1
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Ho Shon I, Hogg PJ. Imaging of cell death in malignancy: Targeting pathways or phenotypes? Nucl Med Biol 2023; 124-125:108380. [PMID: 37598518 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is fundamental in health and disease and resisting cell death is a hallmark of cancer. Treatment of malignancy aims to cause cancer cell death, however current clinical imaging of treatment response does not specifically image cancer cell death but assesses this indirectly either by changes in tumor size (using x-ray computed tomography) or metabolic activity (using 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography). The ability to directly image tumor cell death soon after commencement of therapy would enable personalised response adapted approaches to cancer treatment that is presently not possible with current imaging, which is in many circumstances neither sufficiently accurate nor timely. Several cell death pathways have now been identified and characterised that present multiple potential targets for imaging cell death including externalisation of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, caspase activation and La autoantigen redistribution. However, targeting one specific cell death pathway carries the risk of not detecting cell death by other pathways and it is now understood that cancer treatment induces cell death by different and sometimes multiple pathways. An alternative approach is targeting the cell death phenotype that is "agnostic" of the death pathway. Cell death phenotypes that have been targeted for cell death imaging include loss of plasma membrane integrity and dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Targeting the cell death phenotype may have the advantage of being a more sensitive and generalisable approach to cancer cell death imaging. This review describes and summarises the approaches and radiopharmaceuticals investigated for imaging cell death by targeting cell death pathways or cell death phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ho Shon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, Randwick Clinical Campus, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Philip J Hogg
- The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Deeksha, Bittu, Singh R. Synthetic strategies for the construction of C3-fluorinated oxindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6456-6467. [PMID: 37531214 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01012k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
C3-fluorinated oxindoles are important scaffolds known to demonstrate various biological properties. As bio-isosteres of oxindoles, these compounds have shown tremendous potential in drug research discovery programs. Besides, they also serve as starting materials for synthesizing other fluorine-containing new architectures, thus launching research for developing new methods for their synthesis. Consequently, various approaches have been developed over the years to synthesize C3-fluorinated oxindoles. This review highlights the strategies developed to date to access C3-difluoro and monofluorooxindoles via intermolecular and intramolecular approaches. The key findings of the strategies developed are discussed along with the prevailing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India.
| | - Bittu
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India.
| | - Ritesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India.
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3
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Docherty JH, Lister TM, Mcarthur G, Findlay MT, Domingo-Legarda P, Kenyon J, Choudhary S, Larrosa I. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C-H Bond Activation for the Formation of C-C Bonds in Complex Molecules. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37163671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Site-predictable and chemoselective C-H bond functionalization reactions offer synthetically powerful strategies for the step-economic diversification of both feedstock and fine chemicals. Many transition-metal-catalyzed methods have emerged for the selective activation and functionalization of C-H bonds. However, challenges of regio- and chemoselectivity have emerged with application to highly complex molecules bearing significant functional group density and diversity. As molecular complexity increases within molecular structures the risks of catalyst intolerance and limited applicability grow with the number of functional groups and potentially Lewis basic heteroatoms. Given the abundance of C-H bonds within highly complex and already diversified molecules such as pharmaceuticals, natural products, and materials, design and selection of reaction conditions and tolerant catalysts has proved critical for successful direct functionalization. As such, innovations within transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization for the direct formation of carbon-carbon bonds have been discovered and developed to overcome these challenges and limitations. This review highlights progress made for the direct metal-catalyzed C-C bond forming reactions including alkylation, methylation, arylation, and olefination of C-H bonds within complex targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Docherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Lister
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Mcarthur
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Findlay
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Domingo-Legarda
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Kenyon
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Larrosa
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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4
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Yakan H, Omer HHS, Buruk O, Çakmak Ş, Marah S, Veyisoğlu A, Muğlu H, Ozen T, Kütük H. Synthesis, structure elucidation, biological activity, enzyme inhibition and molecular docking studies of new Schiff bases based on 5-nitroisatin-thiocarbohydrazone. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Gou Q, Chen Q, Tan Q, Zhu M, Huang H, Deng M, Yi W, He S. Divergent Regioselective Csp 2-H Difluoromethylation of Aromatic Amines Enabled by Nickel Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:3549-3554. [PMID: 35522204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the first catalytic protocol for nickel-catalyzed ortho or para position difluoromethylation of various aromatic amines has been developed with the assistance of a bidentate phosphine ligand, offering an invaluable synthesis means to construct extensive p-difluoromethylated products and difluorooxindole derivatives with significant functional fragments. Furthermore, the gram-scale reaction, broad substrate scope, excellent functional-group compatibility, late-stage difluoromethylation of pesticides, and even formal synthesis of HDAC6 inhibitors further demonstrate the usefulness of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Qianqiong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Qiujian Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Minghong Zhu
- Fuling Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 408000 China
| | - Huisheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Mengjiao Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Wei Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Shuhua He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
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6
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Bogdanov AV, Zaripova IF, Voloshina AD, Sapunova AS, Kulik NV, Tsivunina IV, Dobrynin AB, Mironov VF. Isatin derivatives bearing a fluorine atom. Part 1: Synthesis, hemotoxicity and antimicrobial activity evaluation of fluoro-benzylated water-soluble pyridinium isatin-3-acylhydrazones. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Singh R, Nagesh K, Yugandhar D, Prasanthi AVG. Metal- and Oxidant-Free Modular Approach To Access N-Alkoxy Oxindoles via Aryne Annulation. Org Lett 2018; 20:4848-4853. [PMID: 30044101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented metal- and oxidant-free (intermolecular) approach to access N-alkoxy oxindoles via [3 + 2] cycloadition of in situ generated electrophilic species viz. aryne and (putative) aza-oxyallyl cation is reported. This approach is amenable to both C3-unsubstituted as well as C3-substituted oxindoles. A one-pot manipulation further makes this reaction highly practical. The versatility of this approach was demonstrated through valuable synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Raebareli - 229010 , UP , India.,Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500007 , Telangana , India
| | - Kommu Nagesh
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500007 , Telangana , India
| | - Doddapaneni Yugandhar
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500007 , Telangana , India
| | - A V G Prasanthi
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500007 , Telangana , India
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8
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Singh G, Arora A, Singh A, Kalra P, Rani S, Singh K, Maurya IK, Mandal RS. Molecular Design, Synthesis, Computational Screening, Antimicrobial Evaluation and Molecular Docking Study of Acetylinic Isatin Hybrids. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Aanchal Arora
- Khalsa College for Women; Civil Lines, Ludhiana; Punjab 141001 India
| | - Akshpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Pooja Kalra
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Sunita Rani
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Indresh K. Maurya
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Rahul S. Mandal
- Biomedical Informatics Center; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases; Kolkata, WB India
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9
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SPECT and PET radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging of apoptosis: from bench to clinic. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20476-20495. [PMID: 28108738 PMCID: PMC5386778 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the central role of apoptosis in many human diseases and the wide-spread application of apoptosis-based therapeutics, molecular imaging of apoptosis in clinical practice is of great interest for clinicians, and holds great promises. Based on the well-defined biochemical changes for apoptosis, a rich assortment of probes and approaches have been developed for molecular imaging of apoptosis with various imaging modalities. Among these imaging techniques, nuclear imaging (including single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography) remains the premier clinical method owing to their high specificity and sensitivity. Therefore, the corresponding radiopharmaceuticals have been a major focus, and some of them like 99mTc-Annexin V, 18F-ML-10, 18F-CP18, and 18F-ICMT-11 are currently under clinical investigations in Phase I/II or Phase II/III clinical trials on a wide scope of diseases. In this review, we summarize these radiopharmaceuticals that have been widely used in clinical trials and elaborate them in terms of radiosynthesis, pharmacokinetics and dosimetry, and their applications in different clinical stages. We also explore the unique features required to qualify a desirable radiopharmaceutical for imaging apoptosis in clinical practice. Particularly, a perspective of the impact of these clinical efforts, namely, apoptosis imaging as predictive and prognostic markers, early-response indicators and surrogate endpoints, is also the highlight of this review.
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10
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Atioğlu Z, Sevinçli ZŞ, Karalı N, Akkurt M, Ersanlı CC. (2 Z)-2-(5-Fluoro-1-methyl-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)- N-(3-fluorophenyl)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide. IUCRDATA 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314617009002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title compound, C16H12F2N4OS, the whole molecule is essentially planar (r.m.s deviation = 0.003 Å), with only the H atoms of the methyl group lying out of the molecular plane. A planar indole fused-ring system (r.m.s deviation = 0.004 Å) is linked through a hydrazine–carbothioamide bridge to a fluorobenzene ring, with the indole ring system and inclined to the fluorobenzene ring by 4.26 (14)°. The planarity of the molecule is strengthened by three intramolecular N—H...N, N—H...O and C—H...S hydrogen bonds that generateS(5),S(6) andS(6) ring motifs, respectively. In the crystal, π–π stacking interactions combine with C—H...·F hydrogen bonds to link the molecules into layers parallel to the (10-1) plane.
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11
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Atioğlu Z, Sevinçli ZŞ, Karalı N, Akkurt M, Ersanlı CC. 2-(5-Fluoro-1-methyl-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-N-[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]hydrazine-1-carbothioamide. IUCRDATA 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s241431461700671x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title molecule, C17H15FN4OS2, obtained from 5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indol-2,3-dione, and 3-[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]thiosemicarbazide, has an essentially planar conformation (r.m.s deviation for all non-H atoms = 0.116 Å). Intramolecular N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds generateS(5) andS(6) ring motifs, respectively. In the crystal, C—H...S hydrogen bonds occur between layers of molecules parallel to the (10-1) plane. Face-to-face π–π stacking interactions are also observed.
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12
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Yu LC, Gu JW, Zhang S, Zhang X. Visible-Light-Promoted Tandem Difluoroalkylation–Amidation: Access to Difluorooxindoles from Free Anilines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3943-3949. [PMID: 28296400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chao Yu
- School
of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Ji-Wei Gu
- Key
Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School
of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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13
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Ortmeyer CP, Haufe G, Schwegmann K, Hermann S, Schäfers M, Börgel F, Wünsch B, Wagner S, Hugenberg V. Synthesis and evaluation of a [ 18F]BODIPY-labeled caspase-inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2167-2176. [PMID: 28284866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BODIPYs (boron dipyrromethenes) are fluorescent dyes which show high stability and quantum yields. They feature the possibility of selective 18F-fluorination at the boron-core. Attached to a bioactive molecule and labeled with [18F]fluorine, the resulting compounds are promising tracers for multimodal imaging in vivo and can be used for PET and fluorescence imaging. A BODIPY containing a phenyl and a hydroxy substituent on boron was synthesized and characterized. Fluorinated and hydroxy substituted dyes were coupled to an isatin-based caspase inhibitor via cycloaddition and the resulting compounds were evaluated in vitro in caspase inhibition assays. The metabolic stability and the formed metabolites were investigated by incubation with mouse liver microsomes and LC-MS analysis. Subsequently the fluorophores were labeled with [18F]fluorine and an in vivo biodistribution study using dynamic PET was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Paul Ortmeyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Katrin Schwegmann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany; European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frederik Börgel
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Hugenberg
- Institute for Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, HDZ NRW, Georgstr. 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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14
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Ke M, Song Q. Copper/B2pin2-catalyzed C–H difluoroacetylation–cycloamidation of anilines leading to the formation of 3,3-difluoro-2-oxindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:2222-2225. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09643c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An original and efficient synthesis of 3,3-difluoro-2-oxindole derivatives has been developed via copper/B2pin2-catalyzed difluoroacetylation of aniline via C–H activation followed by intramolecular amidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaolin Ke
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation
- College of Chemical Engineering at Huaqiao University
- P. R. China
- College of Materials Science & Engineering at Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
| | - Qiuling Song
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation
- College of Chemical Engineering at Huaqiao University
- P. R. China
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15
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Dong K, Yan B, Chang S, Chi Y, Qiu L, Xu X. Transition-Metal-Free Fluoroarylation of Diazoacetamides: A Complementary Approach to 3-Fluorooxindoles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6887-92. [PMID: 27366998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient transition-metal-free fluoroarylation reaction of N-aryl diazoacetamides with NFSI (N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide) is described. This reaction directly provides 3-fluorooxindole derivatives in yields of 67-93% with high selectivity via a carbene-free process under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiyong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Jinghua Anti-cancer Pharmaceutical Engineering Center , Nantong 226407, China
| | - Sailan Chang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongjian Chi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
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16
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Isatin sulfonamides: potent caspases-3 and -7 inhibitors, and promising PET and SPECT radiotracers for apoptosis imaging. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:1173-96. [PMID: 26132525 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases-3 and -7 play an essential role in apoptosis. Isatin sulfonamides have been identified as potent inhibitors of these executing caspases. Besides pharmacological application, these compounds can also serve as recognition units to target caspases using positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) when labeled with a positron or a gamma emitter. Fluorinated, alkylated, arylated isatin derivatives, in addition to derivatives modified with heterocycles, have been prepared in order to improve their binding potency, selectivity and metabolic stability. Structural optimization has led to stable, highly active inhibitors, which after labeling have been applied in PET studies in tumor mouse models and for first preclinical and clinical investigations with healthy human volunteers. The results support further development of such radiotracers for clinical apoptosis imaging.
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17
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Wei XJ, Wang L, Du SF, Wu LZ, Liu Q. Visible-light photoredox intramolecular difluoroacetamidation: facile synthesis of 3,3-difluoro-2-oxindoles from bromodifluoroacetamides. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2195-9. [PMID: 26794806 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report an operationally simple, visible-light-driven protocol for intramolecular C-H difluoroacetamidation of arenes for the synthesis of biologically relevant 3,3-difluoro-2-oxindoles at room temperature. Using fac-Ir(ppy)3 as a photocatalyst and a 3 W blue LED as a light source, an array of difluoroxindoles was prepared from rapidly available tertiary aryl bromodifluoroacetamides in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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18
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Poreba M, Szalek A, Kasperkiewicz P, Rut W, Salvesen GS, Drag M. Small Molecule Active Site Directed Tools for Studying Human Caspases. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12546-629. [PMID: 26551511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are proteases of clan CD and were described for the first time more than two decades ago. They play critical roles in the control of regulated cell death pathways including apoptosis and inflammation. Due to their involvement in the development of various diseases like cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, or autoimmune disorders, caspases have been intensively investigated as potential drug targets, both in academic and industrial laboratories. This review presents a thorough, deep, and systematic assessment of all technologies developed over the years for the investigation of caspase activity and specificity using substrates and inhibitors, as well as activity based probes, which in recent years have attracted considerable interest due to their usefulness in the investigation of biological functions of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szalek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Rut
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Program in Cell Death and Survival Networks, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Li Z, Pan Y, Zhong W, Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Li L, Liu W, Zhou H, Yang C. Synthesis and evaluation of N-acyl-substituted 1,2-benzisothiazol-3-one derivatives as caspase-3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 22:6735-45. [PMID: 25468037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A small molecule library of N-acyl-substituted 1,2-benzisothiazol-3-one derivatives has been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of caspase-3 and -7, in which some of them showed nanomolar potency against caspase-3 and -7 in vitro. Meanwhile, in 10 lM concentration, both compounds 24 and 25 showed significant protection against apoptosis in camptothecin-induced Jurkat T cells system. The docking studies predicted the interactions and binding modes of the synthesized inhibitors in the caspase-3 active site.
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Novel fluorine-18 labeled 5-(1-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl)-7-azaisatin derivatives as potential PET tracers for in vivo imaging of activated caspases in apoptosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26210158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The programmed type I cell death, defined as apoptosis, is induced by complex regulated signaling pathways that trigger the intracellular activation of executioner caspases-3, -6 and -7. Once activated, these enzymes initiate cellular death through cleavage of proteins which are responsible for DNA repair, signaling and cell maintenance. Several radiofluorinated inhibitors of caspases-3 and -7, comprising a moderate lipophilic 5-(1-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl)isatin lead structure, are currently being investigated for imaging apoptosis in vivo by us and others. The purpose of this study was to increase the intrinsic hydrophilicity of the aforementioned lead structure to alter the pharmacokinetic behavior of the resulting caspase-3 and -7 targeted radiotracer. Therefore, fluorinated and non-fluorinated derivatives of 5-(1-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl)-7-azaisatin were synthesized and tested for their inhibitory properties against recombinant caspases-3 and -7. Fluorine-18 has been introduced by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) of an alkyne precursor with 2-[(18)F]fluoroethylazide. Using dynamic micro-PET biodistribution studies in vivo the kinetic behavior of one promising PET-compatible 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl 7-azaisatin derivative has been compared to a previously described isatin based radiotracer.
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Shi SL, Buchwald SL. Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular CH Difluoroalkylation: Synthesis of Substituted 3,3-Difluoro-2-oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Shi SL, Buchwald SL. Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular C-H difluoroalkylation: synthesis of substituted 3,3-difluoro-2-oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1646-50. [PMID: 25476241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 3,3-difluoro-2-oxindoles through a robust and efficient palladium-catalyzed CH difluoroalkylation is described. This process generates a broad range of difluorooxindoles from readily prepared starting materials. The use of BrettPhos as the ligand was crucial for high efficiency. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that oxidative addition is the rate-determining step for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Liang Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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23
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Limpachayaporn P, Wagner S, Kopka K, Schober O, Schäfers M, Haufe G. Synthesis of 7-Halogenated Isatin Sulfonamides: Nonradioactive Counterparts of Caspase-3/-7 Inhibitor-Based Potential Radiopharmaceuticals for Molecular Imaging of Apoptosis. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9383-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500718e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Panupun Limpachayaporn
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße
40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- International
NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Klinik
für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus
1, Gebäude A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Klinik
für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus
1, Gebäude A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Otmar Schober
- Klinik
für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus
1, Gebäude A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion
Cluster of Excellence, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Waldeyerstraße 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- Klinik
für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus
1, Gebäude A1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- European
Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Waldeyerstraße 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion
Cluster of Excellence, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Waldeyerstraße 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße
40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- European
Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Waldeyerstraße 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion
Cluster of Excellence, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Waldeyerstraße 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Doss M, Kolb HC, Walsh JC, Mocharla V, Fan H, Chaudhary A, Zhu Z, Alpaugh RK, Lango MN, Yu JQ. Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of 18F-CP-18, a potential apoptosis imaging agent, as determined from PET/CT scans in healthy volunteers. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:2087-92. [PMID: 24136934 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.119800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (18)F-CP-18, or (18S,21S,24S,27S,30S)-27-(2-carboxyethyl)-21-(carboxymethyl)-30-((2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-6-((2-(4-(3-F18-fluoropropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acetamido)methyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxamido)-24-isopropyl-18-methyl-17,20,23,26,29-pentaoxo-4,7,10,13-tetraoxa-16,19,22,25,28-pentaazadotriacontane-1,32-dioic acid, is being evaluated as a tissue apoptosis marker for PET imaging. The purpose of this study was to determine the biodistribution and estimate the normal-organ radiation-absorbed doses and effective dose from (18)F-CP-18. METHODS Successive whole-body PET/CT scans were obtained at approximately 7, 45, 90, 130, and 170 min after intravenous injection of (18)F-CP-18 in 7 healthy human volunteers. Blood samples and urine were collected between the PET/CT scans, and the biostability of (18)F-CP-18 was assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The PET scans were analyzed to determine the radiotracer uptake in different organs. OLINDA/EXM software was used to calculate human radiation doses based on the biodistribution of the tracer. RESULTS (18)F-CP-18 was 54% intact in human blood at 135 min after injection. The tracer cleared rapidly from the blood pool with a half-life of approximately 30 min. Relatively high (18)F-CP-18 uptake was observed in the kidneys and bladder, with diffuse uptake in the liver and heart. The mean standardized uptake values (SUVs) in the bladder, kidneys, heart, and liver at around 50 min after injection were approximately 65, 6, 1.5, and 1.5, respectively. The calculated effective dose was 38 ± 4 μSv/MBq, with the urinary bladder wall having the highest absorbed dose at 536 ± 61 μGy/MBq using a 4.8-h bladder-voiding interval for the male phantom. For a 1-h voiding interval, these doses were reduced to 15 ± 2 μSv/MBq and 142 ± 15 μGy/MBq, respectively. For a typical injected activity of 555 MBq, the effective dose would be 21.1 ± 2.2 mSv for the 4.8-h interval, reduced to 8.3 ± 1.1 mSv for the 1-h interval. CONCLUSION (18)F-CP-18 cleared rapidly through the renal system. The urinary bladder wall received the highest radiation dose and was deemed the critical organ. Both the effective dose and the bladder dose can be reduced by frequent voiding. From the radiation dosimetry perspective, the apoptosis imaging agent (18)F-CP-18 is suitable for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Doss
- Diagnostic Imaging, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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25
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Synthesis, characterization, and antiviral activity of novel fluorinated isatin derivatives. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013; 144:1725-1733. [PMID: 32214479 PMCID: PMC7087807 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-1034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract New series of Schiff's bases, hydrazones, thiosemicarbazones, thiazoles, and thiocarbohydrazones of 5-fluoroisatin were synthesized by the reaction of 5-fluoroisatin with primary amines, hydrazine hydrate, and thiocarbohydrazides. Thiosemicarbazones were prepared by reacting hydrazone derivatives with isothiocyanates. Upon treatment of thiosemicarbazone derivatives with chloroacetone, the thiazole derivatives were obtained. Some of the prepared compounds exhibited antiviral activity. Graphical abstract
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26
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Influence of 4- or 5-substituents on the pyrrolidine ring of 5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin derivatives on their inhibitory activities towards caspases-3 and -7. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:562-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Limpachayaporn P, Wagner S, Kopka K, Hermann S, Schäfers M, Haufe G. Synthesis, 18F-radiolabeling, and in vivo biodistribution studies of N-fluorohydroxybutyl isatin sulfonamides using positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4509-20. [PMID: 23656488 DOI: 10.1021/jm400257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effector caspases-3 and -7 play a central role in programmed type I cell death (apoptosis). Molecular imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) by tracking the activity of executing caspases might allow the detection of the early onset as well as therapy monitoring of various diseases induced by dysregulated apoptosis. Herein, four new fluorinated diastereo- and enantiopure isatin sulfonamide-based potent and selective caspase-3 and -7 inhibitors were prepared by cyclic sulfate ring-opening with fluoride. All fluorohydrins exhibited excellent in vitro affinities (up to IC50 = 11.8 and 0.951 nM for caspase-3 and -7, respectively), which makes them appropriate PET radiotracer candidates. Therefore, N-(4-[(18)F]fluoro-3(R)-hydroxybutyl)- and N-(3(S)-[(18)F]fluoro-4-hydroxybutyl)-5-[1-(2(S)-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin were synthesized in 140 min with 24% and 10% overall radiochemical yields and specific activities of 10-127 GBq/μmol using [(18)F]fluoride in the presence of Kryptofix and subsequent acidic hydrolysis. In vivo biodistribution studies in wild-type mice using PET/computed tomography imaging proved fast clearance of the tracer after tail vein injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panupun Limpachayaporn
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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28
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Synthesis of new fluorinated, 2-substituted 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatin derivatives as caspase-3 and caspase-7 inhibitors: nonradioactive counterparts of putative PET-compatible apoptosis imaging agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2025-36. [PMID: 23411396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Downstream caspases-3 and -7 are essential to execute the programmed type I cell death (apoptosis). In order to better understand their role, specific inhibitors of these enzymes are required, which after radiolabeling can be applied to non-invasively visualize and monitor apoptotic pathways in vivo using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Therefore, 2-methoxyethyl-, 2-methoxypropyl-, 2-ethoxymethyl-, 2-(2-fluoroethoxymethyl)-, and 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl analogues of (S)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin (2) were prepared and their in vitro binding affinities towards caspases-1, -3, -6 and -7 were evaluated and compared to that of the lead structure 2. While the inhibition potencies against caspases-1 and -6 were in the micromolar range, all synthesized compounds exhibited excellent and selective inhibition of caspases-3 and -7 in the nanomolar range up to IC50=4.79 nM and 7.47 nM, respectively. These highly potent 2-substituted analogues of 2 might be developed as anti-apoptosis agents and some selected fluorinated inhibitors might be useful as potential PET radiotracers for apoptosis imaging after (18)F-labeling.
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29
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Krause-Heuer AM, Howell NR, Matesic L, Dhand G, Young EL, Burgess L, Jiang CD, Lengkeek NA, Fookes CJR, Pham TQ, Sobrio F, Greguric I, Fraser BH. A new class of fluorinated 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatin caspase inhibitors for PET imaging of apoptosis. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20249b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Singh GS, Mollet K, D’hooghe M, De Kimpe N. Epihalohydrins in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1441-98. [DOI: 10.1021/cr3003455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Girija S. Singh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty
of Science, University of Botswana, Private
Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Karen Mollet
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
| | - Matthias D’hooghe
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
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31
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Lim YH, Ong Q, Duong HA, Nguyen TM, Johannes CW. Direct conversion of indoles to 3,3-difluoro-2-oxindoles via electrophilic fluorination. Org Lett 2012; 14:5676-9. [PMID: 23101562 DOI: 10.1021/ol302666d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
3,3-Difluoro-2-oxindoles can be obtained directly from indoles in moderate yields via electrophilic fluorination using N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide as a mild fluorinating reagent. The presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide during the reaction, together with additional heating after quenching the reaction with triethylamine, is beneficial to the formation of the desired product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Hwee Lim
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, The Helios Block, #03-08, Singapore 138667.
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32
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Nguyen QD, Challapalli A, Smith G, Fortt R, Aboagye EO. Imaging apoptosis with positron emission tomography: 'bench to bedside' development of the caspase-3/7 specific radiotracer [(18)F]ICMT-11. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:432-40. [PMID: 22226480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to evade apoptosis has been defined as one of the hallmarks of cancer and, thus, effective anti-cancer therapy often induces apoptosis. A biomarker for imaging apoptosis could assist in monitoring the efficacy of a wide range of current and future therapeutics. Despite the potential, there are limited clinical examples of the use of positron emission tomography for imaging of apoptosis. [(18)F]ICMT-11 is a novel reagent designed to non-invasively image caspase-3 activation and, hence, drug-induced apoptosis. Radiochemistry development of [(18)F]ICMT-11 has been undertaken to improve specific radioactivity, reduce content of stable impurities, reduce synthesis time and enable automation for manufacture of multi-patient dose. Due to the promising mechanistic and safety profile of [(18)F]ICMT-11, the radiotracer is transitioning to clinical development and has been selected as a candidate radiotracer by the QuIC-ConCePT consortium for further evaluation in preclinical models and humans. A successful outcome will allow use of the radiotracer as qualified method for evaluating the pharmaceutical industry's next generation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Dé Nguyen
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
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33
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Lin R, Ding S, Shi Z, Jiao N. An Efficient Difluorohydroxylation of Indoles Using Selectfluor as a Fluorinating Reagent. Org Lett 2011; 13:4498-501. [DOI: 10.1021/ol201896p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riyuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shengtao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Chu W, Rothfuss J, Zhou D, Mach RH. Synthesis and evaluation of isatin analogs as caspase-3 inhibitors: introduction of a hydrophilic group increases potency in a whole cell assay. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2192-7. [PMID: 21441025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of isatin analogs containing a hydrophilic group, including a pyridine ring, ethylene glycol group, and a triazole ring, have been synthesized, and their inhibition potency for caspase-3 was measured both in vitro (i.e., recombinant enzyme) and in whole cells (HeLa cells). The analogs having a hydrophilic group, including 12, 13, 16, 38, and 40, have dramatically increased activity in vitro and in HeLa cells compared to the corresponding unsubstituted N-phenyl isatin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Chu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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35
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Fluorinated molecules in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:821-33. [PMID: 21426082 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of fluorinated molecules as drugs and imaging agents for CNS disorders has been studied extensively over the years. Incorporating a fluorine atom into the structure of a drug changes its physiochemical properties and can thereby lead to much more desirable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. This change can help to facilitate blood-brain barrier permeability, which is a critical matter for drugs intended for CNS activities. Fluorine incorporation into structures of drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases has been an attractive field for drug discovery. Such incorporation can greatly influence the physicochemical properties, metabolic stability and receptor binding affinity of the resulting molecule. Some studies have shown that when a proton was substituted with fluorine, the binding or inhibitory potency was greatly increased. The fluorine-18 isotope, (18)F, is utilized in detection and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, whereas (19)F compounds are used in the treatment of these diseases and in MRI. (18)F is widely used in PET imaging because it offers the advantage of a longer half-life compared with other radionuclides. It is used for imaging various receptors and transporters that have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and multiple system atrophy. Fluorine plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of many CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. The use of fluorine in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, will be discussed in this review.
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36
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Isatin 1,2,3-triazoles as potent inhibitors against caspase-3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1626-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Nguyen QD, Aboagye EO. Imaging the life and death of tumors in living subjects: Preclinical PET imaging of proliferation and apoptosis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 2:483-95. [PMID: 20737104 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by deregulation of cell proliferation and altered cell death apoptosis, which constitutes, in almost all instances, the minimal common platform upon which all neoplastic evolution occurs. The most implicit and clinically attractive anticancer strategies, therefore, consist of eliminating tumor cells by preventing their expansion and ultimately inducing cell death apoptosis. In this context, the non-invasive molecular assessment of tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis status using PET imaging constitutes a major strategy in preclinical studies to assess the efficacy of new anticancer therapeutics using small animal PET imaging, and in clinical settings for the monitoring of treatment responses in patients. For this purpose, a variety of PET tracers targeting specific molecular entities allowing the non-invasive measurement of biological processes, including cell proliferation and apoptosis, are under development for use in preclinical studies and clinical trials to non-invasively image in vivo the lifeline of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Dé Nguyen
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK
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38
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Aboagye EO. The future of imaging: developing the tools for monitoring response to therapy in oncology: the 2009 Sir James MacKenzie Davidson Memorial lecture. Br J Radiol 2010; 83:814-22. [PMID: 20716650 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/77317821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the days of Sir James MacKenzie Davidson, radiology discoveries have been shaping the way patients are managed. The lecture on which this review is based focused not on anatomical imaging, which already has a great impact on patient management, but on the molecular imaging of cancer targets and pathways. In this post-genomic era, we have several tools at our disposal to enable the discovery of new probes for stratifying patients for therapy and for monitoring response to therapy sooner than is possible using conventional cross-sectional imaging methods. I describe a chemical library approach to discovering new imaging agents, as well as novel methods for improving the metabolic stability of existing probes. Finally, I describe the evaluation of these probes for clinical use in both pre-clinical and clinical validation. The chemical library approach is exemplified by the discovery of isatin sulfonamide probes for imaging apoptosis in tumours. This approach allowed important desirable features of radiopharmaceuticals to be incorporated into the design strategy. A lead compound, [(18)F]ICMT11, is selectively taken up in vitro in cancer cells and in vivo in tumours undergoing apoptosis. Improvement of the metabolic stability of a probe is exemplified by work on [(18)F]fluoro-[1,2-(2)H(2)]choline ("[(18)F]-D4-choline"), a novel probe for imaging choline metabolism. Deuterium substitution significantly reduced the systemic metabolism of this compound relative to that of non-deuteriated analogues, supporting its future clinical use. In order for probes to be useful for monitoring response a number of validation and/or qualification studies need to be performed, including assessments of whether the probe measures the target or pathway of interest in a specific and reproducible manner, whether the probe is stable to metabolism in vivo, what is the best time to assess response with these probes and finally whether changes in radiotracer uptake are associated with clinical outcome. [(18)F]Fluorothymidine, a probe for proliferation imaging has been validated and qualified for use in breast cancer. In summary, the ability to create new molecules that can report on specific targets and pathways provides a strategy for studying response to treatment in cancer earlier than it is currently possible. This could fundamentally change the way medicine is practised in the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre at Imperial College, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Hugenberg V, Fröhlich R, Haufe G. Oxidative desulfurization–fluorination of thioethers. Application for the synthesis of fluorinated nitrogen containing building blocks. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:5682-91. [PMID: 20967318 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00560f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hugenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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Positron emission tomography imaging of drug-induced tumor apoptosis with a caspase-3/7 specific [18F]-labeled isatin sulfonamide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:16375-80. [PMID: 19805307 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901310106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the molecular biochemical alterations that occur during apoptosis, activation of caspases, notably caspase-3, is probably the most attractive for developing specific in vivo molecular imaging probes. We recently designed a library of isatin-5 sulfonamides and selected [18F]ICMT-11 for further evaluation on the basis of subnanomolar affinity for activated capsase-3, high metabolic stability, and facile radiolabeling. In this present study, we have demonstrated that [18F]ICMT-11 binds to a range of drug-induced apoptotic cancer cells in vitro and to 38C13 murine lymphoma xenografts in vivo by up to 2-fold at 24 h posttreatment compared to vehicle treatment. We further demonstrated that the increased signal intensity in tumors after drug treatment, detected by whole body in vivo microPET imaging, was associated with increased apoptosis. In summary, we have characterized [18F]ICMT-11 as a caspase-3/7 specific PET imaging radiotracer for the assessment of tumor apoptosis that could find utility in anticancer drug development and the monitoring of early responses to therapy.
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Fluorinated isatin derivatives. Part 3. New side-chain fluoro-functionalized pyrrolidinyl sulfonyl isatins as potent caspase-3 and -7 inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:969-89. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dysregulation of type I programmed cell death (apoptosis) leads to a variety of diseases, among which cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders are the most prominent and widespread. Effector caspases such as caspases-3 and -7 get activated during the apoptotic signaling cascade and hence represent a biological target for the diagnosis and therapy of apoptosis-associated diseases. Methods: Synthesis of potent fluorinated analogs of the lead compound (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin facilitates the aim-oriented identification of precursor candidates for 18F-radiofluorination resulting in radiolabeled compounds that could be employed as tracers for the specific imaging of apoptosis in vivo, using positron-emission tomography. Conclusion: Within a series of new mono-, di- and trifluoromethylated pyrrolidine ring analogs of the lead compound, high inhibition potencies were found for caspases-3 and -7 with IC50 values up to 30 and 37 nM, respectively. A new oxidative desulfurization–fluorination protocol was shown to be a versatile technique for fluorine incorporation.
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Podichetty AK, Wagner S, Schröer S, Faust A, Schäfers M, Schober O, Kopka K, Haufe G. Fluorinated Isatin Derivatives. Part 2. New N-Substituted 5-Pyrrolidinylsulfonyl Isatins as Potential Tools for Molecular Imaging of Caspases in Apoptosis. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3484-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8015014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Podichetty
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Sandra Schröer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Andreas Faust
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Michael Schäfers
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Otmar Schober
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
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