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Chen L, Gong J, Yong X, Li Y, Wang S. A review of typical biological activities of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6557-6597. [PMID: 38390501 PMCID: PMC10882267 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08025k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid, a triterpenoid compound primarily sourced from licorice root, exhibits noteworthy biological attributes, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. Despite these commendable effects, its further advancement and application, especially in clinical use, have been hindered by its limited druggability, including challenges such as low solubility and bioavailability. To enhance its biological activity and pharmaceutical efficacy, numerous research studies focus on the structural modification, associated biological activity data, and underlying mechanisms of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives. This review endeavors to systematically compile and organize glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives that have demonstrated outstanding biological activities over the preceding decade, delineating their molecular structures, biological effects, underlying mechanisms, and future prospects for assisting researchers in finding and designing novel glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives, foster the exploration of structure-activity relationships, and aid in the screening of potential candidate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
| | - Jingwen Gong
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
| | - Xu Yong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Youbin Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
| | - Shuojin Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
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2
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Yang H, Zhang T, Chen C, Chiang C, Chen K, Wu Y, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Zheng D. Laxiflorin B covalently binds the tubulin colchicine-binding site to inhibit triple negative breast cancer proliferation and induce apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 383:110681. [PMID: 37648048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Laxiflorin B is a natural ent-kaurane diterpenoid that can be isolated from the leaves of the Isodon eriocalyx var. laxiflora, a perennial shrub native to parts of China. While this compound has potent cytotoxic activity against various tumor cells, the anti-tumor targets and molecular mechanisms of Laxiflorin B are unclear. Here, we show that Laxiflorin B exhibits strong antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. At the mechanistic level, we show that β-tubulin (TUBB) is a cellular target of Laxiflorin B. By covalently binding the Cys239 and C354 residues of the TUBB colchicine-binding site, Laxiflorin B disturbs microtubule integrity and structure in vitro and in vivo. Cytotoxicity analyses also showed that the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl in the D ring of Laxiflorin B is responsible for mediating its covalent binding and anti-tumor activity. To assess the therapeutic effects of Laxiflorin B, we synthesized a Laxiflorin B-ALA pro-drug and delivered it by intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg) into a 4T1 orthotopic tumor mouse model. Drug treatment had anti-tumor effects without inducing notable weight loss or organ dysfunction. We conclude that Laxiflorin B is a promising colchicine binding site inhibitor that might be exploited in the context of TNBC treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine); Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine); Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chunlan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine); Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chengyao Chiang
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Yantian Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine); Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhengxin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine); Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine); Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lizhi Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine); Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Duo Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine); Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Chen J, Xu Y, Yang Y, Yao X, Fu Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang X. Evaluation of the Anticancer Activity and Mechanism Studies of Glycyrrhetic Acid Derivatives toward HeLa Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073164. [PMID: 37049928 PMCID: PMC10095686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a series of glycyrrhetic acid derivatives 3a–3f were synthesized via the esterification reaction. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against five tumor cells (SGC-7901, BEL-7402, A549, HeLa and B16) and normal LO2 cells was investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The results showed that compound 3a exhibited high antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells (IC50 = 11.4 ± 0.2 μM). The anticancer activity was studied through apoptosis, cloning, and scratching; the levels of the intracellular ROS, GSH, and Ca2+; and the change in the mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle arrest and RNA sequencing. Furthermore, the effects of compound 3a on gene expression levels and metabolic pathways in HeLa cells were investigated via transcriptomics. The experimental results showed that this compound can block the cell cycle in the S phase and inhibit cell migration by downregulating Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression. Moreover, the compound can reduce the intracellular glutathione (GSH) content, increase the Ca2+ level and the intracellular ROS content, and induce a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, further leading to cell death. In addition, it was also found that the mechanism of compounds inducing apoptosis was related to the regulation of the expression of mitochondria-related proteins B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-Associated X (Bax), and the activation of the caspase proteins. Taken together, this work provides a help for the development of glycyrrhetinic acid compounds as potential anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunran Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Xin Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiuzhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Langer D, Wicher B, Tykarska E. Single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transition of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid isopropyl ester. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2022; 78:450-458. [PMID: 35702962 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520622002517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the destruction of the integrity of the parent crystal, single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transition in organic compounds is still a relatively rare phenomenon. The phase transition in glycyrrhetinic acid isopropyl ester is triggered by temperature change. The increasing volume of the isopropyl substituent as a result of increasing temperature forces a remodelling of the structural motifs. These changes cause a single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transition. The low-temperature form is isostructural with glycyrrhetinic acid methanol solvate, while the high-temperature phase is isostructural with the ethyl ester of this acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langer
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwladzka 6, Poznan 60-780, Poland
| | - Barbara Wicher
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwladzka 6, Poznan 60-780, Poland
| | - Ewa Tykarska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwladzka 6, Poznan 60-780, Poland
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Kraft O, Hartmann AK, Hoenke S, Serbian I, Csuk R. Madecassic Acid—A New Scaffold for Highly Cytotoxic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084362. [PMID: 35457180 PMCID: PMC9026082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their manifold biological activities, natural products such as triterpenoids have advanced to represent excellent leading structures for the development of new drugs. For this reason, we focused on the syntheses and cytotoxic evaluation of derivatives obtained from gypsogenin, hederagenin, and madecassic acid, cytotoxicity increased—by and large—from the parent compounds to their acetates. Another increase in cytotoxicity was observed for the acetylated amides (phenyl, benzyl, piperazinyl, and homopiperazinyl), but a superior cytotoxicity was observed for the corresponding rhodamine B conjugates derived from the (homo)-piperazinyl amides. In particular, a madecassic acid homopiperazinyl rhodamine B conjugate 24 held excellent cytotoxicity and selectivity for several human tumor cell lines. Thus, this compound was more than 10,000 times more cytotoxic than parent madecassic acid for A2780 ovarian cancer cells. We assume that the presence of an additional hydroxyl group at position C–6 in derivatives of madecassic, as well as the (2α, 3β) configuration of the acetates in ring A, had a beneficial effect onto the cytotoxicity of the conjugates, as well as onto tumor/non-tumor cell selectivity.
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6
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Liu Y, Sheng R, Fan J, Guo R. A Mini-Review on Structure-Activity Relationships of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives with Diverse Bioactivities. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2024-2066. [PMID: 35081889 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220126093033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids, consisting of six isoprene units, are a kind of natural active substance. At present, numerous pentacyclic triterpene have been observed and classified into four subgroups of oleanane, ursane, lupane, and xylene on the basis of the carbon skeleton. Among them, oleanane is the most popular due to its rich backbone and diverse bioactivities. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), an oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpene isolated from licorice roots, possesses diverse bioactivities including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitor, hepatoprotective and so on. It has received more attention in medicinal chemistry due to the advantages of easy-to-access and rich bioactivity. Thus, numerous novel lead compounds were synthesized using GA as a scaffold. Herein, we summarize the structure-activity relationship and synthetic methodologies of GA derivatives from 2010 to 2020 as well as the most active GA derivatives. Finally, we anticipate that this review can benefit future research on structural modifications of GA to enhance bioactivity and provide an example for developing pentacyclic triterpene-based novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Junting Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ruihua Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
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7
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Shang FF, Wang MY, Ai JP, Shen QK, Guo HY, Jin CM, Chen FE, Quan ZS, Jin L, Zhang C. Synthesis and evaluation of mycophenolic acid derivatives as potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Konishi N, Shirahata T, Yoshida Y, Sato N, Kaji E, Kobayashi Y. Efficient synthesis of diverse C-3 monodesmosidic saponins by a continuous microfluidic glycosylation/batch deprotection method. Carbohydr Res 2021; 510:108437. [PMID: 34597978 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triterpene and steroid saponins have various pharmacological activities but the synthesis of C-3 monodesmosidic saponins remains challenging. Herein, a series of C-3 glycosyl monodesmosidic saponins was synthesized via the microfluidic glycosylation of triterpenoids or steroids at the C-3 position, without the formation of orthoester byproducts, and subsequent deprotection of the benzoyl (Bz) group. This microfluidic glycosylation/batch deprotection sequence enabled the efficient synthesis of C-3 saponins with fewer purification steps and a shorter reaction time than conventional batch synthesis and stepwise microfluidic glycosylation. Furthermore, this system minimized the consumption of the imidate donor. Using this reaction system, 18 different C-3 saponins and 13 different C-28-benzyl-C-3 saponins, including 8 new compounds, were synthesized from various sugars and triterpenes or steroids. Our synthetic approach is expected to be suitable for further expanding the C-3 saponin library for pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruki Konishi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shirahata
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kaji
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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9
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Wang Q, Jin M, Liu Y, Sun L, Lu B, Zhao L, Li G. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anti-proliferative effects of pentacyclic triterpenoids. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Hussain H, Ali I, Wang D, Hakkim FL, Westermann B, Ahmed I, Ashour AM, Khan A, Hussain A, Green IR, Shah STA. Glycyrrhetinic acid: a promising scaffold for the discovery of anticancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1497-1516. [PMID: 34294017 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1956901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenes named glycyrrhetinic acids (GAs) featuring a C-30 carboxylic acid group, are extracted from the licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis). Numerous biological properties of GA have been reported and have attracted researchers from all over the world in recent years due to the peculiar GA scaffold-based semisynthetic cytotoxic effects. AREAS COVERED This review represents the applications of semisynthetic derivatives of GA for the development of future cancer treatments. Included in the review are important structural features of the semisynthetic GAs crucial for cytotoxic effects. EXPERT OPINION Numerous semisynthetic GA derivatives illustrated excellent cytotoxic effects toward various cancer cells. Notably the C-3(OH) at ring A along with C30-CO2H at ring E as vital structural features, make GA very appealing as a lead scaffold for medicinal chemistry, since these two groups permit the creation of further chemical diversity geared toward improved cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, numerous GA derivatives have been synthesized and indicate that compounds featuring cyanoenone moieties in ring A, or compounds having the amino group or nitrogen comprising heterocycles and hybrids thereof, illustrate more potent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, GA has a great capability to be conjugated with other anticancer molecules to synergistically enhance their combined cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Daijie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | | | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahmed M Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Ivan R Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
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Rehman MU, Farooq A, Ali R, Bashir S, Bashir N, Majeed S, Taifa S, Ahmad SB, Arafah A, Sameer AS, Khan R, Qamar W, Rasool S, Ahmad A. Preclinical Evidence for the Pharmacological Actions of Glycyrrhizic Acid: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:436-465. [PMID: 32562521 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200620204914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Family: Fabaceae) is one of the important traditional medicinal plant used extensively in folk medicine. It is known for its ethnopharmacological value in curing a wide variety of ailments. Glycyrrhizin, an active compound of G. glabra, possesses anti-inflammatory activity due to which it is mostly used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment and management of chronic diseases. The present review is focused extensively on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and potential effects of Glycyrrhizic Acid (GA). A thorough literature survey was conducted to identify various studies that reported on the GA on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Farooq
- RAKCOPS, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras AL Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rayeesa Ali
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Sana Bashir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Nazirah Bashir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Samia Majeed
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Syed Taifa
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aga Syed Sameer
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-therapeutics, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Wajhul Qamar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiema Rasool
- Forest Biotech Lab, Department of Forest Mana pgement, Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-therapeutics, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
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12
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Xu Q, Deng H, Li X, Quan ZS. Application of Amino Acids in the Structural Modification of Natural Products: A Review. Front Chem 2021; 9:650569. [PMID: 33996749 PMCID: PMC8118163 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.650569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products and their derivatives are important sources for drug discovery; however, they usually have poor solubility and low activity and require structural modification. Amino acids are highly soluble in water and have a wide range of activities. The introduction of amino acids into natural products is expected to improve the performance of these products and minimize their adverse effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the application of amino acids in the structural modification of natural products and provides a theoretical basis for the structural modification of natural products in the future. The articles were divided into six types based on the backbone structures of the natural products, and the related applications of amino acids in the structural modification of natural products were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
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13
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Bian M, Zhen D, Shen QK, Du HH, Ma QQ, Quan ZS. Structurally modified glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104598. [PMID: 33450540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of finding new anti-inflammatory drugs, a series of new Glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives (1-34) have been designed and synthesized by structural modification, and their anti-inflammatory activities in vitro have been evaluated. The anti-inflammatory activities assay demonstrated that compound 5b suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α and NO, it also suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, western blot results indicated that the suppressing effect of compound 5b on pro-inflammatory cytokines were correlated with the suppression of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The results attained in this study indicated that compound 5b had the potential to be developed into an anti-inflammation agent and it may be applied to the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Bian
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Dong Zhen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin, China
| | - Huan-Huan Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Qian-Qian Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin, China.
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14
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Guan R, Wang M, Guan Z, Jin CY, Lin W, Ji XJ, Wei Y. Metabolic Engineering for Glycyrrhetinic Acid Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:588255. [PMID: 33330420 PMCID: PMC7710550 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.588255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is one of the main bioactive components of licorice, and it is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine due to its hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral functions. Currently, GA is mainly extracted from the roots of cultivated licorice. However, licorice only contains low amounts of GA, and the amount of licorice that can be planted is limited. GA supplies are therefore limited and cannot meet the demands of growing markets. GA has a complex chemical structure, and its chemical synthesis is difficult, therefore, new strategies to produce large amounts of GA are needed. The development of metabolic engineering and emerging synthetic biology provide the opportunity to produce GA using microbial cell factories. In this review, current advances in the metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for GA biosynthesis and various metabolic engineering strategies that can improve GA production are summarized. Furthermore, the advances and challenges of yeast GA production are also discussed. In summary, GA biosynthesis using metabolically engineered S. cerevisiae serves as one possible strategy for sustainable GA supply and reasonable use of traditional Chinese medical plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengge Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Guan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences (Zhongjing School), Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Yun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Synthesis and antitumor effects of novel 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives featuring an exocyclic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety in ring A. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104187. [PMID: 32890994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) derivatives featuring an exocyclic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety in ring A were synthesized and evaluated for their antitumor activities. Compounds 5c and 5l showed stronger cytotoxicity than other compounds and reported GA analogue CDODA-Me (methyl 2-cyano-3,11-dioxo-18β-olean-1,12-dien-30-oate). 5c and 5l induced apoptosis in cancer cells accompanying with c-Flip reduction and Noxa induction, associated with decreased HDAC3 expression and increased acetylation of H3. 5l displayed better stability properties than 5c and CDODA-Me in microsomes and plasma, 5l also showed favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and inhibited tumor growth in mice. Compound 5l represents a new type of GA derivatives with improved antitumor activity.
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16
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Zheng QX, Wang R, Xu Y, He CX, Zhao CY, Wang ZF, Zhang R, Dehaen W, Li HJ, Huai QY. Design, Preparation and Studies Regarding Cytotoxic Properties of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:102-109. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Wang
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven
| | - Yan Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University
| | | | | | | | | | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
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17
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Huang M, Xie X, Gong P, Wei Y, Du H, Xu Y, Xu Q, Jing Y, Zhao L. A 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid conjugate with Vorinostat degrades HDAC3 and HDAC6 with improved antitumor effects. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 188:111991. [PMID: 31883490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Semisynthetic 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) analogues bearing 1-en-2-cyano-3-oxo substitution on ring A have enhanced antitumor effects with reduced levels of HDAC3 and HDAC6 proteins. Aiming to inhibit both HDAC protein and activity, we developed a hybrid molecule by tethering active GA analogue methyl 2-cyano-3,11-dioxo-18β-olean-1,12-dien-30-oate (CDODA-Me) and Vorinostat (SAHA). We tested the proper hybrid approaches of GA with hydroxamic acid and turned out that GA conjugated with SAHA by a piperazine linker was the best. The conjugate (15) of CDODA-Me and SAHA linked through a piperazine group was a potent cytotoxic agent against cancer cells with apoptosis induction. Compound 15 was more effective than the simple combination of CDODA-Me and SAHA to induce apoptosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that 15 was less effective than SAHA to inhibit HDAC activity, but was more effective than CDODA-Me to decrease the levels of HDAC3 and HDAC6 proteins with upregulated levels of acetylated H3 and acetylated α-tubulin. Compound 15 represents a new HDAC3 and HDAC6 inhibitor by reducing protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaorui Xie
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yunfei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Heliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuanbo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qihao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yongkui Jing
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Linxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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18
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Regiospecific synthesis by copper- and ruthenium-catalyzed azide–alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of oleanolic acid triazole derivatives. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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19
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Cai D, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Gong Y. Exploring New Structural Features of the 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Scaffold for the Inhibition of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193631. [PMID: 31597403 PMCID: PMC6803848 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives possessing a carbamate moiety and structurally similar ester derivatives were developed and evaluated for their efficacy as antitumor inhibitors. In the cellular assays, most of the N-substituted carbamate derivatives at the C3-position exhibited potent activities. The results of SAR investigation revealed that the introduction of the morpholine group at the C30-COOH led to a significant loss of the inhibitory potency. Among the ester derivatives, the ester group at C3-position also determined a noticeable reduction in the efficacy. Compound 3j exhibited the most prominent antiproliferative activity against six human cancer cells (A549, HT29, HepG2, MCF-7, PC-3, and Karpas299). Furthermore, compound 3j exerted a moderate inhibiting effect on the ALK. The results of molecular docking analyses suggested that it could bind well to the active site of the receptor ALK, which was consistent with the biological data. These results might inspire further structural optimization of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid aiming at the development of potent antitumor agents. The structures 4d, 4g, 4h, 4j, and 4n were studied by X-ray crystallographic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cai
- College of Public Basic Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
| | - ZhiHua Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - YanYan Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China.
| | - YuQi Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China.
| | - YiXia Gong
- College of Public Basic Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
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20
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Synthesis and biological activity of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:623-635. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Guo HY, Jin C, Zhang HM, Jin CM, Shen QK, Quan ZS. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (+)-Usnic Acid Derivatives as Potential Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9630-9642. [PMID: 31365255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Six series of (+)-usnic acid derivatives were synthesized. The IC50 values of these compounds were determined in T. gondii infected HeLa cells (μM) and in HeLa cells (μM), and their selectivity indexes (SI) were calculated. In vitro, most of the derivatives tested in this study exhibited more anti activity than that of the parent compound (+)-usnic acid and the positive control drugs. Among these derivatives, methyl (E)-(1-(6-acetyl-7,9-dihydroxy-8,9b-dimethyl-1,3-dioxo-3,9b-dihydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-2(1H)-ylidene)ethyl)phenylalaninate (D3) showed the most effective anti-T. gondii activity (selectivity >2.77). In comparison with the clinically used positive control drugs sulfadiazine (selectivity 1.15), pyrimethamine (selectivity 0.89), spiramycin (selectivity 0.72), and the lead compound (+)-usnic acid (selectivity 0.96), D3 showed better results in vitro. Furthermore, D3 and (E)-6-acetyl-7,9-dihydroxy-8,9b-dimethyl-2-(1-(quinolin-6-ylamino)ethylidene)dibenzo[b,d]furan-1,3(2H,9bH)-dione (F3) had greater inhibitory effects on T. gondii (inhibition rates 76.0% and 64.6%) in vivo in comparison to spiramycin (inhibition rate 55.2%); in the peritoneal cavity of mice, the number of tachyzoites was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) in vivo. Additionally, some biochemical parameters were measured and spleen indexes were comprehensively evaluated, and the results indicated that mice treated with both compound D3 and compound F3 showed reduced hepatotoxicity and significantly enhanced antioxidative effects in comparison to the normal group. Granuloma and cyst formation were effected by the inhibition of compound D3 and compound F3 in liver sections. Overall, these results indicated that D3 and F3 for use as anti-T. gondii agents are promising lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - ChunMei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
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22
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Alho DPS, Salvador JAR, Cascante M, Marin S. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Novel A-Ring Cleaved Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:E2938. [PMID: 31416117 PMCID: PMC6721064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives was synthesized via the opening of its ring A along with the coupling of an amino acid. The antiproliferative activity of the derivatives was evaluated against a panel of nine human cancer cell lines. Compound 17 was the most active compound, with an IC50 of 6.1 µM on Jurkat cells, which is 17-fold more potent than that of glycyrrhetinic acid, and was up to 10 times more selective toward that cancer cell line. Further biological investigation in Jurkat cells showed that the antiproliferative activity of compound 17 was due to cell cycle arrest at the S phase and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P S Alho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Mitochondria-targeted triphenylphosphonium conjugated glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as potent anticancer drugs. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:179-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Novel Heterocyclic Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040766. [PMID: 30791593 PMCID: PMC6412232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives has been synthesized via the introduction of different heterocyclic rings conjugated with an α,β-unsaturated ketone in its ring A. These new compounds were screened for their antiproliferative activity in a panel of nine human cancer cell lines. Compound 10 was the most active derivative, with an IC50 of 1.1 µM on Jurkat cells, which is 96-fold more potent than that of glycyrrhetinic acid, and was 4-fold more selective toward that cancer cell line. Further biological studies performed in Jurkat cells showed that compound 10 is a potent inducer of apoptosis that activates both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
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25
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Ni J, Guo M, Cao Y, Lei L, Liu K, Wang B, Lu F, Zhai R, Gao X, Yan C, Wang H, Bi Y. Discovery, synthesis of novel fusidic acid derivatives possessed amino-terminal groups at the 3-hydroxyl position with anticancer activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:122-131. [PMID: 30445262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel fusidic acid (FA) derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity against the Hela, U87, KBV and MKN45 cancer cell lines. Selected FA derivatives with anti-tumor activity were firstly identified including compound 4, which exhibited good anti-proliferative activity with IC50 values in the range of 1.26-3.57 μM. Further research revealed that compound 4 induced Hela cells to undergo apoptosis by increasing the ratio of the cells in the Sub-G0/G1 phase via decreasing the neo-synthesized proteins in a dose-dependent manner from 1 to 10 μM. Compound 4 also showed good in vivo anti-tumor activity against the xenograft tumor of Hela cells and had no apparent toxicity. This study highlights the advantage of introducing the medium-length amino-terminal groups at the 3-OH position of FA to enhance its anti-tumor activity and suggests that compound 4 provides a starting point for designing more potent derivatives in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Mengqi Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Yucheng Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Lei Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Kangli Liu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Binghua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Fangfang Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Rong Zhai
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Xiangwei Gao
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Chunhong Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
| | - Yi Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
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26
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Zhang HB, Shen QK, Wang H, Jin C, Jin CM, Quan ZS. Synthesis and evaluation of novel arctigenin derivatives as potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:414-427. [PMID: 30237124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Four new series of arctigenin derivatives were designed, synthesised, and evaluated for their anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity in vitro and in vivo. Among the synthesised compounds, 4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(4-((1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H- 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-3-methoxybenzyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (D4) exhibited the most potent anti-T. gondii activity and low cytotoxicity (IC50 in T. gondii: 17.1 μM; IC50 in HeLa cells: ≥ 600.0 μM; Selectivity: 35.09), demonstrating better results than the lead compound arctigenin (IC50 in T. gondii: 586.4 μM; IC50 in HeLa cells: 572.7 μM; Selectivity: 0.98) and the clinically applied positive-control drug spiramycin (IC50 in T. gondi: 262.2 μM; IC50 in HeLa cells: 189.0 μM; Selectivity: 0.72) in vitro. Furthermore, 2-(4-((4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl)-2- methoxyphenoxy)N-phenylacetamide (E5) had better inhibitory effects on T. gondii in vivo than spiramycin did. Compound D4 and E5 not only significantly reduced the number of tachyzoites in the peritoneal cavity of mice, but also resulted in their partial malformation (P < 0.05) in vivo. The determination of liver and spleen index and biochemical parameters, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), were comprehensively evaluated for compound D4 and E5's anti-T. gondii activity and some damage to the liver. In addition, the results of a docking study of D4 into the T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1) receptor protein-binding site revealed that its mode of action was possibly as a TgCDPK1 inhibitor. Overall, the results revealed that D4 and E5 are promising lead compounds for the further development and identification of arctigenin derivatives as anti-T. gondii agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Chunmei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Chun-Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China.
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China.
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27
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Wang R, Li Y, Huai XD, Zheng QX, Wang W, Li HJ, Huai QY. Design and preparation of derivatives of oleanolic and glycyrrhetinic acids with cytotoxic properties. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1321-1336. [PMID: 29861624 PMCID: PMC5968802 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s166051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The structural modification of natural products with the aim to improve the anticancer activity is a popular current research direction. The pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds oleanolic acid (OA) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) are distributed widely in nature. Methods In this study, various oleanolic acids and glycyrrhetinic acids were designed and synthesized by using the combination principle. The in vitro anticancer activities of new OA and GA derivatives were tested by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method with SGC-7901 (gastric cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), Eca-109 (esophageal cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), Hep-G2 (hepatoma cancer) and HSF (normal human skin fibroblast) cells. Results and conclusion The screening results showed that the compound 3m presented the highest inhibitory activities against SGC-7901, MCF-7 and Eca-109 cell lines with IC50 values of 7.57±0.64 μM, 5.51±0.41 μM and 5.03±0.56 μM, respectively. In addition, this compound also showed effective inhibition of Hep-G2 cells with an IC50 value of 4.11±0.73 μM. Moreover, compound 5b showed the strongest inhibitory activity against Hep-G2 cells with an IC50 value of 3.74±0.18 μM and compound 3l showed strong selective inhibition of the HeLa cells with the lowest IC50 value of 4.32±0.89 μM. A series of pharmacology experiments indicated that compound 5b could induce Hep-G2 cells autophagy and apoptosis. These compounds will expand the structural diversity of anti-cancer targets and confirm the prospects for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Zhong Yuan Academy of Biological Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xu-Dong Huai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, China
| | - Qi-Yong Huai
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
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28
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Wolfram RK, Heller L, Csuk R. Targeting mitochondria: Esters of rhodamine B with triterpenoids are mitocanic triggers of apoptosis. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:21-30. [PMID: 29684707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoic acids, ursolic acid (1), oleanolic acid (2), glycyrrhetinic acid (3) and betulinic acid (4) were converted into their corresponding methyl 5-8 and benzyl esters 9-12 or benzyl amides 21-24. These derivatives served as starting materials for the synthesis of pink colored rhodamine B derivatives 25-36 which were screened for cytotoxicity in colorimetric SRB assays. All of the compounds were cytotoxic for a variety of human tumor cell lines. The activity of the benzyl ester derivatives 29-32 was lower than the cytotoxicity of the methyl esters 25-28. The benzyl amides 33-36 were the most cytotoxic compounds of this series. The most potential compound was a glycyrrhetinic acid rhodamine B benzyl amide 35. This compound showed activity against the different cancer cell lines in a two-digit to low three-digit nano-molar range. Staining experiments combined with fluorescence microscopy showed that this compound triggered apoptosis in A2780 ovarian carcinoma cells and acted as a mitocan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Kancana Wolfram
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Bereich Organische Chemie, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lucie Heller
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Bereich Organische Chemie, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Bereich Organische Chemie, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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29
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Hussain H, Green IR, Shamraiz U, Saleem M, Badshah A, Abbas G, Rehman NU, Irshad M. Therapeutic potential of glycyrrhetinic acids: a patent review (2010-2017). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:383-398. [PMID: 29558289 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1455828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycyrrhetinic acids (GAs) viz., 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid, are oleanane-type triterpenes having a carboxylic acid group at C-30, and are extracted from the Chines herbal medicine licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis). Although the pharmacological properties of GAs have long been known, attention to them has greatly increased in recent times due to their cytotoxic activity. AREAS COVERED This review represents the patents granted about natural and synthetic glycyrrhetinic acid analogs from January 2010 to December 2017, the advances made by research groups in conjunction with pharmaceutical companies in the discovery of new natural or synthetic glycyrrhetinic acid analogs. EXPERT OPINION GAs demonstrate excellent cytotoxic, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitory, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and antiviral effects. It is interesting to note that the C-3(OH) and C30-CO2H functional groups make GAs very attractive lead structures for medicinal scientists since these functionalities allow the generation of further chemical diversity for improved pharmacological effects. Moreover, various GA analogues have been prepared via modification of the C30-CO2H. It is noteworthy that the C-30 amide of GA demonstrated better cytotoxic effects compared to the parent compounds. In addition, GAs have the capability to conjugate with other anticancer drugs or be converted into their halo or amino analogs which is expected to stimulate medicinal chemist to synthesize new lead compounds in cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- a Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Halle (Saale) , Germany.,b UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products , University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ivan R Green
- c Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , Stellenbosch , South Africa
| | - Umair Shamraiz
- d Department of Chemistry , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- e Department of Chemistry , The Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur , Pakistan
| | - Amin Badshah
- d Department of Chemistry , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- f Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences , University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- b UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products , University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- g Department of Chemistry , University of Kotli , Azad Jammu & Kashmir , Pakistan
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30
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Yao G, Wang W, Shang X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang S, Song S. Synthesis of new sarsasapogenin derivatives with antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in MCF-7 cells. Steroids 2018; 131:23-31. [PMID: 29337037 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarsasapogenin, a kind of mainly effective component of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, possesses good antitumor properties. Two series of new sarsasapogenin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicities against three human cancer cell lines (HepG2, A549, MCF-7) using the MTT assay. The structure-activity relationship revealed that the N, N-dimethylamino, pyrrolidinyl, and imidazolyl substituted at the C26 position could increase the antitumor efficacy of the 3-oxo sarsasapogenin series of compounds. Compound 4c with pyrrolidinyl substituted at the C26 position exhibited the greatest cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cell line (IC50 = 10.66 μM), which was 4.3-fold more potent than sarsasapogenin. Action mechanism investigations showed that 4c could inhibit the colony formation and induce the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Further researches showed that a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and increases in the expression level of cleaved-PARP and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were observed in MCF-7 cells after treatment with 4c, suggesting that the mitochondrial pathway was involved in the 4c-mediated apoptosis. These results show that compound 4c may serve as a lead for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Wang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Yao
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Shang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian 116021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaojiang Song
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Yuan W, Guo J, Wang X, Su G, Zhao Y. Non-protein amino acid derivatives of 25-methoxylprotopanaxadiol/25-hydroxyprotopanaxadioland their anti-tumour activity evaluation. Steroids 2018; 129:1-8. [PMID: 29129719 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As active components of ginseng, 25-methoxylprotopanaxadiol and 25-hydroxyprotopanaxadiol exhibited an ability to inhibit the growth and proliferation or to induce the differentiation and apoptosis of tumour cells. We modified 25-OCH3-PPD and 25-OH-PPD with non-protein amino acids and a series of derivatives was obtained by chromatographic separation, purification and spectroscopy analysis. Thirteen derivatives of 25-OCH3-PPD (compounds 1-13) and 12 derivatives of 25-OH-PPD (compounds 14-25) were synthesised. The anti-cancer activities of the derivatives were evaluated on HCT-116 and BGC-823 cell lines by MTT assay. Compound 9 and compound 14 exhibited considerable anti-tumour activity for HCT-116 and BGC-823 cell lines, exhibited higher cytotoxic activity than 25-OCH3-PPD and 25-OH-PPD. Therefore, these ginsenoside derivatives could be used as potential lead for the development of a new type of anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Yuan
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Guo
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xude Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyue Su
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Yan TL, Bai LF, Zhu HL, Zhang WM, Lv PC. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Glycyrrhetic Acid Derivatives as Potential VEGFR2 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1087-1096. [PMID: 28599090 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) has been proven to play a major role in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis. A series of novel glycyrrhetic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their VEGFR2 inhibitory activity as well as their antiproliferative properties against four cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa, HepG2, and A549). In vitro biological evaluations against these human tumor cell lines indicate that most of the prepared compounds have antiproliferative activities; compound 3 a (3β-hydroxy-30-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)olean-12-ene-11,30-dione) exhibited the best inhibitory activity against MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 value of 1.08 μm. Compound 3 a also showed the most potent inhibitory activity against VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase, with an IC50 value of 0.35 μm. Docking simulations were performed with the aim of discovering the binding mode of compound 3 a, and the results indicate that 3 a could bind at the VEGFR2 active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Long Yan
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P.R. China.,Elion Nature Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210038, P.R. China
| | - Li-Fei Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Molecules, College of Life Science and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, 210013, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P.R. China.,Elion Nature Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210038, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ming Zhang
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P.R. China.,Elion Nature Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210038, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Cheng Lv
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P.R. China.,Elion Nature Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210038, P.R. China
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33
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Xu B, Wu GR, Zhang XY, Yan MM, Zhao R, Xue NN, Fang K, Wang H, Chen M, Guo WB, Wang PL, Lei HM. An Overview of Structurally Modified Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives as Antitumor Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:E924. [PMID: 28574470 PMCID: PMC6152714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic Acid (GA), a triterpenoid aglycone component of the natural product glycyrrhizinic acid, was found to possess remarkable anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activity in various cancer cell lines. Though GA was not as active as other triterpenes, such as betulinic acid and oleanolic acid, it could trigger apoptosis in tumor cells and it can be obtained easily and cheaply, which has stimulated scientific interest in using GA as a scaffold to synthesize new antitumor agents. The structural modifications of GA reported in recent decades can be divided into four groups, which include structural modifications on ring-A, ring-C, ring-E and multiple ring modifications. The lack of a comprehensive and recent review on this topic prompted us to gather more new information. This overview is dedicated to summarizing and updating the structural modification of GA to improve its antitumor activity published between 2005 and 2016. We reviewed a total of 210 GA derivatives that we encountered and compiled the most active GA derivatives along with their activity profile in different series. Furthermore, the structure activity relationships of these derivatives are briefly discussed. The included information is expected to be of benefit to further studies of structural modifications of GA to enhance its antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Gao-Rong Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Meng-Meng Yan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Nan-Nan Xue
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Kang Fang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Meng Chen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wen-Bo Guo
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Peng-Long Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Hai-Min Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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34
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Combination of amino acid/dipeptide with ligustrazine-betulinic acid as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 130:26-38. [PMID: 28237794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lead compound TBA, 3β-Hydroxy-lup-20(29)-ene-28-oic acid-3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazin-2-methyl ester, which exhibited promising antitumor activity and induced tumor cell apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, had previously been reported. Moreover, reports have revealed that the introduction of amino acid to betulinic acid could improve selective cytotoxicity as well as water solubility. Thus, a series of novel TBA amino acid and dipeptide derivatives were designed, synthesized and screened for selective cytotoxic activity against five cancer cell lines (HepG2, HT-29, Hela, BCG-823 and A549) and the not malignant cell line MDCK by standard MTT assay. Most of the tested TBA-amino acid and dipeptide analogues showed stronger anti-proliferative activity against all tested tumor cell lines than TBA. Among them, BA-25 exhibited the greatest cytotoxic activity on tumor cell lines (mean IC50 = 2.31 ± 0.78 μM), that was twofold than the positive drug cisplatin (DDP), while it showed lower cytotoxicity on MDCK cell line than DDP. Further cell apoptosis analyses indicated BA-25-induced apoptosis was associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration.
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35
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Feng R, Deng P, Song Z, Chu W, Zhu W, Teng F, Zhou F. Glycyrrhetinic acid-modified PEG-PCL copolymeric micelles for the delivery of curcumin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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Wang R, Zheng QX, Wang W, Feng L, Li HJ, Huai QY. Design and Synthesis of New Anticancer Glycyrrhetinic Acids and Oleanolic Acids. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:703-710. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University
| | - Ling Feng
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong
| | - Hui-jing Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology
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37
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Langer D, Wicher B, Szczołko W, Gdaniec M, Tykarska E. Self-assembly modes of glycyrrhetinic acid esters in view of the crystal packing of related triterpene molecules. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2016; 72:584-92. [PMID: 27484379 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520616008180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of three ester derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid (GE) are reported. X-ray crystallography revealed that despite differences in the size of the ester substituents (ethyl, isopropyl and 2-morpholinoethyl) the scheme of molecular self-assembly is similar in all three cases but differs significantly from that observed in other known GE esters. According to our analysis, the two basic patterns of self-assembly of GE esters observed in their unsolvated crystals correspond to two distinct orientations of the ester groups relative to the triterpene backbone. Moreover, comparison of the self-assembly modes of GE esters in their unsolvated forms with the supramolecular organization of GE and carbenoxolone in their solvated crystals revealed that ester substituents replace solvent molecules hydrogen bonded to the COOH group at the triterpene skeleton, resulting in similar packing arrangements of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langer
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznań Uniwersity of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań 60-780, Poland
| | - Barbara Wicher
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznań Uniwersity of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań 60-780, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szczołko
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznań Uniwersity of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań 60-780, Poland
| | - Maria Gdaniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Ewa Tykarska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznań Uniwersity of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań 60-780, Poland
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38
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Li Y, Feng L, Song ZF, Li HB, Huai QY. Synthesis and Anticancer Activities of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21020199. [PMID: 26861280 PMCID: PMC6274419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of forty novel glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) derivatives were designed and synthesized. The cytotoxic activity of the novel compounds was tested against two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) in vitro by the MTT method. The evaluation results revealed that, in comparison with GA, compound 42 shows the most promising anticancer activity (IC50 1.88 ± 0.20 and 1.37 ± 0.18 μM for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively) and merits further exploration as a new anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Marine College, Shandong University,Weihai 264209, China.
- Zhong Yuan Academy of Biological Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
| | - Ling Feng
- Marine College, Shandong University,Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Zhi-Fang Song
- Marine College, Shandong University,Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- Marine College, Shandong University,Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Qi-Yong Huai
- Marine College, Shandong University,Weihai 264209, China.
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39
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Heller L, Sommerwerk S, Tzschöckell F, Wiemann J, Schwarz S, Siewert B, Al-Harrasi A, Csuk R. First Occurrence of a Furano-glycyrrhetinoate and Its Cytotoxicity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:889-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Heller
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Sven Sommerwerk
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Felix Tzschöckell
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Jana Wiemann
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products; University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mauz; Nizwa Sultanate of Oman
| | - René Csuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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40
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Rodríguez-Hernández D, Demuner AJ, Barbosa LCA, Csuk R, Heller L. Hederagenin as a triterpene template for the development of new antitumor compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 105:57-62. [PMID: 26476750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of novel C-28 esters and amides derivatives of hederagenin (He) were designed and synthesized in attempt to develop potent antitumor agents. Their structures were confirmed by MS, IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analyses and their cytotoxic activities were screened in SRB assays using a panel of six human cancer cell lines. Although most of the compounds displayed moderate to high levels of cytotoxic activity they were all more potent than the natural product He. The most active compounds had either an ethylpyrimidinyl (27) or an ethylpyrrolidinyl (28) substituent, with EC50 in the range of 1.1-6.5 μM for six human cancer cell lines. Notably, this corresponds to an approximately 30-fold times greater potency than He.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Demuner
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz C A Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - René Csuk
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str.2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Lucie Heller
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str.2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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41
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Xu B, Chu F, Zhang Y, Wang X, Li Q, Liu W, Xu X, Xing Y, Chen J, Wang P, Lei H. A Series of New Ligustrazine-Triterpenes Derivatives as Anti-Tumor Agents: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21035-55. [PMID: 26404253 PMCID: PMC4613240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel ligustrazine-triterpenes derivatives was designed, synthesized and screened for their cytotoxicity against five cancer cell lines (Bel-7402, HepG2, HT-29, Hela, and MCF-7) and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK). Current study suggested that most of the ligustrazine-triterpenes conjunctions showed better cytotoxicity than the starting materials. In particular, compound 4a exhibited better cytotoxic activity (IC50 < 5.23 μM) against Bel-7402, HT-29, MCF-7, Hela, and HepG2 than the standard anticancer drug cisplatin (DDP). The cytotoxicity selectivity detection revealed that 4a exhibited low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 20 μM) towards MDCK cells. A combination of fluorescence staining observation and flow cytometric analysis indicated that 4a could induce HepG2 cell apoptosis. Further studies suggested that 4a-induced apoptosis is mediated through depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and increase of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. In addition, the structure-activity relationships of these derivatives were briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Fuhao Chu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yuzhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanyi Xing
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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42
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Heller L, Schwarz S, Perl V, Köwitsch A, Siewert B, Csuk R. Incorporation of a Michael acceptor enhances the antitumor activity of triterpenoic acids. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:391-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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11-Keto-boswellic acid derived amides and monodesmosidic saponins induce apoptosis in breast and cervical cancers cells. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 100:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Pentacyclic triterpene derivatives possessing polyhydroxyl ring A inhibit gram-positive bacteria growth by regulating metabolism and virulence genes expression. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:64-75. [PMID: 25794790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxyl group in ring A of pentacyclic triterpene is essential for antibacterial activity. Pentacyclic triterpenes bearing three hydroxyl groups in ring A were mainly found in plants and displayed significant antibacterial activity. However, no study reported how to obtain this type of compounds by chemical modification. In this study, twenty-five new pentacyclic triterpenes bearing polyhydroxyl ring A were synthesized from parental compounds ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA). Here, we showed that most of these derivatives displayed a significantly increased activity against Gram-positive bacteria compared to parental compounds in vitro. Some of these compounds exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration values of 1-3-fold more potent than the positive controls. The structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated that introducing two hydroxyl groups at positions C-1 and C-2 together with a small alkyl ester group at C-17 of UA and OA strongly enhanced growth-inhibiting activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The antibacterial mechanism of the active derivatives was shown to be involved in regulating the expression of genes associated with peptidoglycan and respiratory metabolisms, as well as virulence factor in bacteria. The enhanced potency and unique mechanism of action of these new pentacyclic triterpenes make them a promising antibacterial agent for further studies.
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45
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Schwarz S, Siewert B, Csuk R, Rauter AP. New antitumor 6-chloropurine nucleosides inducing apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:595-602. [PMID: 25499928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Treating cancer has been challenging for decades, following countless approaches and attempts. Nucleosides, alone or as part of nucleotides, are vital elements of living systems and have shown pharmacological effects, e.g. as antibiotic or antiviral agents. We investigated the antitumor potential on human melanoma, lung and ovarian carcinomas, and on colon adenocarcinoma of a new series of purine nucleosides based on a 6-chloropurine or a 2-acetamido-6-chloropurine scaffold linked to perbenzylated hexosyl (glucosyl, galactosyl and mannosyl) residues. All compounds were tested in a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay for their cytotoxicity and provided micromolar GI50 values with order of magnitude comparable to structurally similar chemotherapeutics, namely 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (cladribine). Furthermore, the induction of apoptosis was established and cell cycle analysis was accomplished demonstrating a G2/M cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schwarz
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Ed. C8, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Bereich Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Bereich Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Bereich Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Amélia P Rauter
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Ed. C8, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Schwarz S, Lucas SD, Sommerwerk S, Csuk R. Amino derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid as potential inhibitors of cholinesterases. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3370-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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48
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Li X, Wang Y, Gao Y, Li L, Guo X, Liu D, Jing Y, Zhao L. Synthesis of methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxo-18β-olean-1,9(11)-dien-30-oate analogues to determine the active groups for inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis in leukemia cells. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6706-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00703d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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49
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Gao C, Dai FJ, Cui HW, Peng SH, He Y, Wang X, Yi ZF, Qiu WW. Synthesis of novel heterocyclic ring-fused 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives with antitumor and antimetastatic activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:223-33. [PMID: 24612785 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is one of the most important triterpenoic acids shows many pharmacological effects, especially antitumor activity. GA triggers apoptosis in various tumor cell lines. However, the antitumor activity of GA is weak, thus the synthesis of new synthetic analogs with enhanced potency is needed. By introducing various five-member fused heterocyclic rings at C-2 and C-3 positions, 18 novel GA derivatives were obtained. These compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against the growth of eight different tumor cell lines using a SRB assay. The most active compound 37 showed IC50 between 5.19 and 11.72 μm, which was about 11-fold more potent than the lead compound GA. An apoptotic effect of GA and 37 was determined using flow cytometry and trypan blue exclusion assays. We also demonstrated here for the first time that GA and the synthetic derivatives exhibited inhibitory effect on migration of the tested tumor cells, especially 37 which was about 20-fold more potent than GA on antimetastatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
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50
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A “natural” approach: Synthesis and cytoxicity of monodesmosidic glycyrrhetinic acid glycosides. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 72:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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