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Connah L, Angelovski G. Solid phase synthesis in the development of magnetic resonance imaging probes. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00921k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We review the use of the solid phase synthesis methodology for the preparation of diverse and potent MRI probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Connah
- MR Neuroimaging Agents
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
- Tuebingen
- Germany
| | - Goran Angelovski
- MR Neuroimaging Agents
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
- Tuebingen
- Germany
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroimaging
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2
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Li X, Ma Z, Wang H, Ren L, Zhang D, Liang W, Zhang G, Zhang J, Yu D, Fang X. Screening, Identification, and Characterization of an Affinity Peptide Specific to MT1-MMP and Its Application in Tumor Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1507-1517. [PMID: 30986050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) plays a crucial role in many physiological and pathological processes, especially in tumor invasion and metastasis. Bioimaging of this key molecule may find wide usage in various applications. MT-loop is a unique sequence of MT1-MMP and locates in the surface of the protein. In our previous studies, AF7p, an affinity peptide that targeting the MT-loop domain of MT1-MMP, was identified by screening a phage display (Ph.D.) peptide library. However, the target of AF7p is a synthetic sequence which lacked native conformation of the MT-loop region; thus, the binding affinity and specificity in reality may not be optimal. In this study, we considered the 3-dimensional (3-D) conformation of the MT-loop area in the MT1-MMP molecule and designed a novel strategy to screen the Ph.D. peptide library. The peptide we obtained showed a better binding affinity to WT-MT1-MMP than AF7p as observed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and biolayer interferometry (BLI). The new peptide labeled and attached MT1-MMP expression cell lines HT1080 and did not show any toxicity to cells. Furthermore, for in vivo imaging, HT1080 tumor-bearing mice with higher MT1-MMP expression accumulated more Cy5.5-HS7 than mice with MT1-MMP low-expression cell lines A549 at tumor sites, and the half-life of HS7 was longer than that of AF7p, as confirmed by ex vivo imaging of the main organs. These results suggest the feasibility of using the subtraction biopanning strategy to screen the affinity peptide targeting MT-loop regions and HS7 is a superior probe for noninvasively imaging MT1-MMP expression in MT1-MMP-positive tumor models. It provides impetus for further studies to use HS7 in early diagnosis of tumors and in peptide-mediated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Enzyme Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , 107 Wenhuaxi Road , Jinan 250012 , P. R. China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Enzyme Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 5333 Xi'an Street , Changchun 130062 , P. R. China
| | - Dianwen Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences of Jilin Province , 155 Chuangju Street , Changchun 130015 , P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Liang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences , 88 Keling Road , Suzhou 215163 , P. R. China
| | - Guangji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Enzyme Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Jinrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Enzyme Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Dahai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Enzyme Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Xuexun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Enzyme Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
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Cui D, Lu X, Yan C, Liu X, Hou M, Xia Q, Xu Y, Liu R. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-targeted gadolinium oxide-based multifunctional nanoparticles for dual magnetic resonance/fluorescent molecular imaging of prostate cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6787-6797. [PMID: 28979118 PMCID: PMC5602459 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s139246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombesin (BBN), an analog of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), specifically binds to GRP receptors, which are overexpressed in human prostate cancer (PC). Here, we synthesized a BBN-modified gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) nanoprobe containing fluorescein (Gd2O3-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [FI]-polyethylene glycol [PEG]-BBN) for targeted magnetic resonance (MR)/optical dual-modality imaging of PC. The Gd2O3-FI-PEG-BBN nanoparticles exhibited a relatively uniform particle size with an average diameter of 52.3 nm and spherical morphology as depicted by transmission electron microscopy. The longitudinal relaxivity (r1) of Gd2O3-FI-PEG-BBN (r1 =4.23 mM−1s−1) is comparable to that of clinically used Magnevist (Gd-DTPA). Fluorescence microscopy and in vitro cellular MRI demonstrated GRP receptor-specific and enhanced cellular uptake of the Gd2O3-FI-PEG-BBN in PC-3 tumor cells. Moreover, Gd2O3-FI-PEG-BBN showed more remarkable contrast enhancement than the corresponding nontargeted Gd2O3-FI-PEG according to in vivo MRI and fluorescent imaging. Tumor immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated improved accumulation of the targeted nanoprobe in tumors. BBN-conjugated Gd2O3 may be a promising nanoplatform for simultaneous GRP receptor-targeted molecular cancer diagnosis and antitumor drug delivery in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danting Cui
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggong Yan
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meirong Hou
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yikai Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Giovenzana GB, Lattuada L, Negri R. Recent Advances in Bifunctional Paramagnetic Chelates for MRI. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni B. Giovenzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”; L.go Donegani 2/3 I-28100 Novara Italy
| | - Luciano Lattuada
- Bracco Imaging SpA, Bracco Research Centre; Via Ribes 5 I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa TO, Italy
| | - Roberto Negri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”; L.go Donegani 2/3 I-28100 Novara Italy
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Ischia J, Patel O, Bolton D, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Expression and function of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) in normal and cancerous urological tissues. BJU Int 2014; 113 Suppl 2:40-7. [PMID: 24894852 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) acts as an important regulatory peptide in several normal physiological processes and as a growth factor in certain cancers. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge of GRP in urological tissues under both normal and cancerous conditions. GRP and its receptor, GRP-R, are expressed in the normal kidney and renal cancers. GRP can stimulate the growth of renal cancer cells. GRP and GRP-R are expressed in prostate cancer and GRP can stimulate the growth of prostate cancer cell lines. Importantly, GRP is a key neuroendocrine peptide, which may be involved in the progression of advanced prostate cancer and in the neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer. Recent animal studies have shown that GRP and GRP-R are an integral part of male sexual function and play a crucial role in spinal control of erections and ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ischia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Urology, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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François A, Auzanneau C, Le Morvan V, Galaup C, Godfrey HS, Marty L, Boulay A, Artigau M, Mestre-Voegtlé B, Leygue N, Picard C, Coulais Y, Robert J, Benoist E. A functionalized heterobimetallic99mTc/Re complex as a potential dual-modality imaging probe: synthesis, photophysical properties, cytotoxicity and cellular imaging investigations. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:439-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51968f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sturzu A, Klose U, Sheikh S, Echner H, Kalbacher H, Deeg M, Nägele T, Schwentner C, Ernemann U, Heckl S. The gastrin/cholecystokinin-B receptor on prostate cells--a novel target for bifunctional prostate cancer imaging. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 52:69-76. [PMID: 24211650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The means of identifying prostate carcinoma and its metastases are limited. The contrast agents used in magnetic resonance imaging clinical diagnostics are not taken up into the tumor cells, but only accumulate in the interstitial space of the highly vasculated tumor. We examined the gastrin/cholecystokinin-B receptor as a possible target for prostate-specific detection using the C-terminal seven amino acid sequence of the gastrin peptide hormone. The correct sequence and a scrambled control sequence were coupled to the fluorescent dye rhodamine and the magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent gadolinium (Gd)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). Expression analysis of the gastrin receptor mRNA was performed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on PC3 prostate carcinoma cells, U373 glioma, U2OS osteosarcoma and Colo205 colon carcinoma cells. After having confirmed elevated expression of gastrin receptor in PC3 cells and very low expression of the receptor in Colo205 cells, these two cell lines were used to create tumor xenografts on nude mice for in vivo experiments. Confocal lasers scanning microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging showed a high specificity of the correct conjugate for the PC3 xenografts. Staining of the PC3 xenografts was much weaker with the scrambled conjugate while the Colo205 xenografts showed no marked staining with any of the conjugates. In vitro experiments comparing the correct and scrambled conjugates on PC3 cells by magnetic resonance relaxometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting confirmed markedly higher specificity of the correct conjugate. The investigations show that the gastrin receptor is a promising tumor cell surface target for future prostate-cancer-specific imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sturzu
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Peptide Synthesis Laboratory, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Uwe Klose
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sumbla Sheikh
- Peptide Synthesis Laboratory, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Echner
- Peptide Synthesis Laboratory, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Peptide Synthesis Laboratory, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Deeg
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Medicinal Research Centre, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Ernemann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heckl
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Chen YJ, Wu SC, Chen CY, Tzou SC, Cheng TL, Huang YF, Yuan SS, Wang YM. Peptide-based MRI contrast agent and near-infrared fluorescent probe for intratumoral legumain detection. Biomaterials 2013; 35:304-15. [PMID: 24120038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that intratumoral legumain promotes tumorigenesis. To monitor legumain activity in tumors, we developed a new MRI contrast agent ([Gd-NBCB-TTDA-Leg(L)]) and a NIR fluorescence probe (CyTE777-Leg(L)-CyTE807). The MRI contrast agent was prepared by introduction of cyclobutyl and benzyl group residues to TTDA (3,6,10-tri(carboxymethyl)-3,6,10-triaza-dodecanedioic acid), followed by the attachment of a legumain-specific substrate peptide (Leg(L)). The NIR fluorescence probe was designed by conjugating two NIR fluorochromes (CyTE777 and CyTE807) with Leg(L). Peptide cleavage of the MRI contrast agent by legumain can increase its hydrophobicity and promote rotational correlation time (τ(R)). Peptide cleavage of the NIR probes by the legumain relieves the self quench of the probe. Peptide cleavage of the MRI contrast agent and the NIR fluorescence probe by legumain were confirmed by T1 relaxometric studies and by fluorescence studies, respectively. In vivo MR images showed that [Gd-NBCB-TTDA-Leg(L)] attained 55.3 fold (254.2% versus 4.6%, at 2.0 h post-injection) higher imaging enhancement, as compared with control contrast agent bearing a noncleaveable peptide ([Gd-NBCB-TTDA-Leg(D)], in the CT-26 (legumain(+)) tumors. Similarly, optical imaging probe CyTE777-Leg(L)-CyTE807 attained 15.2 fold (3.34 × 10(9) photons/min versus 0.22 × 10(9) photons/min, at 24.0 h post-injection) higher imaging enhancement in the CT-26 (legumain(+)) tumors, compared to a NIR control probe (CyTE777-Leg(D)-CyTE807). These data indicate that the [Gd-NBCB-TTDA-Leg(L)] and the CyTE777-Leg(L)-CyTE807 probes may be promising tools to image the legumain-expressing cancers for diagnoses and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Chen SH, Kuo YT, Singh G, Cheng TL, Su YZ, Wang TP, Chiu YY, Lai JJ, Chang CC, Jaw TS, Tzou SC, Liu GC, Wang YM. Development of a Gd(III)-based receptor-induced magnetization enhancement (RIME) contrast agent for β-glucuronidase activity profiling. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12426-35. [PMID: 23116118 DOI: 10.1021/ic301827p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucuronidase is a key lysosomal enzyme and is often overexpressed in necrotic tumor masses. We report here the synthesis of a pro receptor-induced magnetization enhancement (pro-RIME) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent ([Gd(DOTA-FPβGu)]) for molecular imaging of β-glucuronidase activity in tumor tissues. The contrast agent consists of two parts, a gadolinium complex and a β-glucuronidase substrate (β-d-glucopyranuronic acid). The binding association constant (KA) of [Gd(DOTA-FPβGu)] is 7.42 × 10(2), which is significantly lower than that of a commercially available MS-325 (KA = 3.0 × 10(4)) RIME contrast agent. The low KA value of [Gd(DOTA-FPβGu)] is due to the pendant β-d-glucopyranuronic acid moiety. Therefore, [Gd(DOTA-FPβGu)] can be used for detection of β-glucuronidase through RIME modulation. The detail mechanism of enzymatic activation of [Gd(DOTA-FPβGu)] was elucidated by LC-MS. The kinetics of β-glucuronidase catalyzed hydrolysis of [Eu(DOTA-FPβGu)] at pH 7.4 best fit the Miechalis-Menten kinetic mode with Km = 1.38 mM, kcat = 3.76 × 10(3), and kcat/Km = 2.72 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1). The low Km value indicates high affinity of β-glucuronidase for [Gd(DOTA-FPβGu)] at physiological pH. Relaxometric studies revealed that T1 relaxivity of [Gd(DOTA-FPβGu)] changes in response to the concentration of β-glucuronidase. Consistent with the relaxometric studies, [Gd(DOTA-FPβGu)] showed significant change in MR image signal in the presence of β-glucuronidase and HSA. In vitro and in vivo MR images demonstrated appreciable differences in signal enhancement in the cell lines and tumor xenografts in accordance to their expression levels of β-glucuronidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , 100 Shih-Chuan first Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Sonmez AE, Webb AG, Spees WM, Ozcan A, Tsekos NV. A system for endoscopic mechanically scanned localized proton MR and light-induced fluorescence emission spectroscopies. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 222:16-25. [PMID: 22820260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular and near-cellular modalities offer new opportunities in assessing living tissue in situ, and multimodality approaches, which offer complementary information, may lead to improved characterization of tissue pathophysiology benefiting diagnosis and focal therapy. However, many such modalities are limited by their low penetration through tissue, which has led to minimally invasive trans-cannula approaches to place the corresponding sensors locally at the area of interest. This work presents a system for performing localized fluorescence emission and proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopies via endoscopic access. The in-house developed side-firing 1.9-mm wide dual-sensor integrates a three-fiber optical sensor for fluorescence emission optical spectroscopy and a 1-mm circular radiofrequency (RF) coil for localized MR proton spectroscopy. An MR-compatible manipulator was developed for carrying and mechanically translating the dual-sensor along a linear access channel. The hardware and software control of the system allows reconfigurable synchronization of the manipulator-assisted translation of the sensor, and MR and optical data collection. The manipulator serves as the mechanical link for the three modalities and MR images, MR spectra and optical spectra are inherently co-registered to the MR scanner coordinate system. These spectra were then used to generate spatio-spectral maps of the fluorophores and proton MR-signal sources in three-compartment phantoms with optically- and MR-visible, and distinguishable, materials. These data demonstrate a good spatial match between MR images, MR spectra and optical spectra along the scanned path. In addition to basic research, such a system may have clinical applications for assessing and characterizing cancer in situ, as well as guiding focal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet E Sonmez
- Medical Robotics Laboratory Department of Computer Science at University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
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Lattuada L, Barge A, Cravotto G, Giovenzana GB, Tei L. The synthesis and application of polyamino polycarboxylic bifunctional chelating agents. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3019-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00199f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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