1
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Jose J, Law RHP, Leung EWW, Wai DCC, Akhlaghi H, Chandrashekaran IR, Caradoc-Davies TT, Voskoboinik I, Feutrill J, Middlemiss D, Jeevarajah D, Bashtannyk-Puhalovich T, Giddens AC, Lee TW, Jamieson SMF, Trapani JA, Whisstock JC, Spicer JA, Norton RS. Fragment-based and structure-guided discovery of perforin inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115786. [PMID: 37716187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Perforin is a pore-forming protein whose normal function enables cytotoxic T and natural killer (NK) cells to kill virus-infected and transformed cells. Conversely, unwanted perforin activity can also result in auto-immune attack, graft rejection and aberrant responses to pathogens. Perforin is critical for the function of the granule exocytosis cell death pathway and is therefore a target for drug development. In this study, by screening a fragment library using NMR and surface plasmon resonance, we identified 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (dapsone) as a perforin ligand. We also found that dapsone has modest (mM) inhibitory activity of perforin lytic activity in a red blood cell lysis assay in vitro. Sequential modification of this lead fragment, guided by structural knowledge of the ligand binding site and binding pose, and supported by SPR and ligand-detected 19F NMR, enabled the design of nanomolar inhibitors of the cytolytic activity of intact NK cells against various tumour cell targets. Interestingly, the ligands we developed were largely inert with respect to direct perforin-mediated red blood cell lysis but were very potent in the context of perforin's action on delivering granzymes in the immune synapse, the context in which it functions physiologically. Our work indicates that a fragment-based, structure-guided drug discovery strategy can be used to identify novel ligands that bind perforin. Moreover, these molecules have superior physicochemical properties and solubility compared to previous generations of perforin ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ruby H P Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Eleanor W W Leung
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Dorothy C C Wai
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Indu R Chandrashekaran
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Tom T Caradoc-Davies
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - John Feutrill
- SYNthesis med chem (Australia) Pty Ltd, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David Middlemiss
- XaviaPharm, Bishop's Stortford, CM23 5EX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Devadharshini Jeevarajah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Anna C Giddens
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tet Woo Lee
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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2
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Spicer JA, Huttunen KM, Jose J, Dimitrov I, Akhlaghi H, Sutton VR, Voskoboinik I, Trapani J. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Lymphocyte Perforin as Focused Immunosuppressants for Infection and Autoimmunity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14305-14325. [PMID: 36263926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New drugs that precisely target the immune mechanisms critical for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell driven pathologies are desperately needed. In this perspective, we explore the cytolytic protein perforin as a target for therapeutic intervention. Perforin plays an indispensable role in CTL/NK killing and controls a range of immune pathologies, while being encoded by a single copy gene with no redundancy of function. An immunosuppressant targeting this protein would provide the first-ever therapy focused specifically on one of the principal cell death pathways contributing to allotransplant rejection and underpinning multiple autoimmune and postinfectious diseases. No drugs that selectively block perforin-dependent cell death are currently in clinical use, so this perspective will review published novel small molecule inhibitors, concluding with in vivo proof-of-concept experiments performed in mouse models of perforin-mediated immune pathologies that provide a potential pathway toward a clinically useful therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ivo Dimitrov
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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3
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Sankar J, Arora S, Joshi G, Kumar R. Pore-forming proteins and their role in cancer and inflammation: Mechanistic insights and plausible druggable targets. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 366:110127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Gartlan KH, Jaiswal JK, Bull MR, Akhlaghi H, Sutton VR, Alexander KA, Chang K, Hill GR, Miller CK, O'Connor PD, Jose J, Trapani JA, Charman SA, Spicer JA, Jamieson SMF. Preclinical Activity and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationship for a Series of Novel Benzenesulfonamide Perforin Inhibitors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:429-439. [PMID: 35711815 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Perforin is a key effector of lymphocyte-mediated cell death pathways and contributes to transplant rejection of immunologically mismatched grafts. We have developed a novel series of benzenesulfonamide (BZS) inhibitors of perforin that can mitigate graft rejection during allogeneic bone marrow/stem cell transplantation. Eight such perforin inhibitors were tested for their murine pharmacokinetics, plasma protein binding, and their ability to block perforin-mediated lysis in vitro and to block the rejection of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched mouse bone marrow cells. All compounds showed >99% binding to plasma proteins and demonstrated perforin inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo. A lead compound, compound 1, that showed significant increases in allogeneic bone marrow preservation was evaluated for its plasma pharmacokinetics and in vivo efficacy at multiple dosing regimens to establish a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship. The strongest PK/PD correlation was observed between perforin inhibition in vivo and time that total plasma concentrations remained above 900 μM, which correlates to unbound concentrations similar to 3× the unbound in vitro IC90 of compound 1. This PK/PD relationship will inform future dosing strategies of BZS perforin inhibitors to maintain concentrations above 3× the unbound IC90 for as long as possible to maximize efficacy and enhance progression toward clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate H Gartlan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Jagdish K Jaiswal
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Matthew R Bull
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kylie A Alexander
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Karshing Chang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Christian K Miller
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Patrick D O'Connor
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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5
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Yun ES, Akhtar MS, Mohandoss S, Lee YR. Microwave-assisted annulation for the construction of pyrido-fused heterocycles and their application as photoluminescent chemosensors. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3397-3407. [PMID: 35362508 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00257d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A catalyst-free microwave-assisted annulation protocol for the preparation of biologically interesting pyrido-fused quinazolinones and pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles is developed. This reaction involves the [3 + 3] annulation of various quinazolinones or benzimidazoles with 3-formylchromones to yield functionalized 11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-11-one and pyrido[1,2-a] benzimidazole derivatives. This approach is successfully extended to the construction of various pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-10(1H)-ones. The present approach is complementary to the existing synthetic methodologies and offers a rapid and facile approach with a broad substrate scope, good yields, catalyst-free conditions, and a high functional group tolerance. The optimal synthesized compound is also employed as an "on-off" photoluminescent probe for the selective detection of Fe3+ and Ag+ metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Seul Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muhammad Saeed Akhtar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sonaimuthu Mohandoss
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Guo Y, Chen X, Li S, Cai Z, He L. Synthesis of Mutisubstituted Dihydropyridino[1,2- a]benzimidazole Derivatives via Tandem Reaction of 2-Arylbenzimidazoles. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202103036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Darweesh AF, Abd El-Fatah NA, Abdelhamid IA, Elwahy AHM, Salem ME. Investigation of the reactivity of (1 H-benzo[ d]imidazol-2-yl)acetonitrile and (benzo[ d]thiazol-2-yl)acetonitrile as precursors for novel bis(benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines) and bis(benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2- a]pyridines). SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1784436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F. Darweesh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ahmed H. M. Elwahy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mostafa E. Salem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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8
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Omersa N, Podobnik M, Anderluh G. Inhibition of Pore-Forming Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E545. [PMID: 31546810 PMCID: PMC6784129 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforation of cellular membranes by pore-forming proteins can affect cell physiology, tissue integrity, or immune response. Since many pore-forming proteins are toxins or highly potent virulence factors, they represent an attractive target for the development of molecules that neutralize their actions with high efficacy. There has been an assortment of inhibitors developed to specifically obstruct the activity of pore-forming proteins, in addition to vaccination and antibiotics that serve as a plausible treatment for the majority of diseases caused by bacterial infections. Here we review a wide range of potential inhibitors that can specifically and effectively block the activity of pore-forming proteins, from small molecules to more specific macromolecular systems, such as synthetic nanoparticles, antibodies, antibody mimetics, polyvalent inhibitors, and dominant negative mutants. We discuss their mechanism of inhibition, as well as advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neža Omersa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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9
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Mayoka G, Njoroge M, Okombo J, Gibhard L, Sanches-Vaz M, Fontinha D, Birkholtz LM, Reader J, van der Watt M, Coetzer TL, Lauterbach S, Churchyard A, Bezuidenhout B, Egan TJ, Yeates C, Wittlin S, Prudêncio M, Chibale K. Structure–Activity Relationship Studies and Plasmodium Life Cycle Profiling Identifies Pan-Active N-Aryl-3-trifluoromethyl Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles Which Are Efficacious in an in Vivo Mouse Model of Malaria. J Med Chem 2018; 62:1022-1035. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Mayoka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - John Okombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Liezl Gibhard
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Margarida Sanches-Vaz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Mariëtte van der Watt
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Theresa L. Coetzer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Sonja Lauterbach
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Alisje Churchyard
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Belinda Bezuidenhout
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Clive Yeates
- Inpharma
Consultancy, 6 Dudley Hill Close, Welwyn, Hertfordshire AL60QQ, U.K
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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10
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Spicer JA, Miller CK, O'Connor PD, Jose J, Huttunen KM, Jaiswal JK, Denny WA, Akhlaghi H, Browne KA, Trapani JA. Substituted arylsulphonamides as inhibitors of perforin-mediated lysis. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 137:139-155. [PMID: 28582670 PMCID: PMC5500991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationships for a series of arylsulphonamide-based inhibitors of the pore-forming protein perforin have been explored. Perforin is a key component of the human immune response, however inappropriate activity has also been implicated in certain auto-immune and therapy-induced conditions such as allograft rejection and graft versus host disease. Since perforin is expressed exclusively by cells of the immune system, inhibition of this protein would be a highly selective strategy for the immunosuppressive treatment of these disorders. Compounds from this series were demonstrated to be potent inhibitors of the lytic action of both isolated recombinant perforin and perforin secreted by natural killer cells in vitro. Several potent and soluble examples were assessed for in vivo pharmacokinetic properties and found to be suitable for progression to an in vivo model of transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Christian K Miller
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick D O'Connor
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jagdish K Jaiswal
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kylie A Browne
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
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11
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Okombo J, Singh K, Mayoka G, Ndubi F, Barnard L, Njogu PM, Njoroge M, Gibhard L, Brunschwig C, Vargas M, Keiser J, Egan TJ, Chibale K. Antischistosomal Activity of Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole Derivatives and Correlation with Inhibition of β-Hematin Formation. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:411-420. [PMID: 28440625 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of praziquantel against schistosomiasis raises concerns about drug resistance. New therapeutic alternatives targeting critical pathways within the parasite are therefore urgently needed. Hemozoin formation in Schistosoma presents one such target. We assessed the in vitro antischistosomal activity of pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles (PBIs) and investigated correlations with their ability to inhibit β-hematin formation. We further evaluated the in vivo efficacy of representative compounds in experimental mice and conducted pharmacokinetic analysis on the most potent. At 10 μM, 48/57 compounds resulted in >70% mortality of newly transformed schistosomula, whereas 37 of these maintained >60% mortality of adult S. mansoni. No correlations were observed between β-hematin inhibitory and antischistosomal activities against both larval and adult parasites, suggesting possible presence of other target(s) or a mode of inhibition of crystal formation that is not adequately modeled by the assay. The most active compound in vivo showed 58.7 and 61.3% total and female worm burden reduction, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggested solubility-limited absorption and high hepatic clearance as possible contributors to the modest efficacy despite good in vitro activity. The PBIs evaluated in this report thus merit further optimization to improve their efficacy and to elucidate their possible mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Okombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kawaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Godfrey Mayoka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Ferdinand Ndubi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Linley Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Peter M. Njogu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D),
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Liezl Gibhard
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D),
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Christel Brunschwig
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D),
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Mireille Vargas
- Department of Medical Parasitology and
Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and
Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council,
Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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12
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Singh K, Okombo J, Brunschwig C, Ndubi F, Barnard L, Wilkinson C, Njogu PM, Njoroge M, Laing L, Machado M, Prudêncio M, Reader J, Botha M, Nondaba S, Birkholtz LM, Lauterbach S, Churchyard A, Coetzer TL, Burrows JN, Yeates C, Denti P, Wiesner L, Egan TJ, Wittlin S, Chibale K. Antimalarial Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles: Lead Optimization, Parasite Life Cycle Stage Profile, Mechanistic Evaluation, Killing Kinetics, and in Vivo Oral Efficacy in a Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1432-1448. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry
and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - John Okombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Christel Brunschwig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Ferdinand Ndubi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Linley Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Chad Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Peter M. Njogu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Lizahn Laing
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Marta Machado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade
de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade
de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable
Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Mariette Botha
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable
Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Sindisiwe Nondaba
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable
Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable
Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Sonja Lauterbach
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Alisje Churchyard
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Theresa L. Coetzer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Jeremy N. Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, P.O. Box 1826, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clive Yeates
- Inpharma Consultancy, 6 Dudley Hill Close, Welwyn, Hertfordshire AL60QQ, U.K
| | - Paolo Denti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry
and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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13
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Borges da Silva R, Teixeira RI, Wardell JL, Wardell SMSV, Garden SJ. Copper(ii) catalyzed synthesis of novel helical luminescent benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a][1,10]phenanthrolines via an intramolecular C–H amination reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:812-826. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02508k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel helical luminescent benzoimidazophenanthrolines were prepared using a Cu(ii) catalyzed C–H amination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Borges da Silva
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Centro Tecnológica
- Bloco A
- Cidade Universitária
| | - Rodolfo Inêz Teixeira
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Centro Tecnológica
- Bloco A
- Cidade Universitária
| | - James L. Wardell
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos – Farmanguinhos
- Fiocruz. R. Sizenando Nabuco
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Simon J. Garden
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Centro Tecnológica
- Bloco A
- Cidade Universitária
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14
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Gynther M, Pickering DS, Spicer JA, Denny WA, Huttunen KM. Systemic and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Perforin Inhibitor Prodrugs. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2484-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Gynther
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Darryl S. Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie A. Spicer
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William A. Denny
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Huttunen KM, Gynther M, Huttunen J, Puris E, Spicer JA, Denny WA. A Selective and Slowly Reversible Inhibitor of l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) Potentiates Antiproliferative Drug Efficacy in Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5740-51. [PMID: 27253989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a transmembrane protein carrying bulky and neutral amino acids into cells. LAT1 is overexpressed in several types of tumors, and its inhibition can result in reduced cancer cell growth. However, known LAT1 inhibitors lack selectivity over other transporters. In the present study, we designed and synthesized a novel selective LAT1 inhibitor (1), which inhibited the uptake of LAT1 substrate, l-leucin as well as cell growth. It also significantly potentiated the efficacy of bestatin and cisplatin even at low concentrations (25 μM). Inhibition was slowly reversible, as the inhibitor was able to be detached from the cell surface and blood-brain barrier. Moreover, the inhibitor was metabolically stable and selective toward LAT1. Since the inhibitor was readily accumulated into the prostate after intraperitoneal injection to the healthy mice, this compound may be a promising agent or adjuvant especially for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elena Puris
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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16
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17
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Bull MR, Spicer JA, Huttunen KM, Denny WA, Ciccone A, Browne KA, Trapani JA, Helsby NA. The preclinical pharmacokinetic disposition of a series of perforin-inhibitors as potential immunosuppressive agents. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 40:417-25. [PMID: 25155444 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cytolytic protein perforin is a key component of the immune response and is implicated in a number of human pathologies and therapy-induced conditions. A novel series of small molecule inhibitors of perforin function have been developed as potential immunosuppressive agents. The pharmacokinetics and metabolic stability of a series of 16 inhibitors of perforin was evaluated in male CD1 mice following intravenous administration. The compounds were well tolerated 6 h after dosing. After intravenous administration at 5 mg/kg, maximum plasma concentrations ranged from 532 ± 200 to 10,061 ± 12 ng/mL across the series. Plasma concentrations were greater than the concentrations required for in vitro inhibitory activity for 11 of the compounds. Following an initial rapid distribution phase, the elimination half-life values for the series ranged from 0.82 ± 0.25 to 4.38 ± 4.48 h. All compounds in the series were susceptible to oxidative biotransformation. Following incubations with microsomal preparations, a tenfold range in in vitro half-life was observed across the series. The data suggests that oxidative biotransformation was not singularly responsible for clearance of the compounds and no direct relationship between microsomal clearance and plasma clearance was observed. Structural modifications however, do provide some information as to the relative microsomal stability of the compounds, which may be useful for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Bull
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - J A Spicer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K M Huttunen
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - W A Denny
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Ciccone
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - K A Browne
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - J A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - N A Helsby
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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18
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19
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) use a highly toxic pore-forming protein perforin (PFN) to destroy cells infected with intracellular pathogens and cells with pre-cancerous transformations. However, mutations of PFN and defects in its expression can cause an abnormal function of the immune system and difficulties in elimination of altered cells. As discussed in this chapter, deficiency of PFN due to the mutations of its gene, PFN1, can be associated with malignancies and severe immune disorders such as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) and macrophage activation syndrome. On the other hand, overactivity of PFN can turn the immune system against autologous cells resulting in other diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis and cutaneous inflammation. PFN also has a crucial role in the cellular rejection of solid organ allografts and destruction of pancreatic β-cells resulting in type 1 diabetes. These facts highlight the importance of understanding the biochemical characteristics of PFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Naneh
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Spicer JA, Lena G, Lyons DM, Huttunen KM, Miller CK, O'Connor PD, Bull M, Helsby N, Jamieson SMF, Denny WA, Ciccone A, Browne KA, Lopez JA, Rudd-Schmidt J, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA. Exploration of a series of 5-arylidene-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-ones as inhibitors of the cytolytic protein perforin. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9542-55. [PMID: 24195776 PMCID: PMC3865801 DOI: 10.1021/jm401604x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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A series of novel 5-arylidene-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-ones
were
investigated as inhibitors of the lymphocyte-expressed pore-forming
protein perforin. Structure–activity relationships were explored
through variation of an isoindolinone or 3,4-dihydroisoquinolinone
subunit on a fixed 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one/thiophene core. The
ability of the resulting compounds to inhibit the lytic activity of
both isolated perforin protein and perforin delivered in situ by natural
killer cells was determined. A number of compounds showed excellent
activity at concentrations that were nontoxic to the killer cells,
and several were a significant improvement on previous classes of
inhibitors, being substantially more potent and soluble. Representative
examples showed rapid and reversible binding to immobilized mouse
perforin at low concentrations (≤2.5 μM) by surface plasmon
resonance and prevented formation of perforin pores in target cells
despite effective target cell engagement, as determined by calcium
influx studies. Mouse PK studies of two analogues showed T1/2 values of 1.1–1.2 h (dose of 5 mg/kg iv) and
MTDs of 60–80 mg/kg (ip).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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21
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KATHROTIYA HARSHADG, PATEL MANISHP. An efficient synthesis of 3′-indolyl substituted pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles as potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. J CHEM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-013-0468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Jardosh HH, Sangani CB, Patel MP, Patel RG. One step synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives of aryloxypyrazole and their antimicrobial evaluation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Total synthesis of a marine alkaloid--rigidin E. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1412-1421. [PMID: 22822382 PMCID: PMC3397449 DOI: 10.3390/md10061412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, we report an efficient total synthesis of a marine alkaloid, rigidin E. The key tetrasubstituted 2-amino-3-carboxamidepyrrole intermediate was synthesized by cascade Michael addition/intramolecular cyclization between N-(2-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-oxoethyl)methanesulfonamide and 3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-cyano-N-methylacrylamide. Subsequent carbonylation with triphosgene catalyzed by I(2) and deprotection of benzyl groups afforded rigidin E in 21% overall yield. This strategy has the merits of metal-free reactions, low cost, mild reaction protocols, and easy access to diversity-oriented derivatives for potential structure-activity relationship investigation.
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24
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Spicer JA, Huttunen KM, Miller CK, Denny WA, Ciccone A, Browne KA, Trapani JA. Inhibition of the pore-forming protein perforin by a series of aryl-substituted isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ones. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1319-36. [PMID: 22244072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An aryl-substituted isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one lead compound was identified from a high throughput screen designed to find inhibitors of the lymphocyte pore-forming protein perforin. A series of analogs were then designed and prepared, exploring structure-activity relationships through variation of 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one and furan subunits on an isobenzofuranone core. The ability of the resulting compounds to inhibit the lytic activity of both isolated perforin protein and perforin delivered in situ by intact KHYG-1 natural killer effector cells was determined. Several compounds showed excellent activity at concentrations that were non-toxic to the killer cells. This series represents a significant improvement on previous classes of compounds, being substantially more potent and largely retaining activity in the presence of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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