening by chemical denaturation shift. Anal Biochem 2013; 443:52-7. [PMID: 23994566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The identification of small molecule ligands is an important first step in drug development, especially drugs that target proteins with no intrinsic activity. Toward this goal, it is important to have access to technologies that are able to measure binding affinities for a large number of potential ligands in a fast and accurate way. Because ligand binding stabilizes the protein structure in a manner dependent on concentration and binding affinity, the magnitude of the protein stabilization effect elicited by binding can be used to identify and characterize ligands. For example, the shift in protein denaturation temperature (Tm shift) has become a popular approach to identify potential ligands. However, Tm shifts cannot be readily transformed into binding affinities, and the ligand rank order obtained at denaturation temperatures (≥60°C) does not necessarily coincide with the rank order at physiological temperature. An alternative approach is the use of chemical denaturation, which can be implemented at any temperature. Chemical denaturation shifts allow accurate determination of binding affinities with a surprisingly wide dynamic range (high micromolar to sub nanomolar) and in situations where binding changes the cooperativity of the unfolding transition. In this article, we develop the basic analytical equations and provide several experimental examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Carta F, Supuran CT. Diuretics with carbonic anhydrase inhibitory action: a patent and literature review (2005 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:681-91. [PMID: 23488823 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.780598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The benzothiadiazines and high ceiling diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, quinethazone, metolazone, chlorthalidone, indapamide, furosemide and bumetanide) contain primary sulfamoyl moieties acting as zinc-binding groups in the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). These drugs are widely used clinically and were recently shown to weakly inhibit isoforms CA I and II, but to possess stronger activity against isoforms involved in other important pathologies, for example, obesity, cancer, epilepsy and hypertension. AREAS COVERED The class of clinically used diuretics, with CA inhibitory properties, is the main topic of the review. A patent literature review covering the period from 2005 to 2013 is presented. EXPERT OPINION This section presents an overview of the patent literature in the sulfonamide diuretic field. Most of the patents deal with the combination of diuretic sulfonamide CA inhibitors with other agents useful in the management of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. Such combinations exert a better therapeutic activity compared to similar diuretics that do not inhibit CAs, raising the question of the polypharmacological and drug repositioning effects of these old drugs. These effects seem to be due to the potent inhibition of such drugs against CA isoforms present in kidneys and blood vessels, which explain both the blood pressure lowering effects as well as organ-protective activity of the drugs. An explanation of these data is provided by the fact that inhibition of the renal CAs leads to a large increase of the nitrite excretion in urine, suggesting that renal CAs are involved in nitrite reabsorption in humans. Important lessons for the drug design of sulfonamide CA inhibitors (CAIs) can be drawn from these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Carta
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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Heming N, Urien S, Faisy C. Acetazolamide: a second wind for a respiratory stimulant in the intensive care unit? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:318. [PMID: 22866939 PMCID: PMC3580678 DOI: 10.1186/cc11323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are affected by episodes of respiratory exacerbations, some of which can be severe and may necessitate respiratory support. Prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation is associated with increased mortality rates. Persistent failure to discontinue invasive mechanical ventilation is a major issue in patients with COPD. Pure or mixed metabolic alkalosis is a common finding in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with a worse outcome. In patients with COPD, the condition is called post-hypercapnic alkalosis and is a complication of mechanical ventilation. Reversal of metabolic alkalosis may facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation of patients with COPD. Acetazolamide, a non-specific carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, is one of the drugs employed in the ICU to reverse metabolic alkalosis. The drug is relatively safe, undesirable effects being rare. The compartmentalization of the different isoforms of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme may, in part, explain the lack of evidence of the efficacy of acetazolamide as a respiratory stimulant. Recent findings suggest that the usually employed doses of acetazolamide in the ICU may be insufficient to significantly improve respiratory parameters in mechanically ventilated patients with COPD. Randomized controlled trials using adequate doses of acetazolamide are required to address this issue.
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Carta F, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Sulfonamides: a patent review (2008 – 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:747-58. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.698264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Alterio V, Di Fiore A, D'Ambrosio K, Supuran CT, De Simone G. Multiple binding modes of inhibitors to carbonic anhydrases: how to design specific drugs targeting 15 different isoforms? Chem Rev 2012; 112:4421-68. [PMID: 22607219 DOI: 10.1021/cr200176r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 933] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alterio
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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Carta F, Vullo D, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2182-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ranjbar S, Ghobadi S, Khodarahmi R, Nemati H. Spectroscopic characterization of furosemide binding to human carbonic anhydrase II. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:910-7. [PMID: 22343084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the interaction between furosemide and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) using fluorescence, UV-vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Fluorescence data indicated that furosemide quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of the enzyme via a static mechanism and hydrogen bonding and van der Walls interactions play the major role in the drug binding. The binding average distance between furosemide and hCA II was estimated on the basis of the theory of Förster energy transfer. Decrease of protein surface hydrophobicity was also documented upon furosemide binding. Chemical modification of hCA II using N-bromosuccinimide indicated decrease of the number of accessible tryptophans in the presence of furosemide. CD results suggested the occurance of some alterations in α-helical content as well as tertiary structure of hCA II upon drug binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Ranjbar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam-784028, Assam, India
| | - Shovan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India
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Kalyaanamoorthy S, Chen YPP. Structure-based drug design to augment hit discovery. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:831-9. [PMID: 21810482 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several technology-based strategies have been developed to address the significance of the two phases of drug discovery: hit identification and lead identification. Structure-based drug design (SBDD), a method that depends on possessing the knowledge of 3D structures of biological targets, is growing swiftly with the development of new technologies for searching potential ways to combat disease. The past decade has evidenced a threefold increase in the amount of software and tools in the online repositories. Herein, we review the in silico strategies and modules applied at the level of hit identification and confer the different challenges with possible solutions in enhancing the success rate of the 'hit-to-lead' phase that could eventually help the progress of SBDD in the drug discovery arena.
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Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and activators for novel therapeutic applications. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:1165-1180. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, Enzyme Commission number 4.2.1.1) catalyze a simple but fundamental reaction, CO2 hydration to yield bicarbonate and protons. CAs belonging to the α-, β-, γ-, δ- and ζ-families are found in many organisms all over the phylogenetic tree and their inhibition/activation have been studied in detail, leading to various therapeutic applications. Inhibition of mammalian α-CAs is exploited by some diuretics, whereas antiglaucoma, anticonvulsant, anti-obesity, altitude sickness and anti-tumor drugs/diagnostic agents target various of the 15 isoforms described so far in these organisms. Activation of some CAs may also have applications in therapy. Bacterial and fungal β-CA inhibitors or nematode α-CA inhibitors have been described that may lead to novel classes of anti-infectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Room 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Chidley C, Haruki H, Pedersen MG, Muller E, Johnsson K. A yeast-based screen reveals that sulfasalazine inhibits tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:375-83. [PMID: 21499265 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We introduce an approach for detection of drug-protein interactions that combines a new yeast three-hybrid screening for identification of interactions with affinity chromatography for their unambiguous validation. We applied the methodology to the profiling of clinically approved drugs, resulting in the identification of previously known and unknown drug-protein interactions. In particular, we were able to identify off-targets for erlotinib and atorvastatin, as well as an enzyme target for the anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine. We demonstrate that sulfasalazine and its metabolites, sulfapyridine and mesalamine, are inhibitors of the enzyme catalyzing the final step in the biosynthesis of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. The interference with tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism provides an explanation for some of the beneficial and deleterious properties of sulfasalazine and furthermore suggests new and improved therapies for the drug. This work thus establishes a powerful approach for drug profiling and provides new insights in the mechanism of action of clinically approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chidley
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, National Centre of Competence in Research Chemical Biology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sulfonamides incorporating boroxazolidone moieties are potent inhibitors of the transmembrane, tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2975-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Determinations of renal cortical and medullary oxygenation using blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging and selective diuretics. Invest Radiol 2011; 46:41-7. [PMID: 20856128 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e3181f0213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that blood O2 level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD MRI) can detect changes in cortical proximal tubule (PT) and medullary thick ascending limb of Henle (TAL) oxygenation consequent to successive administration of furosemide and acetazolamide (Az). Assessment of PT and TAL function could be useful to monitor renal disease states in vivo. Therefore, the adjunct use of diuretics that inhibit Na reabsorption selectively in PT and TAL, Az and furosemide, respectively, may help discern tubular function by using BOLD MRI to detect changes in tissue oxygenation. MATERIAL AND METHODS BOLD MRI signal R2* (inversely related to oxygenation) and tissue oxygenation with intrarenal O2 probes were measured in pigs that received either furosemide (0.05 mg/kg) or Az (15 mg/kg) alone, Az sequentially after furosemide (n = 6 each, 15-minute intervals), or only saline vehicle (n = 3). RESULTS R2* decreased in the cortex of Az-treated and medulla of furosemide-treated kidneys, corresponding to an increase in their tissue O2 assessed with probes. However, BOLD MRI also showed decreased cortical R2* following furosemide that was additive to the Az-induced decrease. Az administration, both alone and after furosemide, also decreased renal blood flow (-26% ± 3.5% and -29.2% ± 3%, respectively, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These results suggest that an increase in medullary and cortical tissue O2 elicited by selective diuretics is detectable by BOLD MRI, but may be complicated by hemodynamic effects of the drugs. Therefore, the BOLD MRI signal may reflect functional changes additional to oxygenation, and needs to be interpreted cautiously.
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Maresca A, Supuran CT. (R)-/(S)-10-Camphorsulfonyl-substituted aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides selectively inhibit mitochondrial over cytosolic carbonic anhydrases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1334-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Prado-Prado F, García-Mera X, Abeijón P, Alonso N, Caamaño O, Yáñez M, Gárate T, Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Muiño L, Ubeira FM, González-Díaz H. Using entropy of drug and protein graphs to predict FDA drug-target network: theoretic-experimental study of MAO inhibitors and hemoglobin peptides from Fasciola hepatica. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1074-94. [PMID: 21315497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are many drugs described with very different affinity to a large number of receptors. In this work, we selected Drug-Target pairs (DTPs/nDTPs) of drugs with high affinity/non-affinity for different targets like proteins. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) models become a very useful tool in this context to substantially reduce time and resources consuming experiments. Unfortunately, most QSAR models predict activity against only one protein. To solve this problem, we developed here a multi-target QSAR (mt-QSAR) classifier using the MARCH-INSIDE technique to calculate structural parameters of drug and target plus one Artificial Neuronal Network (ANN) to seek the model. The best ANN model found is a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) with profile MLP 32:32-15-1:1. This MLP classifies correctly 623 out of 678 DTPs (Sensitivity = 91.89%) and 2995 out of 3234 nDTPs (Specificity = 92.61%), corresponding to training Accuracy = 92.48%. The validation of the model was carried out by means of external predicting series. The model classifies correctly 313 out of 338 DTPs (Sensitivity = 92.60%) and 1411 out of 1534 nDTP (Specificity = 91.98%) in validation series, corresponding to total Accuracy = 92.09% for validation series (Predictability). This model favorably compares with other LDA and ANN models developed in this work and Machine Learning classifiers published before to address the same problem in different aspects. These mt-QSARs offer also a good opportunity to construct drug-protein Complex Networks (CNs) that can be used to explore large and complex drug-protein receptors databases. Finally, we illustrated two practical uses of this model with two different experiments. In experiment 1, we report prediction, synthesis, characterization, and MAO-A and MAO-B pharmacological assay of 10 rasagiline derivatives promising for anti-Parkinson drug design. In experiment 2, we report sampling, parasite culture, SEC and 1DE sample preparation, MALDI-TOF MS and MS/MS analysis, MASCOT search, MM/MD 3D structure modeling, and QSAR prediction for different peptides of hemoglobin found in the proteome of the human parasite Fasciola hepatica; which is promising for anti-parasite drug targets discovery.
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Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. 7,8-disubstituted- but not 6,7-disubstituted coumarins selectively inhibit the transmembrane, tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII over the cytosolic ones I and II in the low nanomolar/subnanomolar range. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7255-8. [PMID: 21067924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two series of disubstituted coumarins incorporating ether and acetyl/propionyl moieties in positions 6,7- and 7,8- of the heterocyclic ring were synthesized investigated for the inhibition of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). All these coumarins were very weak or ineffective as inhibitors of the housekeeping, offtarget isoforms CA I and II. The 6,7-disubstituted series showed ineffective inhibition also for the transmembrane tumor-associated isoforms CA IX and XII, whereas the corresponding isomeric 7,8-disubstituted coumarins showed nanomolar/subnanomolar inhibition of CA IX/XII. The nature and position of the groups substituting the coumarin ring in the 7,8-positions greatly influenced CA inhibitory properties, with C1-C4 alkyl ethers being the most effective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Maresca
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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Cyclization of some carbothioamide derivatives containing antipyrine and triazole moieties and investigation of their antimicrobial activities. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:4726-32. [PMID: 20727622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetohydrazide derivative containing both antipyrine and triazole nuclei (5) was obtained starting from ethyl hydrazinecarboxylate derivative (2) and 4-aminoantipyrine (1) by three steps. The treatment of compound 5 with CS(2) afforded the conversion of hydrazide function into 5-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazole ring leading to the formation of 7. Then, 7 gave the product containing triazolotriazine moiety (9) by the reaction with hydrazine hydrate. The synthesis of the compounds incorporating the 1,3,4-thiadiazole (10a-c), 1,2,4-triazole (11a-c) or 1,3-thiazole (12, 13) nucleus as third heterocycle was performed by the acidic or basic treatment of compounds 6a-c which were obtained from the reaction of 5 with several isothiocyanates, or by the condensation of 6a with two different phenacyl bromides, respectively. The antimicrobial activity study revealed that all the compounds showed good activities except 3-5.
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Maresca A, Supuran CT. Coumarins incorporating hydroxy- and chloro-moieties selectively inhibit the transmembrane, tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII over the cytosolic ones I and II. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4511-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Viitanen T, Ruusuvuori E, Kaila K, Voipio J. The K+-Cl cotransporter KCC2 promotes GABAergic excitation in the mature rat hippocampus. J Physiol 2010; 588:1527-40. [PMID: 20211979 PMCID: PMC2876807 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.181826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic excitatory [K(+)](o) transients can be readily evoked in the mature rat hippocampus by intense activation of GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs). Here we show that these [K(+)](o) responses induced by high-frequency stimulation or GABA(A) agonist application are generated by the neuronal K(+)-Cl() cotransporter KCC2 and that the transporter-mediated KCl extrusion is critically dependent on the bicarbonate-driven accumulation of Cl() in pyramidal neurons. The mechanism underlying GABAergic [K(+)](o) transients was studied in CA1 stratum pyramidale using intracellular sharp microelectrodes and extracellular ion-sensitive microelectrodes. The evoked [K(+)](o) transients, as well as the associated afterdischarges, were strongly suppressed by 0.5-1 mm furosemide, a KCl cotransport inhibitor. Importantly, the GABA(A)R-mediated intrapyramidal accumulation of Cl(), as measured by monitoring the reversal potential of fused IPSPs, was unaffected by the drug. It was further confirmed that the reduction in the [K(+)](o) transients was not due to effects of furosemide on the Na(+)-dependent K(+)-Cl() cotransporter NKCC1 or on intraneuronal carbonic anhydrase activity. Blocking potassium channels by Ba(2+) enhanced [K(+)](o) transients whereas pyramidal cell depolarizations were attenuated in further agreement with a lack of contribution by channel-mediated K(+) efflux. The key role of the GABA(A)R channel-mediated anion fluxes in the generation of the [K(+)](o) transients was examined in experiments where bicarbonate was replaced with formate. This anion substitution had no significant effect on the rate of Cl() accumulation, [K(+)](o) response or afterdischarges. Our findings reveal a novel excitatory mode of action of KCC2 that can have substantial implications for the role of GABAergic transmission during ictal epileptiform activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Viitanen
- Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
A compound exhibits tautomerism if it can be represented by two structures that are related by an intramolecular movement of hydrogen from one atom to another. The different tautomers of a molecule usually have different molecular fingerprints, hydrophobicities and pKa's as well as different 3D shape and electrostatic properties; additionally, proteins frequently preferentially bind a tautomer that is present in low abundance in water. As a result, the proper treatment of molecules that can tautomerize, approximately 25% of a database, is a challenge for every aspect of computer-aided molecular design. Library design that focuses on molecular similarity or diversity might inadvertently include similar molecules that happen to be encoded as different tautomers. Physical property measurements might not establish the properties of individual tautomers with the result that algorithms based on these measurements may be less accurate for molecules that can tautomerize-this problem influences the accuracy of filtering for library design and also traditional QSAR. Any 2D or 3D QSAR analysis must involve the decision of if or how to adjust the observed Ki or IC50 for the tautomerization equilibria. QSARs and recursive partitioning methods also involve the decision as to which tautomer(s) to use to calculate the molecular descriptors. Docking virtual screening must involve the decision as to which tautomers to include in the docking and how to account for tautomerization in the scoring. All of these decisions are more difficult because there is no extensive database of measured tautomeric ratios in both water and non-aqueous solvents and there is no consensus as to the best computational method to calculate tautomeric ratios in different environments.
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Nasr G, Petit E, Vullo D, Winum JY, Supuran CT, Barboiu M. Carbonic Anhydrase-Encoded Dynamic Constitutional Libraries: Toward the Discovery of Isozyme-Specific Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4853-9. [PMID: 19580287 DOI: 10.1021/jm900449v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gihane Nasr
- Adaptative Supramolecular Nanosystems Group, Institut Européen des Membranes, ENSCM/UMII/UMR-CNRS 5635, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 047, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Eddy Petit
- Adaptative Supramolecular Nanosystems Group, Institut Européen des Membranes, ENSCM/UMII/UMR-CNRS 5635, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 047, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS-UM1-UM2, Bâtiment de Recherche Max Mousseron, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Adaptative Supramolecular Nanosystems Group, Institut Européen des Membranes, ENSCM/UMII/UMR-CNRS 5635, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 047, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
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Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrases as drug targets. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 20:3467-74. [PMID: 18336304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), the metalloenzymes that catalyze the conversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, continue to be surprising targets, as many exciting new discoveries related to them emerge constantly. This is indeed unprecedented as these are quite "old" enzymes, which were discovered in 1933, and thoroughly investigated since then as drug targets. Furthermore, their inhibitors are in clinical use since the 50s. However, in the last years, a host of interesting reports were made regarding the catalytic/inhibition mechanism as well as isolation/characterization of new isozymes belonging to this family, as well as of CAs of non-vertebrate origin.
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