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Keshavarz H, Khodabin G. The Role of Uniconazole in Improving Physiological and Biochemical Attributes of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Subjected to Drought Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12892-019-0050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jiang K, Asami T. Chemical regulators of plant hormones and their applications in basic research and agriculture*. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1265-1300. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1462693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Plant hormones are small molecules that play versatile roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Classic methodologies, including genetics, analytic chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology, have contributed to the progress in plant hormone studies. In addition, chemical regulators of plant hormone functions have been important in such studies. Today, synthetic chemicals, including plant growth regulators, are used to study and manipulate biological systems, collectively referred to as chemical biology. Here, we summarize the available chemical regulators and their contributions to plant hormone studies. We also pose questions that remain to be addressed in plant hormone studies and that might be solved with the help of chemical regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Saito T, Thunyamada S, Wang S, Ohkawa K, Ohara H, Kondo S. Exogenous ABA and endogenous ABA affects ‘Kyoho’ grape berry coloration in different pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Takeuchi J, Okamoto M, Mega R, Kanno Y, Ohnishi T, Seo M, Todoroki Y. Abscinazole-E3M, a practical inhibitor of abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase for improving drought tolerance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37060. [PMID: 27841331 PMCID: PMC5107945 DOI: 10.1038/srep37060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an essential phytohormone that regulates plant water use and drought tolerance. However, agricultural applications of ABA have been limited because of its rapid inactivation in plants, which involves hydroxylation of ABA by ABA 8′-hydroxylase (CYP707A). We previously developed a selective inhibitor of CYP707A, (−)-Abz-E2B, by structurally modifying S-uniconazole, which functions as an inhibitor of CYP707A and as a gibberellin biosynthetic enzyme. However, its synthetic yield is too low for practical applications. Therefore, we designed novel CYP707A inhibitors, Abz-T compounds, that have simpler structures in which the 1,2,3-triazolyl ring of (−)-Abz-E2B has been replaced with a triple bond. They were successfully synthesised in shorter steps, resulting in greater yields than that of (−)-Abz-E2B. In the enzymatic assays, one of the Abz-T compounds, (−)-Abz-E3M, acted as a strong and selective inhibitor of CYP707A, similar to (−)-Abz-E2B. Analysis of the biological effects in Arabidopsis revealed that (−)-Abz-E3M enhanced ABA’s effects more than (−)-Abz-E2B in seed germination and in the expression of ABA-responsive genes. Treatment with (−)-Abz-E3M induced stomatal closure and improved drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, (−)-Abz-E3M also increased the ABA response in rice and maize. Thus, (−)-Abz-E3M is a more practical and effective inhibitor of CYP707A than (−)-Abz-E2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takeuchi
- College of Global-Interdisciplinary Studies, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Mega
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohnishi
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.,Reseach Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasushi Todoroki
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.,Reseach Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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Takeuchi J, Ohnishi T, Okamoto M, Todoroki Y. Conformationally restricted 3′-modified ABA analogs for controlling ABA receptors. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4278-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02662d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
(+)-PAO4 is a conformationally restricted analog of AS6 that was synthesized to improve the affinity for PYL proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka 422-8529
- Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohnishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka 422-8529
- Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Arid Land Research Center
- Tottori University
- Tottori 680-0001
- Japan
| | - Yasushi Todoroki
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka 422-8529
- Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology
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Sasaki E, Ogura T, Takei K, Kojima M, Kitahata N, Sakakibara H, Asami T, Shimada Y. Uniconazole, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, inhibits trans-zeatin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 87:30-8. [PMID: 23280040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin (CK) is a plant hormone that plays important regulatory roles in many aspects of plant growth and development. Although functions of CK and its biosynthesis pathway have been studied extensively, there is still no efficient biosynthesis inhibitor, which would be useful for studying CK from a chemical genetic approach. Here, CK biosynthesis inhibitor candidates were searched for using a systematic approach. In silico screening of candidates were carried out using genome-wide gene expression profiles and prediction of target sites using global CK accumulation profile analysis. As a result of these screenings, it was found that uniconazole, a well known inhibitor of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, prevents the biosynthesis of trans-zeatin, and that its target is CYP735As in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Sasaki
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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Okazaki M, Kittikorn M, Ueno K, Mizutani M, Hirai N, Kondo S, Ohnishi T, Todoroki Y. Abscinazole-E2B, a practical and selective inhibitor of ABA 8′-hydroxylase CYP707A. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3162-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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A conformationally restricted uniconazole analogue as a specific inhibitor of rice ent-kaurene oxidase, CYP701A6. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3240-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kondo S, Sugaya S, Sugawa S, Ninomiya M, Kittikorn M, Okawa K, Ohara H, Ueno K, Todoroki Y, Mizutani M, Hirai N. Dehydration tolerance in apple seedlings is affected by an inhibitor of ABA 8'-hydroxylase CYP707A. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:234-41. [PMID: 22024733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of an abscisic acid (ABA) 8'-hydroxylase inhibitor (Abz-F1) on ABA catabolism, stomatal aperture, and water potential were examined in apple seedlings under dehydration and rehydration conditions. In this study, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxigenase (MdNCED) and ABA 8'-hydroxylase (MdCYP707A) genes were isolated and their expressions were investigated under dehydration and rehydration conditions. The stomatal aperture decreased up to 4 h after spraying with Abz-F1 and the stomatal aperture in the Abz-F1-treated leaves was generally lower than that in the untreated control-leaves during the dehydration condition. Although the water potential in untreated control-leaves decreased with the progress of dehydration, it was maintained at a higher level in the Abz-F1 treated-leaves than in the untreated control-leaves during dehydration. Endogenous ABA concentrations increased with dehydration in both the Abz-F1 treated- and untreated-control-leaves, but the ABA levels in the Abz-F1 treated-leaves were higher than those in the untreated control-leaves throughout dehydration. In contrast, the phaseic acid (PA) concentrations in the Abz-F1 treated-leaves were lower than those in the untreated control-leaves during dehydration. The expressions of MdNCEDs in the Abz-F1 treated-leaves were lower than those in the untreated control-leaves regardless of the higher endogenous ABA concentrations. Moreover, the expressions of MdCYP707As in the Abz-F1 treated-leaves were also lower than those in the untreated control-leaves. Higher 50% effective concentrations (EC(50)) and ascorbic acid concentrations were observed in the Abz-F1 treated-leaves, which show that the oxidative damage under dehydration may be reduced by Abz-F1 application. These results suggest that prompt stomata closure is required for survival under dehydration, and Abz-F1 application may therefore be of practical use. The increase of endogenous ABA, which induced prompt stomata closure in Abz-F1 treated-leaves may depend on inhibition of the expression of MdCYP707As. Furthermore, the results showed the close relationship between MdNCEDs and MdCYP707As on ABA catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kondo
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo 271-8510, Japan.
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Kitahata N, Asami T. Chemical biology of abscisic acid. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2011; 124:549-57. [PMID: 21461661 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biology is a discipline that utilizes chemicals to elucidate biological mechanisms and physiological functions. Various abscisic acid (ABA) derivatives have revealed the structural requirement for the perception by ABA receptors while biotin or caged derivatives of ABA have disclosed the localization of several ABA-binding proteins. Recently, selective ABA agonist has been used to identify ABA receptors. Furthermore, ABA biosynthesis and catabolic inhibitors have contributed to the identification of new ABA functions in plant growth and development. The physiological function of ABA in non-plant organisms has gradually been revealed. In this review, we discuss the development of small bioactive chemicals and their significance in ABA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Kitahata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Okamoto M, Kushiro T, Jikumaru Y, Abrams SR, Kamiya Y, Seki M, Nambara E. ABA 9'-hydroxylation is catalyzed by CYP707A in Arabidopsis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:717-22. [PMID: 21414645 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism is important for regulating endogenous ABA levels. To date, most effort has focused on catabolism of ABA to phaseic acid (PA), which is generated spontaneously after 8'-hydroxylation of ABA by cytochrome P450s in the CYP707A subfamily. Neophaseic acid (neoPA) is another well-documented ABA catabolite that is produced via ABA 9'-hydroxylation, but the 9'-hydroxylase has not yet been defined. Here, we show that endogenous neoPA levels are reduced in loss-of-function mutants defective in CYP707A genes. In addition, in planta levels of both neoPA and PA are reduced after treatment of plants with uniconazole-P, a P450 inhibitor. These lines of evidence suggest that CYP707A genes also encode the 9'-hydroxylase required for neoPA synthesis. To test this, in vitro enzyme assays using microsomal fractions from CYP707A-expressing yeast strains were conducted and these showed that all four Arabidopsis CYP707As are 9'-hydroxylases, although this activity is minor. Collectively, our results demonstrate that ABA 9'-hydroxylation is catalyzed by CYP707As as a side reaction.
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Okazaki M, Nimitkeatkai H, Muramatsu T, Aoyama H, Ueno K, Mizutani M, Hirai N, Kondo S, Ohnishi T, Todoroki Y. Abscinazole-E1, a novel chemical tool for exploring the role of ABA 8'-hydroxylase CYP707A. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:406-13. [PMID: 21115253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We developed abscinazole-E1 (Abz-E1), a specific inhibitor of abscisic acid (ABA) 8'-hydroxylase (CYP707A). This inhibitor was designed and synthesized as an enlarged analogue of uniconazole (UNI), a well-known plant growth retardant, which inhibits a gibberellin biosynthetic enzyme (ent-kaurene oxidase, CYP701A) as well as CYP707A. Our results showed that Abz-E1 functions as a potent inhibitor of CYP707A and a poor inhibitor of CYP701A both in vitro and in vivo. Abz-E1 application to plants resulted in improved desiccation tolerance and an increase in endogenous ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Okazaki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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Todoroki Y, Naiki K, Aoyama H, Shirakura M, Ueno K, Mizutani M, Hirai N. Selectivity improvement of an azole inhibitor of CYP707A by replacing the monosubstituted azole with a disubstituted azole. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5506-9. [PMID: 20692835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The plant growth-retardant uniconazole (UNI), a triazole inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthetic enzyme (CYP701A), inhibits multiple P450 enzymes including ABA 8'-hydroxylase (CYP707A), a key enzyme in ABA catabolism. Azole P450 inhibitors bind to a P450 active site by both coordinating to the heme-iron atom via sp2 nitrogen and interacting with surrounding protein residues through a lipophilic region. We hypothesized that poor selectivity of UNI may result from adopting a distinct conformation and orientation for different active sites. Based on this hypothesis, we designed and synthesized novel UNI analogs with a disubstituted azole ring (DSI). These analogs were expected to have higher selectivity than UNI because the added functional group may interact with the active site to restrict orientation of the molecule in the active site. DSI-505ME and DSI-505MZ, which have an imidazolyl group with a methyl 5-acrylate, strongly inhibited recombinant CYP707A3, with no growth-retardant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Todoroki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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