1
|
Puhl AC, Lewicki SA, Gao ZG, Pramanik A, Makarov V, Ekins S, Jacobson KA. Machine learning-aided search for ligands of P2Y 6 and other P2Y receptors. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10003-4. [PMID: 38526670 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The P2Y6 receptor, activated by uridine diphosphate (UDP), is a target for antagonists in inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders, yet few potent and selective antagonists are known to date. This prompted us to use machine learning as a novel approach to aid ligand discovery, with pharmacological evaluation at three P2YR subtypes: initially P2Y6 and subsequently P2Y1 and P2Y14. Relying on extensive published data for P2Y6R agonists, we generated and validated an array of classification machine learning model using the algorithms deep learning (DL), adaboost classifier (ada), Bernoulli NB (bnb), k-nearest neighbors (kNN) classifier, logistic regression (lreg), random forest classifier (rf), support vector classification (SVC), and XGBoost (XGB) classifier models, and the common consensus was applied to molecular selection of 21 diverse structures. Compounds were screened using human P2Y6R-induced functional calcium transients in transfected 1321N1 astrocytoma cells and fluorescent binding inhibition at closely related hP2Y14R expressed in CHO cells. The hit compound ABBV-744, an experimental anticancer drug with a 6-methyl-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine scaffold, had multifaceted interactions with the P2YR family: hP2Y6R inhibition in a non-surmountable fashion, suggesting that noncompetitive antagonism, and hP2Y1R enhancement, but not hP2Y14R binding inhibition. Other machine learning-selected compounds were either weak (experimental anti-asthmatic drug AZD5423 with a phenyl-1H-indazole scaffold) or inactive in inhibiting the hP2Y6R. Experimental drugs TAK-593 and GSK1070916 (100 µM) inhibited P2Y14R fluorescent binding by 50% and 38%, respectively, and all other compounds by < 20%. Thus, machine learning has led the way toward revealing previously unknown modulators of several P2YR subtypes that have varied effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Puhl
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Sarah A Lewicki
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Asmita Pramanik
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 33-2, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Girard M, Bellefeuille SD, Eiselt É, Arguin G, Longpré JM, Sarret P, Gendron FP. Ligand-dependent intracellular trafficking of the G protein-coupled P2Y 6 receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119476. [PMID: 37059189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal trafficking is intricately linked to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) fate and signaling. Extracellular uridine diphosphate (UDP) acts as a signaling molecule by selectively activating the GPCR P2Y6. Despite the recent interest for this receptor in pathologies, such as gastrointestinal and neurological diseases, there is sparse information on the endosomal trafficking of P2Y6 receptors in response to its endogenous agonist UDP and synthetic selective agonist 5-iodo-UDP (MRS2693). Confocal microscopy and cell surface ELISA revealed delayed internalization kinetics in response to MRS2693 vs. UDP stimulation in AD293 and HCT116 cells expressing human P2Y6. Interestingly, UDP induced clathrin-dependent P2Y6 internalization, whereas receptor stimulation by MRS2693 endocytosis appeared to be associated with a caveolin-dependent mechanism. Internalized P2Y6 was associated with Rab4, 5, and 7 positive vesicles independent of the agonist. We have measured a higher frequency of receptor expression co-occurrence with Rab11-vesicles, the trans-Golgi network, and lysosomes in response to MRS2693. Interestingly, a higher agonist concentration reversed the delayed P2Y6 internalization and recycling kinetics in the presence of MRS2693 stimulation without changing its caveolin-dependent internalization. This work showed a ligand-dependent effect affecting the P2Y6 receptor internalization and endosomal trafficking. These findings could guide the development of bias ligands that could influence P2Y6 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Girard
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Steve Dagenais Bellefeuille
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Émilie Eiselt
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Guillaume Arguin
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Fernand-Pierre Gendron
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye SS, Tang Y, Song JT. ATP and Adenosine in the Retina and Retinal Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:654445. [PMID: 34211393 PMCID: PMC8239296 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.654445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and its ultimate degradation product adenosine are potent extracellular signaling molecules that elicit a variety of pathophysiological pathways in retina through the activation of P2 and P1 purinoceptors, respectively. Excessive build-up of extracellular ATP accelerates pathologic responses in retinal diseases, whereas accumulation of adenosine protects retinal cells against degeneration or inflammation. This mini-review focuses on the roles of ATP and adenosine in three types of blinding diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Several agonists and antagonists of ATP receptors and adenosine receptors (ARs) have been developed for the potential treatment of glaucoma, DR and AMD: antagonists of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) (BBG, MRS2540) prevent ATP-induced neuronal apoptosis in glaucoma, DR, and AMD; A1 receptor (A1R) agonists (INO-8875) lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma; A2A receptor (A2AR) agonists (CGS21680) or antagonists (SCH58261, ZM241385) reduce neuroinflammation in glaucoma, DR, and AMD; A3 receptor (A3R) agonists (2-Cl-lB-MECA, MRS3558) protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from apoptosis in glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Ye
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Tao Song
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jacobson KA, IJzerman AP, Müller CE. Medicinal chemistry of P2 and adenosine receptors: Common scaffolds adapted for multiple targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114311. [PMID: 33130128 PMCID: PMC8081756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prof. Geoffrey Burnstock originated the concept of purinergic signaling. He demonstrated the interactions and biological roles of ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors. This review paper traces the historical origins of many currently used antagonists and agonists for P2 receptors, as well as adenosine receptors, in early attempts to identify ligands for these receptors - prior to the use of chemical libraries for screening. Rather than presenting a general review of current purinergic ligands, we focus on common chemical scaffolds (privileged scaffolds) that can be adapted for multiple receptor targets. By carefully analyzing the structure activity relationships, one can direct the selectivity of these scaffolds toward different receptor subtypes. For example, the weak and non-selective P2 antagonist reactive blue 2 (RB-2) was derivatized using combinatorial synthetic approaches, leading to the identification of selective P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y12 or P2X2 receptor antagonists. A P2X4 antagonist NC-2600 is in a clinical trial, and A3 adenosine agonists show promise, for chronic pain. P2X7 antagonists have been in clinical trials for depression (JNJ-54175446), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory pain and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). P2X3 antagonists are in clinical trials for chronic cough, and an antagonist named after Burnstock, gefapixant, is expected to be the first P2X3 antagonist filed for approval. We are seeing that the vision of Prof. Burnstock to use purinergic signaling modulators, most recently at P2XRs, for treating disease is coming to fruition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salameh H, Afri M, Gottlieb HE, Fischer B. β-Cyanuryl Ribose, β-Barbituryl Ribose, and 6-Azauridine as Uridine Mimetics. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31314-31322. [PMID: 33324842 PMCID: PMC7726947 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uridine (U) mimetics are sought after as tools for biochemical and pharmacological studies. Previously, we have identified recognition patterns of U by proteins. Here, we targeted the characterization of uridine mimetics-cyanuryl-ribose (CR), barbituryl-ribose (BR), and 6-azauridine (AU)-with a view to identify analogs with potentially more binding interactions than U with target biomolecules. We found that CR, BR, and AU retain selective U's natural H-bonds with adenosine vs guanosine. CR/AU and BR were 100- and 10,000-fold more acidic, respectively, than U. Under physiological pH, 54, 51, and 77% of CR, AU, and BR molecules, respectively, are ionized vs 13% for U. The electron-rich nature of CR and BR vs U was reflected by their 13C NMR chemical shifts and ε values. CR/AU and BR prefer N conformation (up to 73%) vs U (56%). Unlike U that prefers gg conformation around exocyclic methylol (48%), CR/AU and BR prefer both gt and gg rotamers. In conclusion, replacement of uridine's C6 by N or carbonyl, or C5-C6 by an amide, results in significant changes in U's ionization, electron density, conformation, base-stacking, etc., leading to potentially tighter binding than U with a target protein or nucleic acid and potential use for various biochemical and pharmacological applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Targeting Streptococcus pneumoniae UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase): in vitro validation of a putative inhibitor. Drug Target Insights 2020; 14:26-33. [PMID: 33132696 PMCID: PMC7597228 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2020.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genome plasticity of Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for the reduced efficacy of various antibiotics and capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines. Therefore, targets independent of capsular types are sought to control the pneumococcal pathogenicity. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) is one such desired candidate being responsible for the synthesis of UDP-glucose, a sugar precursor in capsular biosynthesis and metabolic Leloir pathway. Being crucial to pneumococcal pathobiology, the effect of UGPase inhibition on virulence was evaluated in vitro. Methods: A putative inhibitor, uridine diphosphate (UDP), was evaluated for effective inhibitory concentration in S. pneumoniae and A549 cells, its efficacy and toxicity. The effect of UDP on adherence and phagocytosis was measured in human respiratory epithelial (A549 and HEp-2) and macrophage (THP1 and J774.A.1) cell lines respectively. Results: A differential effective inhibitory concentration of UDP for UGPase inhibition was observed in S. pneumoniae and A549 cells, that is, 5 and 100 µM respectively. UDP treatments lowered percent cytotoxicity in pneumococcal-infected monolayers and didn’t exert adverse effects on viabilities. S. pneumoniae adherence to host cells decreased significantly with UDP treatments. UDP induced the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, and IL-8 and increased pneumococcal phagocytosis. Conclusion: Our study shows UDP-mediated decrease in the virulence of S. pneumoniae and demonstrates UDP as an effective inhibitor of pneumococcal UGPase.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jacobson KA, Delicado EG, Gachet C, Kennedy C, von Kügelgen I, Li B, Miras-Portugal MT, Novak I, Schöneberg T, Perez-Sen R, Thor D, Wu B, Yang Z, Müller CE. Update of P2Y receptor pharmacology: IUPHAR Review 27. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2413-2433. [PMID: 32037507 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight G protein-coupled P2Y receptor subtypes respond to extracellular adenine and uracil mononucleotides and dinucleotides. P2Y receptors belong to the δ group of rhodopsin-like GPCRs and contain two structurally distinct subfamilies: P2Y1 , P2Y2 , P2Y4 , P2Y6 , and P2Y11 (principally Gq protein-coupled P2Y1 -like) and P2Y12-14 (principally Gi protein-coupled P2Y12 -like) receptors. Brain P2Y receptors occur in neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. Endothelial P2Y1 , P2Y2 , P2Y4 , and P2Y6 receptors induce vasodilation, while smooth muscle P2Y2 , P2Y4 , and P2Y6 receptor activation leads to vasoconstriction. Pancreatic P2Y1 and P2Y6 receptors stimulate while P2Y13 receptors inhibits insulin secretion. Antagonists of P2Y12 receptors, and potentially P2Y1 receptors, are anti-thrombotic agents, and a P2Y2 /P2Y4 receptor agonist treats dry eye syndrome in Asia. P2Y receptor agonists are generally pro-inflammatory, and antagonists may eventually treat inflammatory conditions. This article reviews recent developments in P2Y receptor pharmacology (using synthetic agonists and antagonists), structure and biophysical properties (using X-ray crystallography, mutagenesis and modelling), physiological and pathophysiological roles, and present and potentially future therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Massachusetts
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gachet
- Université de Strasbourg INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ivar von Kügelgen
- Biomedical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beibei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ivana Novak
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raquel Perez-Sen
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
von Kügelgen I. Pharmacology of P2Y receptors. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:12-24. [PMID: 30922852 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes divided into two subgroups (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11) and (P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). The P2Y receptors are expressed in various cell types and play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology including inflammatory responses and neuropathic pain. The antagonism of P2Y12 receptors is used in pharmacotherapy for the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular events. The nucleoside analogue ticagrelor and active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel inhibit platelet P2Y12 receptors and reduce thereby platelet aggregation. The P2Y2 receptor agonist diquafosol is used for the treatment of the dry eye syndrome. The P2Y receptor subtypes differ in their amino acid sequences, their pharmacological profiles and their signaling transduction pathways. Recently, selective receptor ligands have been developed for all subtypes. The published crystal structures of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors as well as receptor models will facilitate the development of novel drugs for pharmacotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jacob TF, Singh V, Dixit M, Ginsburg-Shmuel T, Fonseca B, Pintor J, Youdim MBH, Major DT, Weinreb O, Fischer B. A promising drug candidate for the treatment of glaucoma based on a P2Y6-receptor agonist. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:271-284. [PMID: 30019187 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides can regulate the production/drainage of the aqueous humor via activation of P2 receptors, thus affecting the intraocular pressure (IOP). We evaluated 5-OMe-UDP(α-B), 1A, a potent P2Y6-receptor agonist, for reducing IOP and treating glaucoma. Cell viability in the presence of 1A was measured using [3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay in rabbit NPE ciliary non-pigmented and corneal epithelial cells, human retinoblastoma, and liver Huh7 cells. The effect of 1A on IOP was determined in acute glaucomatous rabbit hyaluronate model and phenol-induced chronic glaucomatous rabbit model. The origin of activity of 1A was investigated by generation of a homology model of hP2Y6-R and docking studies. 1A did not exert cytotoxic effects up to 100 mM vs. trusopt and timolol in MTT assay in ocular and liver cells. In normotensive rabbits, 100 μM 1A vs. xalatan, trusopt, and pilocarpine reduced IOP by 45 vs. 20-30%, respectively. In the phenol animal model, 1A (100 μM) showed reduction of IOP by 40 and 20%, following early and late administration, respectively. Docking results suggest that the high activity and selectivity of 1A is due to intramolecular interaction between Pα-BH3 and C5-OMe which positions 1A in a most favorable site inside the receptor. P2Y6-receptor agonist 1A effectively and safely reduces IOP in normotense, acute, and chronic glaucomatous rabbits, and hence may be suggested as a novel approach for the treatment of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tali Fishman Jacob
- GlaucoPharm Ltd, P.O.Box 620, New Industrial Park, 20692, Yokneam, Israel
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mudit Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tamar Ginsburg-Shmuel
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Begoña Fonseca
- Escuela Universitaria De Optica, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, C/Arcos De Jalon 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Pintor
- Escuela Universitaria De Optica, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, C/Arcos De Jalon 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- GlaucoPharm Ltd, P.O.Box 620, New Industrial Park, 20692, Yokneam, Israel
| | - Dan T Major
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Orly Weinreb
- GlaucoPharm Ltd, P.O.Box 620, New Industrial Park, 20692, Yokneam, Israel.
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
P2Y receptors (P2YRs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors activated by extracellular nucleotides. Physiological P2YR agonists include purine and pyrimidine nucleoside di- and triphosphates, such as ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP, nucleotide sugars, and dinucleotides. Eight subtypes exist, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14, which represent current or potential future drug targets. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of ligands for the subgroup of the P2YR family that is activated by uracil nucleotides: P2Y2 (UTP, also ATP and dinucleotides), P2Y4 (UTP), P2Y6 (UDP), and P2Y14 (UDP, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose). The physiological agonists are metabolically unstable due to their fast hydrolysis by ectonucleotidases. A number of agonists with increased potency, subtype-selectivity and/or enzymatic stability have been developed in recent years. Useful P2Y2R agonists include MRS2698 (6-01, highly selective) and PSB-1114 (6-05, increased metabolic stability). A potent and selective P2Y2R antagonist is AR-C118925 (10-01). For studies of the P2Y4R, MRS4062 (3-15) may be used as a selective agonist, while PSB-16133 (10-06) is a selective antagonist. Several potent P2Y6R agonists have been developed including 5-methoxyuridine 5'-O-((Rp)α-boranodiphosphate) (6-12), PSB-0474 (3-11), and MRS2693 (3-26). The isocyanate MRS2578 (10-08) is used as a selective P2Y6R antagonist, although its reactivity and low water-solubility are limiting. With MRS2905 (6-08), a potent and metabolically stable P2Y14R agonist is available, while PPTN (10-14) represents a potent and selective P2Y14R antagonist. The radioligand [3H]UDP can be used to label P2Y14Rs. In addition, several fluorescent probes have been developed. Uracil nucleotide-activated P2YRs show great potential as drug targets, especially in inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Toti KS, Jain S, Ciancetta A, Balasubramanian R, Chakraborty S, Surujdin R, Shi ZD, Jacobson KA. Pyrimidine Nucleotides Containing a (S)-Methanocarba Ring as P2Y 6 Receptor Agonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1897-1908. [PMID: 29423136 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00397h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Both agonists and antagonists of the UDP-activated P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) have been proposed for therapeutic use, in conditions such as cancer, inflammation, neurodegeneration and diabetes. Uracil nucleotides containing a South-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ((S)-methanocarba) ring system in place of the ribose ring were synthesized and shown to be potent P2Y6R agonists in a calcium mobilization assay. The (S)-methanocarba modification was compatible with either a 5-iodo or 4-methoxyimino group on the pyrimidine, but not with a α,β-methylene 5´-diphosphate. (S)-Methanocarba dinucleotide potency was compatible with a N4-methoxy modification on the proximal nucleoside that is assumed to bind at the P2Y6R similarly to UDP; (N)-methanocarba was preferred on the distal nucleoside moiety. This suggests that the distal dinucleotide P2Y6R binding site prefers a ribose-like group that can attain a (N) conformation, rather than (S). Dinucleotide binding was modeled by homology modeling, docking and molecular dynamics simulations, which suggested the same ribose conformational preferences found empirically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Toti
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Shanu Jain
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ramachandran Balasubramanian
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Saibal Chakraborty
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ryan Surujdin
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Zhen-Dan Shi
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dutta AK, Captain I, Jessen HJ. New Synthetic Methods for Phosphate Labeling. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:51. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
13
|
Sil P, Hayes CP, Reaves BJ, Breen P, Quinn S, Sokolove J, Rada B. P2Y6 Receptor Antagonist MRS2578 Inhibits Neutrophil Activation and Aggregated Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Induced by Gout-Associated Monosodium Urate Crystals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:428-442. [PMID: 27903742 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]) generate inflammatory responses within the joints of gout patients upon encountering monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are found abundantly in the synovial fluid of gout patients. The detailed mechanism of MSU crystal-induced NET formation remains unknown. Our goal was to shed light on possible roles of purinergic signaling and neutrophil migration in mediating NET formation induced by MSU crystals. Interaction of human neutrophils with MSU crystals was evaluated by high-throughput live imaging using confocal microscopy. We quantitated NET levels in gout synovial fluid supernatants and detected enzymatically active neutrophil primary granule enzymes, myeloperoxidase, and human neutrophil elastase. Suramin and PPADS, general P2Y receptor blockers, and MRS2578, an inhibitor of the purinergic P2Y6 receptor, blocked NET formation triggered by MSU crystals. AR-C25118925XX (P2Y2 antagonist) did not inhibit MSU crystal-stimulated NET release. Live imaging of PMNs showed that MRS2578 represses neutrophil migration and blocked characteristic formation of MSU crystal-NET aggregates called aggregated NETs. Interestingly, the store-operated calcium entry channel inhibitor (SK&F96365) also reduced MSU crystal-induced NET release. Our results indicate that the P2Y6/store-operated calcium entry/IL-8 axis is involved in MSU crystal-induced aggregated NET formation, but MRS2578 could have additional effects affecting PMN migration. The work presented in the present study could lead to a better understanding of gouty joint inflammation and help improve the treatment and care of gout patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Craig P Hayes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Barbara J Reaves
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Patrick Breen
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Shannon Quinn
- Department of Computer Science, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA
| | - Jeremy Sokolove
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94034
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jacobson KA, Civan MM. Ocular Purine Receptors as Drug Targets in the Eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:534-547. [PMID: 27574786 PMCID: PMC5069731 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonists and antagonists of various subtypes of G protein coupled adenosine receptors (ARs), P2Y receptors (P2YRs), and ATP-gated P2X receptor ion channels (P2XRs) are under consideration as agents for the treatment of ocular diseases, including glaucoma and dry eye. Numerous nucleoside and nonnucleoside modulators of the receptors are available as research tools and potential therapeutic molecules. Three of the 4 subtypes of ARs have been exploited with clinical candidate molecules for treatment of the eye: A1, A2A, and A3. An A1AR agonist is in clinical trials for glaucoma, A2AAR reduces neuroinflammation, A3AR protects retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis, and both A3AR agonists and antagonists had been reported to lower intraocular pressure (IOP). Extracellular concentrations of endogenous nucleotides, including dinucleoside polyphosphates, are increased in pathological states, activating P2Y and P2XRs throughout the eye. P2YR agonists, including P2Y2 and P2Y6, lower IOP. Antagonists of the P2X7R prevent the ATP-induced neuronal apoptosis in the retina. Thus, modulators of the purinome in the eye might be a source of new therapies for ocular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mortimer M. Civan
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
von Kügelgen I, Hoffmann K. Pharmacology and structure of P2Y receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:50-61. [PMID: 26519900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). P2Y receptors are widely expressed and play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology. One important example is the ADP-induced platelet aggregation mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. Active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel as well as the nucleoside analogue ticagrelor block P2Y12 receptors and thereby platelet aggregation. These drugs are used for the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular events. Moreover, P2Y receptors play important roles in the nervous system. Adenine nucleotides modulate neuronal activity and neuronal fibre outgrowth by activation of P2Y1 receptors and control migration of microglia by P2Y12 receptors. UDP stimulates microglial phagocytosis through activation of P2Y6 receptors. There is evidence for a role for P2Y2 receptors in Alzheimer's disease pathology. The P2Y receptor subtypes are highly diverse in both their amino acid sequences and their pharmacological profiles. Selective receptor ligands have been developed for the pharmacological characterization of the receptor subtypes. The recently published three-dimensional crystal structures of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors will facilitate the development of therapeutic agents that selectively target P2Y receptors. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Kristina Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Meltzer D, Ethan O, Arguin G, Nadel Y, Danino O, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Gendron FP, Fischer B. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of uracil nucleotide derivatives towards the identification of human P2Y6 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5764-73. [PMID: 26233801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6-R) is involved in various physiological and pathophysiological events. With a view to set rules for the design of UDP-based reversible P2Y6-R antagonists as potential drugs, we established structure-activity relationship of UDP analogues, bearing modifications at the uracil ring, ribose moiety, and the phosphate chain. For instance, C5-phenyl- or 3-NMe-uridine-5'-α,β-methylene-diphosphonate, 16 and 23, or lack of 2'-OH, in 12-15, resulted in loss of both agonist and antagonist activity toward hP2Y6-R. However, uridylyl phosphosulfate, 19, selectively inhibited hP2Y6-R (IC50 112 μM) versus P2Y2/4-Rs. In summary, we have established a comprehensive SAR for hP2Y6-R ligands towards the development of hP2Y6-R antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Meltzer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ophir Ethan
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Guillaume Arguin
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke 3201, QC, Canada
| | - Yael Nadel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ortal Danino
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Fernand-Pierre Gendron
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke 3201, QC, Canada
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu Z. A review on the chemical synthesis of pyrophosphate bonds in bioactive nucleoside diphosphate analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3777-83. [PMID: 26189080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is an ongoing interest in the synthesis of nucleoside diphosphate analogs as important regulators in catabolism/anabolism, and their potential applications as mechanistic probes and chemical tools for bioassays. However, the pyrophosphate bond formation step remains as the bottleneck. In this Digest, the chemical synthesis of the pyrophosphate bonds of representative bioactive nucleoside diphosphate analogs, i.e. phosphorus-modified analogs, nucleoside cyclic diphosphates, and nucleoside diphosphate conjugates, will be described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN 56301, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Haas M, Ginsburg-Shmuel T, Fischer B, Reiser G. 5-OMe-uridine-5'-O-(α-boranodiphosphate), a novel nucleotide derivative highly active at the human P2Y(6) receptor protects against death-receptor mediated glial apoptosis. Neurosci Lett 2014; 578:80-4. [PMID: 24970757 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are activated by nucleotides and involved in numerous physiological/pathophysiological processes. However, investigations of specific P2Y receptor functions have been hampered by lack of suitable receptor agonists-antagonists. Recently, we identified the nucleotide 5-OMe-UDP as potent and selective agonist for human P2Y6 receptors. We studied a series of derivatives of this analog with a Pα-borano group substituting a non-bridging oxygen and found increased potency and receptor specificity. Rp-5-OMe-UDPαB (Rp-5-OMe-uridine 5'-O-α-boranodiphosphate) was most potent and selective in inducing intracellular calcium signaling in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells expressing the human P2Y6 receptor. Here, we investigated whether Rp-5-OMe-UDPαB evokes cell protection through human P2Y6 receptors. We tested a well-established model, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced cell death in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. Rp-5-OMe-UDPαB inhibited TNFα-induced cell death even stronger than UDP. These first data of a neuro-protective activity of the human P2Y6 receptor emphasize the potential of the stable, selective, and potent Rp-5-OMe-UDPαB analog for exploiting P2Y6 receptor-mediated cellular functions, like cytoprotection in human tissues, with suitability for future neuro-protective drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haas
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tamar Ginsburg-Shmuel
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Georg Reiser
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Korhonen HJ, Conway LP, Hodgson DRW. Phosphate analogues in the dissection of mechanism. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 21:63-72. [PMID: 24879389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoryl group transfer is central to genetic replication, cellular signalling and many metabolic processes. Understanding the mechanisms of phosphorylation and phosphate ester and anhydride cleavage is key to efforts towards biotechnological and biomedical exploitation of phosphate-handling enzymes. Analogues of phosphate esters and anhydrides are indispensable tools, alongside protein mutagenesis and computational methods, for the dissection of phosphoryl transfer mechanisms. Hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable phosphate analogues have provided insight into the nature and sites of phosphoryl transfer processes. Kinetic isotope effects and crystallography using transition state analogues have painted more detailed pictures of transition states and how enzymes work to stabilise them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Korhonen
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Mountjoy Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Louis P Conway
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Mountjoy Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - David R W Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Mountjoy Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Haas M, Ben-Moshe I, Fischer B, Reiser G. Sp-2-propylthio-ATP-α-B and Sp-2-propylthio-ATP-α-B,β-γ-dichloromethylene are novel potent and specific agonists of the human P2Y₁₁ receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:645-55. [PMID: 23810430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human P2Y₁₁ nucleotide receptor mRNA was found in virtually all human tissues, and the receptor serves many physiological roles, such as immune response regulation. The Ala-87-Thr-P2Y₁₁ receptor single nucleotide polymorphism was linked to increased risk for acute myocardial infarction. To facilitate the development of new therapeutic applications involving cells expressing several P2 receptor subtypes, the availability of specific and potent agonists is mandatory. Here, we synthesized a series of novel adenine nucleotide derivatives, based upon the potent P2Y₁₁ receptor agonists AR-C67085. Features of the novel nucleotide derivatives are a propylthio substitution at C2-adenine and a Pα-borano or Pα-thio substitution of non-bridging oxygen atom. The latter substitutions introduce a chiral center at the α-phosphate. Sp-isomers of Pα-borano- and Rp-isomers of Pα-thio-substituted nucleotides are preferred by the P2Y₁₁ receptor. As recently reported by us, diastereoselectivity of the P2Y₁₁ receptor is opposite to that of the P2Y₁ receptor. Therefore, we exploit this characteristic to increase nucleotide selectivity. At the P2Y₁₁ receptor, the Sp-isomers of 2-propylthio-ATP-α-B (2B) and 2-propylthio-ATP-α-B,β-γ-dichloromethylene (4B) were the most potent of the novel nucleotide series, with EC₅₀ values of 0.03 μM for both, being ca. 80-fold more potent than 2-propylthio-ATP and ATP (EC₅₀ = 2.6 μM). We conclude that the borano-substitution at the α-phosphate of 2-propylthio-ATP enhances nucleotide potency at the P2Y₁₁ receptor. The combination with a Pβ-Pγ-dichloromethylene group in 4B results in a nucleotide, which shows higher selectivity for the P2Y₁₁ receptor over the P2Y₁₁ receptor than 2B making it the most promising of the novel P2Y₁₁ receptor agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haas
- Institute for Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jacobson KA. Structure-based approaches to ligands for G-protein-coupled adenosine and P2Y receptors, from small molecules to nanoconjugates. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3749-67. [PMID: 23597047 PMCID: PMC3701956 DOI: 10.1021/jm400422s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor (ARs) and P2Y receptors (P2YRs) that respond to extracellular nucleosides/nucleotides are associated with new directions for therapeutics. The X-ray structures of the A2AAR complexes with agonists and antagonists are examined in relationship to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and applied to drug discovery. Much of the data on AR ligand structure from early SAR studies now are explainable from the A2AAR X-ray crystallography. The ligand-receptor interactions in related GPCR complexes can be identified by means of modeling approaches, e.g., molecular docking. Thus, molecular recognition in binding and activation processes has been studied effectively using homology modeling and applied to ligand design. Virtual screening has yielded new nonnucleoside AR antagonists, and existing ligands have been improved with knowledge of the receptor interactions. New agonists are being explored for central nervous system and peripheral therapeutics based on in vivo activity, such as chronic neuropathic pain. Ligands for receptors more distantly related to the X-ray template, i.e., P2YRs, have been introduced and are mainly used as pharmacological tools for elucidating the physiological role of extracellular nucleotides. Other ligand tools for drug discovery include fluorescent probes, radioactive probes, multivalent probes, and functionalized nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jacobson KA, Jayasekara MS, Costanzi S. Molecular Structure of P2Y Receptors: Mutagenesis, Modeling, and Chemical Probes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT AND SIGNALING 2012; 1:WMTS68. [PMID: 23336097 PMCID: PMC3547624 DOI: 10.1002/wmts.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are eight subtypes of P2Y receptors (P2YRs) that are activated, and in some cases inhibited, by a range of extracellular nucleotides. These nucleotides are ubiquitous, but their extracellular concentration can rise dramatically in response to hypoxia, ischemia, or mechanical stress, injury, and release through channels and from vesicles. Two subclasses of P2YRs were defined based on clustering of sequences, second messengers, and receptor sequence analysis. The numbering system for P2YR subtypes is discontinuous; i.e., P2Y(1-14)Rs have been defined, but six of the intermediate-numbered cloned receptor sequences (e.g., P2y(3), P2y(5), P2y(7-10)) are not functional mammalian nucleotide receptors. Of these two clusters, the P2Y(12-14) subtypes couple via Gα(i) to inhibit adenylate cyclase, while the remaining subtypes couple through Gα(q) to activate phospholipase C. Collectively, the P2YRs respond to both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, in the form of 5'-mono- and dinucleotides and nucleoside-5'-diphosphosugars. In recent years, the medicinal chemistry of P2Y receptors has advanced significantly, to provide selective agonists and antagonists for many but not all of the subtypes. Ligand design has been aided by insights from structural probing using molecular modelling and mutagenesis. Currently, the molecular modelling of the receptors is effectively based on the X-ray structure of the CXCR4 receptor, which is the closest to the P2Y receptors among all the currently crystallized receptors in terms of sequence similarity. It is now a challenge to develop novel and selective P2YR ligands for disease treatment (although antagonists of the P2Y(12)R are already widely used as antithrombotics).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, USA
| | - M.P. Suresh Jayasekara
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. 1A-20, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, USA
| | - Stefano Costanzi
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| |
Collapse
|