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Faydalı N, Arpacı ÖT. Benzimidazole and Benzoxazole Derivatives Against Alzheimer's Disease. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400123. [PMID: 38494443 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives are included in the category of medical drugs in a wide range of areas such as anticancer, anticoagulant, antihypertensive, anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antioxidant, immunomodulators, proton pump inhibitors, hormone modulators, etc. Many researchers have focused on synthesizing more effective benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives for screening various biological activities. In addition, there are benzimidazole and benzoxazole rings as bioisosteres of aromatic rings found in drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Because of the diverse activity of the benzimidazole and benzoxazole rings and bioisosteres marketed as drugs for Alzheimer Diseases, designed compounds containing these rings are likely to be effective against Alzheimer's disease. In this study, the effectiveness of compounds containing benzimidazole and benzoxazole rings against Alzheimer's disease will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan Faydalı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Selcuk University, 42250, Konya, Turkey
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Temiz Arpacı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Araújo JTCD, Lima LA, Vale EP, Martin-Pastor M, Lima RA, Silva PGDB, Sousa FFOD. Toxicological and genotoxic evaluation of anacardic acid loaded-zein nanoparticles in mice. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1207-1215. [PMID: 32995295 PMCID: PMC7502790 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anacardic acid extracted from cashew nut shells of Anacardium occidentale L has demonstrated important biological activities, such as antibacterial activity against the cariogenic specie Streptococcus mutans. Zein nanoparticles containing anacardic acid (9.375 μg/mL) were evaluated in terms of toxicity and genotoxicity in vivo. The subacute toxicity assay was used to evaluate the cumulative effects of the oral administration of nanoencapsulated anacardic acid at 2.25 and 112.5 μg/kg for 7 days in mice, simulating a mouth rinse short-term clinical course treatment. Blank zein nanoparticles and saline solution 0.9 % were used as negative controls. Peripheral blood samples were collected to evaluate the genotoxicity in polychromatic erythrocytes using the micronucleus test. The animals were anesthetized, euthanized and the target organs collected, weighed and submitted to histopathological analysis. Liver, kidney and spleen relative weights did not change. Nevertheless, stomach, lung and heart increased the relative weights in the group receiving the highest dose, in which occasional histopathological findings were also identified. Both doses maintained the micronucleus frequency within the normal range and the animals treated with the highest dose presented a discrete weight lost, which could explain the organs' relative weight reductions. Blank and anacardic acid loaded zein nanoparticles were nontoxic when administered repeatedly for 7 days, as no relevant histopathological changes neither genotoxicity were observed. These preparations demonstrated limited toxicity under the conditions used in this study and could become an antibacterial alternative for preventing/treating oral infections in short-term treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Thayanne Cavalcante de Araújo
- Graduate Program on Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amapa. Department of Biological & Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapa, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 2, Jd. Marco Zero, 68.903-419, Macapa, AP, Brazil
| | - Laís Aragão Lima
- Department of Dentistry, Unichristus. Rua Joao Adolfe Gurgel, 133, Bairro Coco, 60190-060, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Everton Pantoja Vale
- Graduate Program on Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Amapa, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 2, Jd. Marco Zero, Macapa, AP, Brazil
| | - Manuel Martin-Pastor
- Unidade de Resonancia Magnética, RIAIDT, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramille Araújo Lima
- Department of Dentistry, Unichristus. Rua Joao Adolfe Gurgel, 133, Bairro Coco, 60190-060, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Fabio Oliveira de Sousa
- Graduate Program on Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amapa. Department of Biological & Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapa, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 2, Jd. Marco Zero, 68.903-419, Macapa, AP, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Amapa, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 2, Jd. Marco Zero, Macapa, AP, Brazil
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3
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Sahoo SR, Sarkar D. Revisiting the Addition of in-situ Nucleophiles to Allenic Ketones: An Entry Towards Synthesis of Benzodioxins. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushree Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology; Pin-769008 Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Debayan Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology; Pin-769008 Rourkela Odisha India
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4
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Kaur G, Silakari O. Benzimidazole scaffold based hybrid molecules for various inflammatory targets: Synthesis and evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2018; 80:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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He X, Li Y, Wang M, Chen HX, Chen B, Liang H, Zhang Y, Pang J, Qiu L. Highly efficient synthesis of benzodioxins with a 2-site quaternary carbon structure by secondary amine-catalyzed dual Michael cascade reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5533-5538. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01029c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Employing salicylic acids and substituted 3-butyn-2-ones as the substrates, a morpholine catalyzed tandem dual Michael addition afforded a benzodioxin skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng He
- School of Chemistry
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Yongsu Li
- School of Chemistry
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Chemistry
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Hui-Xuan Chen
- School of Chemistry
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Chemistry
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Hao Liang
- School of Chemistry
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Jiyan Pang
- School of Chemistry
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Liqin Qiu
- School of Chemistry
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
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6
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Duroux R, Renault N, Cuelho JE, Agouridas L, Blum D, Lopes LV, Melnyk P, Yous S. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2-aryl benzoxazoles as promising hit for the A 2A receptor. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:850-864. [PMID: 28661196 PMCID: PMC6445171 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1334648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists has received much interest in recent years for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on docking studies, a new series of 2-arylbenzoxazoles has been identified as potential A2AR antagonists. Structure-affinity relationship was investigated in position 2, 5 and 6 of the benzoxazole heterocycle leading to compounds with a micromolar affinity towards the A2A receptor. Compound F1, with an affinity of 1 μm, presented good absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties with an excellent aqueous solubility (184 μm) without being cytotoxic at 100 μm. This compound, along with low-molecular weight compound D1 (Ki = 10 μm), can be easily modulated and thus considered as relevant starting points for further hit-to-lead optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Duroux
- INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 – JPArc – Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Universite de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Renault
- INSERM, CHU Lille, U995 – LIRIC – Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Universite de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Laurence Agouridas
- INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 – JPArc – Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Universite de Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 – JPArc – Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Universite de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Patricia Melnyk
- INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 – JPArc – Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Universite de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Saïd Yous
- INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 – JPArc – Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Universite de Lille, Lille, France
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7
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Boulsourani Z, Katsamakas S, Geromichalos G, Psycharis V, Raptopoulou C, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Yiannaki E, Dendrinou-Samara C. Synthesis, structure elucidation and biological evaluation of triple bridged dinuclear copper(II) complexes as anticancer and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory agents. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:1026-1040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Eleftheriadis N, Thee SA, Zwinderman MRH, Leus NGJ, Dekker FJ. Activity-Based Probes for 15-Lipoxygenase-1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12300-5. [PMID: 27612308 PMCID: PMC5218545 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) plays an important role in several inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma, COPD, and chronic bronchitis, as well as various CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Activity-based probes of 15-LOX-1 are required to explore the role of this enzyme further and to enable drug discovery. In this study, we developed a 15-LOX-1 activity-based probe for the efficient activity-based labeling of recombinant 15-LOX-1. 15-LOX-1-dependent labeling in cell lysates and tissue samples was also possible. To mimic the natural substrate of the enzyme, we designed activity-based probes that covalently bind to the active enzyme and include a terminal alkene as a chemical reporter for the bioorthogonal linkage of a detectable functionality through an oxidative Heck reaction. The activity-based labeling of 15-LOX-1 should enable the investigation and identification of this enzyme in complex biological samples, thus opening up completely new opportunities for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Eleftheriadis
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie A Thee
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn R H Zwinderman
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek G J Leus
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Eleftheriadis N, Thee SA, Zwinderman MRH, Leus NGJ, Dekker FJ. Activity-Based Probes for 15-Lipoxygenase-1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Eleftheriadis
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie A. Thee
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Martijn R. H. Zwinderman
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Niek G. J. Leus
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
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10
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11
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Eleftheriadis N, Neochoritis CG, Leus NGJ, van der Wouden PE, Dömling A, Dekker FJ. Rational Development of a Potent 15-Lipoxygenase-1 Inhibitor with in Vitro and ex Vivo Anti-inflammatory Properties. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7850-62. [PMID: 26331552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (h-15-LOX-1) is a mammalian lipoxygenase and plays an important role in several inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, COPD, and chronic bronchitis. Novel potent inhibitors of h-15-LOX-1 are required to explore the role of this enzyme further and to enable drug discovery efforts. In this study, we applied an approach in which we screened a fragment collection that is focused on a diverse substitution pattern of nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as indoles, quinolones, pyrazoles, and others. We denoted this approach substitution-oriented fragment screening (SOS) because it focuses on the identification of novel substitution patterns rather than on novel scaffolds. This approach enabled the identification of hits with good potency and clear structure-activity relationships (SAR) for h-1-5-LOX-1 inhibition. Molecular modeling enabled the rationalization of the observed SAR and supported structure-based design for further optimization to obtain inhibitor 14 d that binds with a Ki of 36 nM to the enzyme. In vitro and ex vivo biological evaluations of our best inhibitor demonstrate a significant increase of interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene expression, which indicates its anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Eleftheriadis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, ‡Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Constantinos G Neochoritis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, ‡Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek G J Leus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, ‡Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E van der Wouden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, ‡Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, ‡Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, ‡Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Kashani-Amin E, Ebrahim-Habibi A, Larijani B, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Effect of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone on the activity and stability of alpha-amylase: a comparative study on bacterial, fungal, and mammalian enzymes. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:605-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Kashani-Amin
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Identification of 6-benzyloxysalicylates as a novel class of inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase-1. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 94:265-75. [PMID: 25771032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases metabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids into signalling molecules such as leukotrienes and lipoxins. 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) is an important mammalian lipoxygenase and plays a crucial regulatory role in several respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD and chronic bronchitis. Novel potent and selective inhibitors of 15-LOX-1 are required to explore the role of this enzyme in drug discovery. In this study we describe structure activity relationships for 6-benzyloxysalicylates as inhibitors of human 15-LOX-1. Kinetic analysis suggests competitive inhibition and the binding model of these compounds can be rationalized using molecular modelling studies. The most potent derivative 37a shows a Ki value of 1.7 μM. These structure activity relationships provide a basis to design improved inhibitors and to explore 15-LOX-1 as a drug target.
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14
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The inhibitory effects of anacardic acid on hepatitis C virus life cycle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117514. [PMID: 25658101 PMCID: PMC4319966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that causes severe liver diseases. Current anti-HCV therapies involving direct-acting antivirals have significantly enhanced efficacy in comparison to traditional interferon and ribavirin combination. However, further improvement is needed to eradicate HCV. Anacardic acid (AnA) is a phytochemical compound that can inhibit the activity of various cellular enzymes including histone acetyltransferases (HATs). In this study, we investigated the effects of AnA on different phases of HCV life cycle. Our data showed that AnA can inhibit HCV entry, replication, translation, and virion secretion in a dose-dependent manner with no measurable effects on cell viability. In addition, we showed that two HAT inhibitors and knocking down HAT (PCAF) by RNAi can reduce HCV replication, suggesting a mechanism of AnA’s inhibitory effects on HCV. Elucidation of the AnA-mediated inhibitory mechanism should facilitate the development of new drug candidates for HCV infection.
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Ng CH, Rullah K, Aluwi MFFM, Abas F, Lam KW, Ismail IS, Narayanaswamy R, Jamaludin F, Shaari K. Synthesis and docking studies of 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-geranylacetophenone analogs as potential lipoxygenase inhibitor. Molecules 2014; 19:11645-59. [PMID: 25100256 PMCID: PMC6271415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural product molecule 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-geranyl-acetophenone (tHGA) isolated from the medicinal plant Melicope ptelefolia was shown to exhibit potent lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity. It is known that LOX plays an important role in inflammatory response as it catalyzes the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid to form hydroperoxides. The search for selective LOX inhibitors may provide new therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases. Herein, we report the synthesis of tHGA analogs using simple Friedel-Craft acylation and alkylation reactions with the aim of obtaining a better insight into the structure-activity relationships of the compounds. All the synthesized analogs showed potent soybean 15-LOX inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 10.31–27.61 μM) where compound 3e was two-fold more active than tHGA. Molecular docking was then applied to reveal the important binding interactions of compound 3e in soybean 15-LOX binding site. The findings suggest that the presence of longer acyl bearing aliphatic chain (5Cs) and aromatic groups could significantly affect the enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chean Hui Ng
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Kamal Rullah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Kok Wai Lam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Radhakrishnan Narayanaswamy
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia.
| | | | - Khozirah Shaari
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia.
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16
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Wisastra R, Dekker FJ. Inflammation, Cancer and Oxidative Lipoxygenase Activity are Intimately Linked. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1500-21. [PMID: 25037020 PMCID: PMC4190552 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and inflammation are intimately linked due to specific oxidative processes in the tumor microenvironment. Lipoxygenases are a versatile class of oxidative enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism. An increasing number of arachidonic acid metabolites is being discovered and apart from their classically recognized pro-inflammatory effects, anti-inflammatory effects are also being described in recent years. Interestingly, these lipid mediators are involved in activation of pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways such as the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway, which illustrates the intimate link between lipid signaling and transcription factor activation. The identification of the role of arachidonic acid metabolites in several inflammatory diseases led to a significant drug discovery effort around arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes. However, to date success in this area has been limited. This might be attributed to the lack of selectivity of the developed inhibitors and to a lack of detailed understanding of the functional roles of arachidonic acid metabolites in inflammatory responses and cancer. This calls for a more detailed investigation of the activity of arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes and development of more selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Wisastra
- Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Vidal PJ, López-Nicolás JM, Gandía-Herrero F, García-Carmona F. Inactivation of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase by natural betalains and semi-synthetic analogues. Food Chem 2014; 154:246-54. [PMID: 24518339 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are natural pigments characteristic of plants of the order Caryophyllales. In this work, the role of betalains in the anti-inflammatory activity described for plant extracts is analysed in terms of the inactivation of the enzymes involved in the biochemical response (lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase). Pure natural betalains and semi-synthetic analogues are demonstrated to promote a significant reduction of the enzymes activity. Reactions were followed spectrophotometrically and by HPLC-DAD. Phenethylamine-betaxanthin was the most potent in the inactivation of cyclooxygenase, with a reduction of 32% of the control activity at 125μM, while the natural pigment betanidin and a betalain analogue derived from indoline resulted as the most potent inactivators of lipoxygenase, with IC50 values of 41.4 and 40.1μM, respectively. Molecular docking studies revealed that betalains interact with the lipoxygenase amino acids involved in substrate binding and with Tyr-385 and Ser-530 close to the cyclooxygenase active site, interfering in enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José M López-Nicolás
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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Renal Cyclooxygenase Products are Higher and Lipoxygenase Products are Lower in Early Disease in the pcy Mouse Model of Adolescent Nephronophthisis. Lipids 2013; 49:39-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wisastra R, Kok PAM, Eleftheriadis N, Baumgartner MP, Camacho CJ, Haisma HJ, Dekker FJ. Discovery of a novel activator of 5-lipoxygenase from an anacardic acid derived compound collection. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7763-78. [PMID: 24231650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cyclooxygenases (COXs) metabolize poly-unsaturated fatty acids into inflammatory signaling molecules. Modulation of the activity of these enzymes may provide new approaches for therapy of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we screened novel anacardic acid derivatives as modulators of human 5-LOX and COX-2 activity. Interestingly, a novel salicylate derivative 23a was identified as a surprisingly potent activator of human 5-LOX. This compound showed both non-competitive activation towards the human 5-LOX activator adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and non-essential mixed type activation against the substrate linoleic acid, while having no effect on the conversion of the substrate arachidonic acid. The kinetic analysis demonstrated a non-essential activation of the linoleic acid conversion with a KA of 8.65 μM, αKA of 0.38μM and a β value of 1.76. It is also of interest that a comparable derivative 23d showed a mixed type inhibition for linoleic acid conversion. These observations indicate the presence of an allosteric binding site in human 5-LOX distinct from the ATP binding site. The activatory and inhibitory behavior of 23a and 23d on the conversion of linoleic compared to arachidonic acid are rationalized by docking studies, which suggest that the activator 23a stabilizes linoleic acid binding, whereas the larger inhibitor 23d blocks the enzyme active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Wisastra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone: Presentation of a small molecule activator of mammalian alpha-amylase as an allosteric effector. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:652-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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