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Over 40 Years of Fosmidomycin Drug Research: A Comprehensive Review and Future Opportunities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121553. [PMID: 36559004 PMCID: PMC9782300 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the continued rise of multi-drug-resistant microorganisms, the development of novel drugs with new modes of action is urgently required. While humans biosynthesize the essential isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) via the established mevalonate pathway, pathogenic protozoa and certain pathogenic eubacteria use the less well-known methylerythritol phosphate pathway for this purpose. Important pathogens using the MEP pathway are, for example, Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The enzymes of that pathway are targets for antiinfective drugs that are exempt from target-related toxicity. 2C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), the second enzyme of the non-mevalonate pathway, has been established as the molecular target of fosmidomycin, an antibiotic that has so far failed to be approved as an anti-infective drug. This review describes the development and anti-infective properties of a wide range of fosmidomycin derivatives synthesized over the last four decades. Here we discuss the DXR inhibitor pharmacophore, which comprises a metal-binding group, a phosphate or phosphonate moiety and a connecting linker. Furthermore, non-fosmidomycin-based DXRi, bisubstrate inhibitors and several prodrug concepts are described. A comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) of nearly all inhibitor types is presented and some novel opportunities for further drug development of DXR inhibitors are discussed.
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2
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Mutorwa MK, Lobb KA, Klein R, Blatch GL, Kaye PT. Synthesis of 2,3-dihydroxy-3-(N-substituted carbamoyl)propylphosphonic acid derivatives as hybrid DOXP-fosmidomycin analogues. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Non-hydroxamate inhibitors of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR): A critical review and future perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 213:113055. [PMID: 33303239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) catalyzes the second step of the non-mevalonate (or MEP) pathway that functions in several organisms and plants for the synthesis of isoprenoids. DXR is essential for the survival of multiple pathogenic bacteria/parasites, including those that cause tuberculosis and malaria in humans. DXR function is inhibited by fosmidomycin (1), a natural product, which forms a chelate with the active site divalent metal (Mg2+/Mn2+) through its hydroxamate metal-binding group (MBG). Most of the potent DXR inhibitors are structurally similar to 1 and retain hydroxamate despite the unfavourable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile of the latter. We provide our perspective on the lack of non-hydroxamate DXR inhibitors. We also highlight the fundamental flaws in the design of MBG in these molecules, primarily responsible for their failure to inhibit DXR. We also suggest that for designing next-generation non-hydroxamate DXR inhibitors, approaches followed for other metalloenzymes targets may be exploited.
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Adeyemi CM, Hoppe HC, Isaacs M, Mnkandhla D, Lobb KA, Klein R, Kaye PT. Synthesis and anti-parasitic activity of N-benzylated phosphoramidate Mg 2+-chelating ligands. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104280. [PMID: 33152647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-benzylated phosphoramidate esters, containing a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl Mg2+-chelating group, has been synthesised in five steps as analogues of fosmidomycin, a Plasmodium falciparum 1-deoxy-1-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (PfDXR) inhibitor. The 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group effectively replaces the Mg2+-chelating hydroxamic acid group in fosmidomycin. The compounds showed very encouraging anti-parasitic activity with IC50 values of 5.6-16.4 µM against Plasmodium falciparum parasites and IC50 values of 5.2 - 10.2 µM against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T.b.brucei). Data obtained from in silico docking of the ligands in the PfDXR receptor cavity (3AU9)5 support their potential as PfDXR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana M Adeyemi
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Dumisani Mnkandhla
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Kevin A Lobb
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Rosalyn Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Perry T Kaye
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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5
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Campbell MV, Iretskii AV, Mosey RA. One-Pot Tandem Assembly of Amides, Amines, and Ketones: Synthesis of C4-Quaternary 3,4- and 1,4-Dihydroquinazolines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11211-11225. [PMID: 32786625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A multicomponent tandem assembly procedure for the synthesis of diverse C4-quaternary 3,4-dihydroquinazolines from amides, amines, and ketones has been developed. The one-pot reaction involves successive triflic anhydride mediated amide dehydration, ketimine addition, and Pictet-Spengler-like cyclization processes and affords products in up to 92% yield. Conversion of 3,4-dihydroquinazolines to the corresponding 1,4-dihydroquinazolines via a two-step N1 dealkylation and regioselective N3 functionalization protocol, including computational rationale for the observed regioselectivity, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly V Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - Alexei V Iretskii
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - R Adam Mosey
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
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Adeyemi CM, Conibear AC, Mutorwa MK, Nokalipa IC, Isaacs M, Mnkandhla D, Hoppe HC, Lobb KA, Klein R, Kaye PT. Synthesis and anti-parasitic activity of achiral N-benzylated phosphoramidic acid derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103947. [PMID: 32559578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic pathways have been developed to access a series of N-benzylated phosphoramidic acid derivatives as novel, achiral analogues of the established Plasmodium falciparum 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductase (PfDXR) enzyme inhibitor, FR900098. Bioassays of the targeted compounds and their synthetic precursors have revealed minimal antimalarial activity but encouraging anti-trypanosomal activity - in one case with an IC50 value of 5.4 µM against Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite responsible for Nagana (African cattle sleeping sickness). The results of relevant in silico modelling and docking studies undertaken in the design and evaluation of these compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne C Conibear
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Marius K Mutorwa
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Iviwe C Nokalipa
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Dumisani Mnkandhla
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Kevin A Lobb
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Rosalyn Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Perry T Kaye
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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7
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ElMarrouni A, Ritts CB, Balsells J. Silyl-mediated photoredox-catalyzed Giese reaction: addition of non-activated alkyl bromides. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6639-6646. [PMID: 30310596 PMCID: PMC6115631 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of photoredox catalysis has enabled the discovery of mild and efficient conditions for the generation of a variety of radical reaction platforms. Herein is disclosed the development of a conjugate addition reaction of non-activated alkyl bromides to Michael acceptors under visible-light photoredox catalysis. Optimization of the reaction was achieved using high-throughput experimentation (HTE) tools to enable the identification of mild, general and practical reaction conditions. A diverse set of alkyl bromides was successfully added to cyclic or acyclic α,β-unsaturated esters and amides. The features of this transformation allowed also access to a key intermediate of Vorinostat®, an HDAC inhibitor used to fight cancer and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif ElMarrouni
- Department of Discovery Chemistry , MRL , Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike , West Point , Pennsylvania 19486 , USA .
| | - Casey B Ritts
- Department of Process Research & Development , MRL , Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike , West Point , Pennsylvania 19486 , USA .
| | - Jaume Balsells
- Department of Process Research & Development , MRL , Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike , West Point , Pennsylvania 19486 , USA .
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Adeyemi CM, Faridoon, Isaacs M, Mnkandhla D, Hoppe HC, Krause RW, Kaye PT. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of N-benzylated (N-arylcarbamoyl)alkylphosphonic acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6131-6138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Aneja B, Kumar B, Jairajpuri MA, Abid M. A structure guided drug-discovery approach towards identification of Plasmodium inhibitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19673f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of inhibitors from natural, semisynthetic or synthetic sources against key targets ofPlasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Bhumika Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohamad Aman Jairajpuri
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
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10
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Masini T, Hirsch AKH. Development of Inhibitors of the 2C-Methyl-d-erythritol 4-Phosphate (MEP) Pathway Enzymes as Potential Anti-Infective Agents. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9740-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5010978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Masini
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
7, NL-9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna K. H. Hirsch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
7, NL-9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Hendershot JM, Mishra UJ, Smart RP, Schroeder W, Powers RA. Structure-based efforts to optimize a non-β-lactam inhibitor of AmpC β-lactamase. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3351-9. [PMID: 24835785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
β-Lactams are the most widely prescribed class of antibiotics, yet their efficacy is threatened by expression of β-lactamase enzymes, which hydrolyze the defining lactam ring of these antibiotics. To overcome resistance due to β-lactamases, inhibitors that do not resemble β-lactams are needed. A novel, non-β-lactam inhibitor for the class C β-lactamase AmpC (3-[(4-chloroanilino)sulfonyl]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid; Ki 26μM) was previously identified. Based on this lead, a series of compounds with the potential to interact with residues at the edge of the active site were synthesized and tested for inhibition of AmpC. The length of the carbon chain spacer was extended by 1, 2, 3, and 4 carbons between the integral thiophene ring and the benzene ring (compounds 4, 5, 6, and 7). Compounds 4 and 6 showed minimal improvement over the lead compound (Ki 18 and 19μM, respectively), and compound 5 inhibited to the same extent as the lead. The X-ray crystal structures of AmpC in complexes with compounds 4, 5, and 6 were determined. The complexes provide insight into the structural reasons for the observed inhibition, and inform future optimization efforts in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Hendershot
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States
| | - Uma J Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States
| | - Robert P Smart
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States
| | - William Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States
| | - Rachel A Powers
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States; Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, United States.
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12
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Chofor R, Risseeuw MDP, Pouyez J, Johny C, Wouters J, Dowd CS, Couch RD, Van Calenbergh S. Synthetic Fosmidomycin analogues with altered chelating moieties do not inhibit 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate Reductoisomerase or Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro. Molecules 2014; 19:2571-87. [PMID: 24566322 PMCID: PMC6271069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourteen new fosmidomycin analogues with altered metal chelating groups were prepared and evaluated for inhibition of E. coli Dxr, M. tuberculosis Dxr and the growth of P. falciparum K1 in human erythrocytes. None of the synthesized compounds showed activity against either enzyme or the Plasmodia. This study further underlines the importance of the hydroxamate functionality and illustrates that identifying effective alternative bidentate ligands for this target enzyme is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Chofor
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Martijn D P Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Jenny Pouyez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, UNamur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, Namur B-5000, Belgium.
| | - Chinchu Johny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, UNamur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, Namur B-5000, Belgium.
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Robin D Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
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13
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Midrier C, Montel S, Braun R, Haaf K, Willms L, van der Lee A, Volle JN, Pirat JL, Virieux D. Fosmidomycin analogues with N-hydroxyimidazole and N-hydroxyimidazolone as a chelating unit. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00757c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fosmidomycin has been reported to have many biological activities as an antibacterial and antimalarial, along with being a herbicidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Midrier
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR5253
- AM2N
- F34296 Montpellier Cedex 5,, France
| | - Sonia Montel
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR5253
- AM2N
- F34296 Montpellier Cedex 5,, France
| | - Ralf Braun
- Bayer CropScience AG
- Chemistry Frankfurt
- 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Haaf
- Bayer CropScience AG
- Chemistry Frankfurt
- 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lothar Willms
- Bayer CropScience AG
- Chemistry Frankfurt
- 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arie van der Lee
- Institut Européen des membranes
- cc047 Université de Montpellier 2
- Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Noël Volle
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR5253
- AM2N
- F34296 Montpellier Cedex 5,, France
| | - Jean-Luc Pirat
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR5253
- AM2N
- F34296 Montpellier Cedex 5,, France
| | - David Virieux
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR5253
- AM2N
- F34296 Montpellier Cedex 5,, France
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