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Ho Shon I, Hogg PJ. Imaging of cell death in malignancy: Targeting pathways or phenotypes? Nucl Med Biol 2023; 124-125:108380. [PMID: 37598518 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is fundamental in health and disease and resisting cell death is a hallmark of cancer. Treatment of malignancy aims to cause cancer cell death, however current clinical imaging of treatment response does not specifically image cancer cell death but assesses this indirectly either by changes in tumor size (using x-ray computed tomography) or metabolic activity (using 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography). The ability to directly image tumor cell death soon after commencement of therapy would enable personalised response adapted approaches to cancer treatment that is presently not possible with current imaging, which is in many circumstances neither sufficiently accurate nor timely. Several cell death pathways have now been identified and characterised that present multiple potential targets for imaging cell death including externalisation of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, caspase activation and La autoantigen redistribution. However, targeting one specific cell death pathway carries the risk of not detecting cell death by other pathways and it is now understood that cancer treatment induces cell death by different and sometimes multiple pathways. An alternative approach is targeting the cell death phenotype that is "agnostic" of the death pathway. Cell death phenotypes that have been targeted for cell death imaging include loss of plasma membrane integrity and dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Targeting the cell death phenotype may have the advantage of being a more sensitive and generalisable approach to cancer cell death imaging. This review describes and summarises the approaches and radiopharmaceuticals investigated for imaging cell death by targeting cell death pathways or cell death phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ho Shon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, Randwick Clinical Campus, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Philip J Hogg
- The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Sidorenko GV, Miroslavov AE, Tyupina MY. Technetium(I) carbonyl complexes for nuclear medicine: Coordination-chemical aspect. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Gorshkov NI, Murko AY, Zolotova YI, Nazarova OV, Krasikov VD, Shatik SV, Panarin EF. Introduction of Re(CO) 3+/ 99mTc(CO) 3+ Organometallic Species into Vinylpyrrolidone-Allyliminodiacetate Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111832. [PMID: 34205969 PMCID: PMC8198885 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-allylamine copolymers (VP-co-AA) containing iminodiacetic (IDA) chelation units were prepared in the range of molecular masses of the copolymers from 9000 to 30,000 Da depending on polymerization conditions. Non-radioactive organometallic species Re(CO)3+ were introduced into polymeric carriers under mild conditions; the prepared metal–polymeric complexes were characterized by IR, NMR, ESI-MS and HPLC. IR spectra data confirmed the coordination of M(CO)3+ moiety to the polymeric backbone via IDA chelation unit (appearance of characteristic fac-M(CO)3+ vibrations (2005, 1890 cm−1), as well as the appearance of group of signals in 1H NMR spectra, corresponding to those inequivalent to methylene protons CH2COO (dd, 4.2 ppm), coordinated to metal ions. The optimal conditions for labeling the PVP-co-AA-IDA copolymers with radioactive 99mTc(CO)3+ species were determined. The radiochemical yields reached 97%. The obtained radiolabeled polymers were stable in blood serum for 3 h. In vivo distribution experiments in intact animals showed the high primary accumulation of technetium-99m MPC (MM = 15,000 Da) in blood with subsequent excretion via the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Ivanovich Gorshkov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (Y.I.Z.); (O.V.N.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(812)-323-71-01
| | - Andrei Yur'evich Murko
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (Y.I.Z.); (O.V.N.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
| | - Yulia Igorevna Zolotova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (Y.I.Z.); (O.V.N.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
| | - Olga Vladimirovna Nazarova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (Y.I.Z.); (O.V.N.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
| | - Valerii Dmitrievich Krasikov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (Y.I.Z.); (O.V.N.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
| | - Sergei Vasilievich Shatik
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russian Federation, p. Pesochny, ul. Leningradskaya, 70, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Evgenii Fedorovich Panarin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Russian Federation, V.O. Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.M.); (Y.I.Z.); (O.V.N.); (V.D.K.); (E.F.P.)
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Biological evaluation of [99mTc]Tc-labeled Buthus martensii Karsch Chlorotoxin peptide for glioma imaging. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Abstract
One major characteristic of programmed cell death (apoptosis) results in the increased expression of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane of dying cells. Consequently, PS represents an excellent target for non-invasive imaging of apoptosis by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). Annexin V is a 36 kDa protein which binds with high affinity to PS in the presence of Ca2+ ions. This makes radiolabeled annexins valuable apoptosis imaging agents for clinical and biomedical research applications for monitoring apoptosis in vivo. However, the use of radiolabeled annexin V for in vivo imaging of cell death has been met with a variety of challenges which have prevented its translation into the clinic. These difficulties include: complicated and time-consuming radiolabeling procedures, sub-optimal biodistribution, inadequate pharmacokinetics leading to poor tumour-to-blood contrast ratios, reliance upon Ca2+ concentrations in vivo, low tumor tissue penetration, and an incomplete understanding of what constitutes the best imaging protocol following induction of apoptosis. Therefore, new concepts and improved strategies for the development of PS-binding radiotracers are needed. Radiolabeled PS-binding peptides and various Zn(II) complexes as phosphate chemosensors offer an innovative strategy for radionuclide-based molecular imaging of apoptosis with PET and SPECT. Radiolabeled peptides and Zn(II) complexes provide several advantages over annexin V including better pharmacokinetics due to their smaller size, better availability, simpler synthesis and radiolabeling strategies as well as facilitated tissue penetration due to their smaller size and faster blood clearance profile allowing for optimized image contrast. In addition, peptides can be structurally modified to improve metabolic stability along with other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The present review will summarize the current status of radiolabeled annexins, peptides and Zn(II) complexes developed as radiotracers for imaging apoptosis through targeting PS utilizing PET and SPECT imaging.
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Zhao L, Zhu J, Wang T, Liu C, Song N, Wu S, Qiao W, Yang J, Zhu M, Zhao J. A novel Buthus martensii Karsch chlorotoxin derivative for glioma SPECT imaging. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03302b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies show the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of scorpion venoms and toxins in cancer, including malignant glioma that represents the most fatal primary brain tumors.
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Rybczynska AA, Boersma HH, de Jong S, Gietema JA, Noordzij W, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH, van Waarde A. Avenues to molecular imaging of dying cells: Focus on cancer. Med Res Rev 2018. [PMID: 29528513 PMCID: PMC6220832 DOI: 10.1002/med.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Successful treatment of cancer patients requires balancing of the dose, timing, and type of therapeutic regimen. Detection of increased cell death may serve as a predictor of the eventual therapeutic success. Imaging of cell death may thus lead to early identification of treatment responders and nonresponders, and to “patient‐tailored therapy.” Cell death in organs and tissues of the human body can be visualized, using positron emission tomography or single‐photon emission computed tomography, although unsolved problems remain concerning target selection, tracer pharmacokinetics, target‐to‐nontarget ratio, and spatial and temporal resolution of the scans. Phosphatidylserine exposure by dying cells has been the most extensively studied imaging target. However, visualization of this process with radiolabeled Annexin A5 has not become routine in the clinical setting. Classification of death modes is no longer based only on cell morphology but also on biochemistry, and apoptosis is no longer found to be the preponderant mechanism of cell death after antitumor therapy, as was earlier believed. These conceptual changes have affected radiochemical efforts. Novel probes targeting changes in membrane permeability, cytoplasmic pH, mitochondrial membrane potential, or caspase activation have recently been explored. In this review, we discuss molecular changes in tumors which can be targeted to visualize cell death and we propose promising biomarkers for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Rybczynska
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Walter Noordzij
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Neves AA, Xie B, Fawcett S, Alam IS, Witney TH, de Backer MM, Summers J, Hughes W, McGuire S, Soloviev D, Miller J, Howat WJ, Hu DE, Rodrigues TB, Lewis DY, Brindle KM. Rapid Imaging of Tumor Cell Death In Vivo Using the C2A Domain of Synaptotagmin-I. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:881-887. [PMID: 28209913 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.183004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is an important target for imaging the early response of tumors to treatment. We describe here the validation of a phosphatidylserine-binding agent for detecting tumor cell death in vivo based on the C2A domain of synaptotagmin-I. Methods: The capability of near-infrared fluorophore-labeled and 99mTc- and 111In-labeled derivatives of C2Am for imaging tumor cell death, using planar near-infrared fluorescence imaging and SPECT, respectively, was evaluated in implanted and genetically engineered mouse models of lymphoma and in a human colorectal xenograft. Results: The fluorophore-labeled C2Am derivative showed predominantly renal clearance and high specificity and sensitivity for detecting low levels of tumor cell death (2%-5%). There was a significant correlation (R > 0.9, P < 0.05) between fluorescently labeled C2Am binding and histologic markers of cell death, including cleaved caspase-3, whereas there was no such correlation with a site-directed mutant of C2Am (iC2Am) that does not bind phosphatidylserine. 99mTc-C2Am and 111In-C2Am also showed favorable biodistribution profiles, with predominantly renal clearance and low nonspecific retention in the liver and spleen at 24 h after probe administration. 99mTc-C2Am and 111In-C2Am generated tumor-to-muscle ratios in drug-treated tumors of 4.3× and 2.2×, respectively, at 2 h and 7.3× and 4.1×, respectively, at 24 h after administration. Conclusion: Given the favorable biodistribution profile of 99mTc- and 111In-labeled C2Am, and their ability to produce rapid and cell death-specific image contrast, these agents have potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Neves
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Bangwen Xie
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sarah Fawcett
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Israt S Alam
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Timothy H Witney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maaike M de Backer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Summers
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - William Hughes
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sarah McGuire
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jodi Miller
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - William J Howat
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - De-En Hu
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tiago B Rodrigues
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - David Y Lewis
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Noninvasive molecular imaging, using positron emission tomography (PET), is an important technique to visualize metabolic processes in vivo. It also allows to visualize the process of apoptosis, by using radiolabeled compounds such as Annexin V, that bind to extracellular phosphatidylserine (PS). This chapter describes the radiosynthesis of (68)Ga-labeled Annexin V and how to noninvasively image apoptosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bauwens
- Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, P Debeyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, Netherlands. .,Radiopharmacy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Kusters DHM, Chatrou ML, Willems BAG, De Saint-Hubert M, Bauwens M, van der Vorst E, Bena S, Biessen EAL, Perretti M, Schurgers LJ, Reutelingsperger CPM. Pharmacological Treatment with Annexin A1 Reduces Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden in LDLR-/- Mice on Western Type Diet. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130484. [PMID: 26090792 PMCID: PMC4475013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate therapeutic effects of annexin A1 (anxA1) on atherogenesis in LDLR-/- mice. Methods Human recombinant annexin A1 (hr-anxA1) was produced by a prokaryotic expression system, purified and analysed on phosphatidylserine (PS) binding and formyl peptide receptor (FPR) activation. Biodistribution of 99mTechnetium-hr-anxA1 was determined in C57Bl/6J mice. 12 Weeks old LDLR-/- mice were fed a Western Type Diet (WTD) during 6 weeks (Group I) or 12 weeks (Group P). Mice received hr-anxA1 (1 mg/kg) or vehicle by intraperitoneal injection 3 times per week for a period of 6 weeks starting at start of WTD (Group I) or 6 weeks after start of WTD (Group P). Total aortic plaque burden and phenotype were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Results Hr-anxA1 bound PS in Ca2+-dependent manner and activated FPR2/ALX. It inhibited rolling and adherence of neutrophils but not monocytes on activated endothelial cells. Half lives of circulating 99mTc-hr-anxA1 were <10 minutes and approximately 6 hours for intravenously (IV) and intraperitoneally (IP) administered hr-anxA1, respectively. Pharmacological treatment with hr-anxA1 had no significant effect on initiation of plaque formation (-33%; P = 0.21)(Group I) but significantly attenuated progression of existing plaques of aortic arch and subclavian artery (plaque size -50%, P = 0.005; necrotic core size -76% P = 0.015, hr-anxA1 vs vehicle) (Group P). Conclusion Hr-anxA1 may offer pharmacological means to treat chronic atherogenesis by reducing FPR-2 dependent neutrophil rolling and adhesion to activated endothelial cells and by reducing total plaque inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H. M. Kusters
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn L. Chatrou
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Brecht A. G. Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- VitaK BV, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke De Saint-Hubert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Bauwens
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel van der Vorst
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefania Bena
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik A. L. Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon J. Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Lu C, Jiang Q, Hu M, Tan C, Yu H, Hua Z. Kit formulation for 99mTc-labeling of recombinant Annexin V molecule with a C-terminally engineered cysteine. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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A dual-labeled Annexin A5 is not suited for SPECT imaging of brain cell death in experimental murine stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:jcbfm2014115. [PMID: 24984896 PMCID: PMC4158671 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is one of the pathophysiological hallmarks after stroke. Markers to image cell death pathways in vivo are highly desirable. We previously showed that fluorescently labeled Annexin A5 (AnxA5), which binds specifically to phosphatidylserine (PS) on dead/dying cells, can be used in experimental stroke for monitoring cell death with optical imaging. Here we investigated whether dual-labeled AnxA5 (technetium and fluorescence label) can be used for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of cell death in the same model. C57Bl6/N mice were subjected to 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and underwent SPECT imaging at 24, 48, and 72 hours afterwards. They were injected intravenously with either PS-binding AnxA5 or the nonfunctional AnxA5 (negative control), labeled with 99mTc and Alexa Fluor 568, respectively. After SPECT imaging, brain sections were cut for autoradiography and fluorescence microscopy. Ethanol-induced cell death in the femur muscle was used as positive control. We detected dual-labeled AnxA5 in the model of ethanol-induced cell death in the femur muscle, but not after MCAO at any time point, either with SPECT or with ex vivo autoradiography or fluorescence microscopy. Dual-labeled AnxA5 appears to be unsuited for visualizing death of brain cells in this MCAO model.
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Teresa Albelda M, Garcia-España E, Frias JC. Visualizing the atherosclerotic plaque: a chemical perspective. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2858-76. [PMID: 24526041 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major underlying pathologic cause of coronary artery disease. An early detection of the disease can prevent clinical sequellae such as angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The different imaging techniques employed to visualize the atherosclerotic plaque provide information of diagnostic and prognostic value. Furthermore, the use of contrast agents helps to improve signal-to-noise ratio providing better images. For nuclear imaging techniques and optical imaging these agents are absolutely necessary. We report on the different contrast agents that have been used, are used or may be used in future in animals, humans, or excised tissues for the distinct imaging modalities for atherosclerotic plaque imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Teresa Albelda
- Universidad de Valencia, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Edificio de Institutos de Paterna, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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Badar A, Williams J, de Rosales RTM, Tavaré R, Kampmeier F, Blower PJ, Mullen GED. Optimising the radiolabelling properties of technetium tricarbonyl and His-tagged proteins. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:14. [PMID: 24606843 PMCID: PMC4015829 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, the majority of protein-based radiopharmaceuticals have been radiolabelled using non-site-specific conjugation methods, with little or no control to ensure retained protein function post-labelling. The incorporation of a hexahistidine sequence (His-tag) in a recombinant protein can be used to site-specifically radiolabel with 99mTc-tricarbonyl ([99mTc(CO)3]+). This chemistry has been made accessible via a technetium tricarbonyl kit; however, reports of radiolabelling efficiencies and specific activities have varied greatly from one protein to another. Here, we aim to optimise the technetium tricarbonyl radiolabelling method to produce consistently >95% radiolabelling efficiencies with high specific activities suitable for in vivo imaging. METHODS Four different recombinant His-tagged proteins (recombinant complement receptor 2 (rCR2) and three single chain antibodies, α-CD33 scFv, α-VCAM-1 scFv and α-PSMA scFv), were used to study the effect of kit volume, ionic strength, pH and temperature on radiolabelling of four proteins. RESULTS We used 260 and 350 μL [99mTc(CO)3]+ kits enabling us to radiolabel at higher [99mTc(CO)3]+ and protein concentrations in a smaller volume and thus increase the rate at which maximum labelling efficiency and specific activity were reached. We also demonstrated that increasing the ionic strength of the reaction medium by increasing [Na+] from 0.25 to 0.63 M significantly increases the rate at which all four proteins reach a >95% labelling efficiency by at least fourfold, as compared to the conventional IsoLink® kit (Covidien, Petten, The Netherlands) and 0.25 M [Na+]. CONCLUSION We have found optimised kit and protein radiolabelling conditions suitable for the reproducible, fast, efficient radiolabelling of proteins without the need for post-labelling purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Badar
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jennifer Williams
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Rafael TM de Rosales
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Richard Tavaré
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
| | - Florian Kampmeier
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Gregory ED Mullen
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
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De Saint-Hubert M, Bauwens M, Deckers N, Drummen M, Douma K, Granton P, Hendrikx G, Kusters D, Bucerius J, Reutelingsperger CPM, Mottaghy FM. In Vivo Molecular Imaging of Apoptosisand Necrosis in Atherosclerotic PlaquesUsing MicroSPECT-CT and MicroPET-CT Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 16:246-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Schaper FLWVJ, Reutelingsperger CP. 99mTc-HYNIC-Annexin A5 in Oncology: Evaluating Efficacy of Anti-Cancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:550-68. [PMID: 24216991 PMCID: PMC3730331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of efficacy of anti-cancer therapy is currently performed by anatomical imaging (e.g., MRI, CT). Structural changes, if present, become apparent 1-2 months after start of therapy. Cancer patients thus bear the risk to receive an ineffective treatment, whilst clinical trials take a long time to prove therapy response. Both patient and pharmaceutical industry could therefore profit from an early assessment of efficacy of therapy. Diagnostic methods providing information on a functional level, rather than a structural, could present the solution. Recent technological advances in molecular imaging enable in vivo imaging of biological processes. Since most anti-cancer therapies combat tumors by inducing apoptosis, imaging of apoptosis could offer an early assessment of efficacy of therapy. This review focuses on principles of and clinical experience with molecular imaging of apoptosis using Annexin A5, a widely accepted marker for apoptosis detection in vitro and in vivo in animal models. 99mTc-HYNIC-Annexin A5 in combination with SPECT has been probed in clinical studies to assess efficacy of chemo- and radiotherapy within 1-4 days after start of therapy. Annexin A5-based functional imaging of apoptosis shows promise to offer a personalized medicine approach, now primarily used in genome-based medicine, applicable to all cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric L W V J Schaper
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, MUMC, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 68Ga labeled bis-DOTA-3,3'-(benzylidene)-bis-(1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide) as a PET tracer for in vivo visualization of necrosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3216-20. [PMID: 23635829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a (68)Ga labeled bis-DOTA derivative of benzylidene-bis-indole and compare the in vivo stability and biodistribution with that of the previously reported bis-DTPA derivate for in vivo imaging of necrosis using PET. Uptake of the tracer was evaluated in a mouse model of Fas-mediated hepatic apoptosis in correlation with histochemical stainings. The novel (68)Ga labeled tracer showed an improved in vivo stability and could therefore be used for selective non-invasive imaging of necrotic cell death using PET.
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Cheng Q, Lu L, Grafström J, Hägg Olofsson M, Thorell JO, Samén E, Johansson K, Ahlzén HS, Linder S, Arnér ES, Stone-Elander S. Site-specifically 11C-labeled Sel-tagged annexin A5 and a size-matched control for dynamic in vivo PET imaging of protein distribution in tissues prior to and after induced cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2562-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hu S, Kiesewetter DO, Zhu L, Guo N, Gao H, Liu G, Hida N, Lang L, Niu G, Chen X. Longitudinal PET imaging of doxorubicin-induced cell death with 18F-Annexin V. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:762-70. [PMID: 22392643 PMCID: PMC3387344 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to apply longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with (18)F-Annexin V to visualize and evaluate cell death induced by doxorubicin in a human head and neck squamous cell cancer UM-SCC-22B tumor xenograft model. PROCEDURES In vitro toxicity of doxorubicin to UM-SCC-22B cells was determined by a colorimetric assay. Recombinant human Annexin V protein was expressed and purified. The protein was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate for fluorescence staining and (18)F for PET imaging. Established UM-SCC-22B tumors in nude mice were treated with two doses of doxorubicin (10 mg/kg each dose) with 1 day interval. Longitudinal (18)F-Annexin V PET was performed at 6 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days after the treatment started. Following PET imaging, direct tissue biodistribution study was performed to confirm the accuracy of PET quantification. RESULTS Two doses of doxorubicin effectively inhibited the growth of UM-SCC-22B tumors by inducing cell death including apoptosis. The cell death was clearly visualized by (18)F-Annexin V PET. The peak tumor uptake, which was observed at day 3 after treatment started, was significantly higher than that in the untreated tumors (1.56 ± 0.23 vs. 0.89 ± 0.31%ID/g, p < 0.05). Moreover, the tumor uptake could be blocked by co-injection of excess amount of unlabeled Annexin V protein. At day 7 after treatment, the tumor uptake of (18)F-Annexin had returned to baseline level. CONCLUSIONS (18)F-Annexin V PET imaging is sensitive enough to allow visualization of doxorubicin-induced cell death in UM-SCC-22B xenograft model. The longitudinal imaging with (18)F-Annexin will be helpful to monitor early response to chemotherapeutic anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Dale O. Kiesewetter
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Lei Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Ning Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Haokao Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, China
| | - Naoki Hida
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Lixin Lang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
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Straightforward thiol-mediated protein labelling with DTPA: Synthesis of a highly active 111In-annexin A5-DTPA tracer. EJNMMI Res 2012; 2:17. [PMID: 22541756 PMCID: PMC3444359 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-2-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Annexin A5 (anxA5) has been found useful for molecular imaging of apoptosis and other biological processes. Methods Here, we report an optimised two-step synthesis of annexin A5-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) (anxA5-DTPA) for positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging with a single purification step. The use of a recombinant annexin A5 (cys-anxA5) with a single thiol group allowed regionally specific coupling, without affecting the binding domain of cys-anxA5. Results The metal complexing capacity of anxA5-DTPA was investigated by labelling with 111In3+ and Eu3+. Binding of modified anxA5-DTPA to apoptotic cells was tested in competition experiments with a fluorescent anxA5 derivative (anxA5-FITC) using flow cytometry and compared with that of wildtype anxA5 or non-binding anxA5-DTPA (M1234-anxA5-DTPA). The binding affinity to apoptotic cells of the anxA5-DTPA conjugate does not differ from that of wildtype anxA5. Conclusions This two-step synthesis of annexin A5-DTPA resulted in biologically active anxA5-DTPA, which can be labelled with radionuclides for use in SPECT and PET imaging.
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De Saint-Hubert M, Wang H, Devos E, Vunckx K, Zhou L, Reutelingsperger C, Verbruggen A, Mortelmans L, Ni Y, Mottaghy FM. Preclinical imaging of therapy response using metabolic and apoptosis molecular imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 13:995-1002. [PMID: 20848227 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early after therapy, 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) imaging is not always reliable due to the influx of inflammatory cells while apoptosis imaging offers a direct and early measurement of therapy effects. This study uses an improved apoptosis probe ((99m)Tc-hAnxA5) in combination with [(18)F]FDG imaging to evaluate therapy response. PROCEDURES Daudi tumor tissue was implanted in the spleen of SCID mice. Treatment was performed with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. Sequential [(18)F]FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) was acquired over 6 days and (99m)Tc-hAnxA5-SPECT was performed before and 1 day after therapy. RESULTS On day 1, therapy induced apoptosis was visualized with (99m)Tc-hAnxA5 without a measurable change in [(18)F]FDG uptake. [(18)F]FDG uptake decreased significantly on day 3 and was even more pronounced on day 6. CONCLUSION In this preclinical model, (99m)Tc-hAnxA5 imaging was able to detect apoptosis before metabolic changes were measured. These results confirm the value of apoptosis imaging for therapy response and give more insight in [(18)F]FDG imaging and its parameters to evaluate response.
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Lederle W, Arns S, Rix A, Gremse F, Doleschel D, Schmaljohann J, Mottaghy FM, Kiessling F, Palmowski M. Failure of annexin-based apoptosis imaging in the assessment of antiangiogenic therapy effects. EJNMMI Res 2011; 1:26. [PMID: 22214377 PMCID: PMC3251208 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-1-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular apoptosis imaging is frequently discussed to be useful for monitoring cancer therapy. We demonstrate that the sole assessment of therapy effects by apoptosis imaging can be misleading, depending on the therapy effect on the tumor vasculature. Methods Apoptosis was investigated by determining the uptake of Annexin Vivo by optical imaging (study part I) and of 99 mTc-6-hydrazinonicotinic [HYNIC]-radiolabeled Annexin V by gamma counting (study part II) in subcutaneous epidermoid carcinoma xenografts (A431) in nude mice after antiangiogenic treatment (SU11248). Optical imaging was performed by optical tomography (3D) and 2D reflectance imaging (control, n = 7; therapy, n = 6). Accumulation of the radioactive tracer was determined ex vivo (control, n = 5; therapy, n = 6). Tumor vascularization was investigated with an optical blood pool marker (study part I) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (both studies). Data were validated by immunohistology. Results A significantly higher apoptosis rate was detected in treated tumors by immunohistological terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining (area fraction: control, 0.023 ± 0.015%; therapy, 0.387 ± 0.105%; P < 0.001). However, both 2D reflectance imaging using Annexin Vivo (control, 13 ± 15 FI/cm2; therapy, 11 ± 7 FI/cm2) and gamma counting using 99 mTc-HYNIC-Annexin V (tumor-to-muscle ratio control, 5.66 ± 1.46; therapy, 6.09 ± 1.40) failed in showing higher accumulation in treated tumors. Optical tomography even indicated higher probe accumulation in controls (control, 81.3 ± 73.7 pmol/cm3; therapy, 27.5 ± 34.7 pmol/cm3). Vascularization was strongly reduced after therapy, demonstrated by contrast-enhanced ultrasound, optical imaging, and immunohistology. Conclusions The failure of annexin-based apoptosis assessment in vivo can be explained by the significant breakdown of the vasculature after therapy, resulting in reduced probe/tracer delivery. This favors annexin-based apoptosis imaging only in therapies that do not severely interfere with the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiltrud Lederle
- Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, Aachen, 52074, Germany.
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wyffels L, Gray BD, Barber C, Woolfenden JM, Pak KY, Liu Z. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of radiolabeled bis(zinc(II)-dipicolylamine) coordination complexes as cell death imaging agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3425-33. [PMID: 21570306 PMCID: PMC3102142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of (⁹⁹m)Tc labeled bis(zinc(II)-dipicolylamine) (Zn²⁺-DPA) coordination complexes, and the in vivo evaluation of their usefulness as radiotracers for the detection of cell death. DPA ligand 1 was labeled with (⁹⁹m)Tc via the (⁹⁹m)Tc-tricarbonyl core ([(⁹⁹m)Tc(CO)₃-1]³⁺) or via HYNIC ((⁹⁹m)Tc-HYNIC-1) in good radiochemical yields. Highest in vitro stabilities were demonstrated for [(⁹⁹m)Tc(CO)₃-1]³⁺. A mouse model of hepatic apoptosis (anti-Fas mAb) was used to demonstrate binding to apoptotic cells. (⁹⁹m)Tc-HYNIC-1 showed the best targeting of apoptotic hepatic tissue with a 2.2 times higher liver uptake in anti-Fas treated mice as compared to healthy animals. A rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury was used to further explore the ability of the (⁹⁹m)Tc-labeled Zn²⁺-DPA coordination complexes to target cell death. Selective accumulation could be detected for both tracers in the area at risk, correlating with histological proof of cell death. Area at risk to normal tissue uptake ratios were 3.82 for [(⁹⁹m)Tc(CO)₃-1]³⁺ and 5.45 for (⁹⁹m)Tc-HYNIC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie wyffels
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian D. Gray
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc. West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Christy Barber
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Koon Y. Pak
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc. West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Zhonglin Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Schutters K, Reutelingsperger C. Phosphatidylserine targeting for diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1072-82. [PMID: 20440562 PMCID: PMC2929432 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells are able to execute apoptosis by activating series of specific biochemical reactions. One of the most prominent characteristics of cell death is the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), which in healthy cells resides predominantly in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. These features have made PS-externalization a well-explored phenomenon to image cell death for diagnostic purposes. In addition, it was demonstrated that under certain conditions viable cells express PS at their surface such as endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels, stressed tumor cells and hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Hence, PS has become a potential target for therapeutic strategies aiming at Targeted Drug Delivery. In this review we highlight the biomarker PS and various PS-binding compounds that have been employed to target PS for diagnostic purposes. We emphasize the 35 kD human protein annexin A5, that has been developed as a Molecular Imaging agent to measure cell death in vitro, and non-invasively in vivo in animal models and in patients with cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Recently focus has shifted from diagnostic towards therapeutic applications employing annexin A5 in strategies to deliver drugs to cells that express PS at their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Schutters
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Bauwens M, De Saint-Hubert M, Devos E, Deckers N, Reutelingsperger C, Mortelmans L, Himmelreich U, Mottaghy FM, Verbruggen A. Site-specific 68Ga-labeled Annexin A5 as a PET imaging agent for apoptosis. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 38:381-92. [PMID: 21492787 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Two variants of Annexin A5 (Cys2-AnxA5 and Cys165-AnxA5) were labelled with Gallium-68 in order to evaluate their biological properties. PROCEDURES Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the radiotracers were studied with μPET in healthy mice and in a mouse model of hepatic apoptosis. μPET imaging after IV injection of the tracers in combination with μMRI was performed in Daudi tumor bearing mice before and after treatment with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. RESULTS The biodistribution data indicated a fast urinary clearance with only minor hepatobilliary clearance, although a high retention in the kidneys was observed. Animals treated with anti-Fas showed a 3 to 8 times higher liver uptake as compared to healthy animals. Tumor uptake of (68)Ga-Cys2-AnxA5 and (68)Ga-Cys165-AnxA5 was low but significantly increased after therapy. CONCLUSION Both (68)Ga-Cys2-AnxA5 and (68)Ga-Cys165-AnxA5 show a clear binding to apoptotic cells and are promising tracers for rapid evaluation of cancer therapy.
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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of [99mTc]-labeled tricarbonyl His-annexin A5 as an imaging agent for the detection of phosphatidylserine-expressing cells. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:965-75. [PMID: 21055628 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptosis is one of the mechanisms behind successful chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Radiolabeled annexin A5 has been demonstrated to be a successful tool in the detection of apoptosis following chemotherapy in vivo. METHODS His-tagged annexin A5 was labeled with [(99m)Tc]-tricarbonyl and evaluated as apoptosis imaging radiotracer in vitro and in vivo. The binding of the radiotracer was evaluated in Colo205 cells stimulated with 5-FU (1 mM) for 4 and 24 h, and confirmed by flow cytometry. Biodistribution and dosimetric studies were performed in healthy nude mice (n=5) via planar scintigraphy. [(99m)Tc]-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 was also evaluated for in vivo imaging of spontaneous apoptosis in Colo205-bearing mice (n=12). RESULTS The labeling procedure yielded a compound with 95-99% radiochemical purity and good in vitro stability. In vitro binding experiments indicated that the radiotracer retained its PS-binding activity. [(99m)Tc]-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 rapidly cleared from the blood and predominantly accumulated in the kidneys. Absorbed dose (per organ) was found to be 116 ± 64 μGy/MBq for the kidneys and 10.38 ± 0.50 μGy/MBq for the liver. The effective dose was 7.00 ± 0.28 μSv/MBq. Spontaneous apoptosis in Colo205-bearing mice was visualised by [(99m)Tc]-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 SPECT and correlated well with caspase-3 immunostaining (R=0.867, P<.01). CONCLUSION [(99m)Tc]-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 may be a useful novel radioligand for the in vivo detection of cell death associated with PS expression. A simple, noninvasive way of detecting apoptosis in vivo could have many applications including a better understanding of the extent and timing of apoptosis in response to cancer therapies and assessment of early tumor response.
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Schutters K, Reutelingsperger C. Phosphatidylserine targeting for diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. Apoptosis 2010. [PMID: 20440562 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010�0503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells are able to execute apoptosis by activating series of specific biochemical reactions. One of the most prominent characteristics of cell death is the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), which in healthy cells resides predominantly in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. These features have made PS-externalization a well-explored phenomenon to image cell death for diagnostic purposes. In addition, it was demonstrated that under certain conditions viable cells express PS at their surface such as endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels, stressed tumor cells and hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Hence, PS has become a potential target for therapeutic strategies aiming at Targeted Drug Delivery. In this review we highlight the biomarker PS and various PS-binding compounds that have been employed to target PS for diagnostic purposes. We emphasize the 35 kD human protein annexin A5, that has been developed as a Molecular Imaging agent to measure cell death in vitro, and non-invasively in vivo in animal models and in patients with cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Recently focus has shifted from diagnostic towards therapeutic applications employing annexin A5 in strategies to deliver drugs to cells that express PS at their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Schutters
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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