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Aminoquinolones and Their Benzoquinone Dimer Hybrids as Modulators of Prion Protein Conversion. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227935. [PMID: 36432036 PMCID: PMC9693643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prion Diseases or Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies are neurodegenerative conditions associated with a long incubation period and progressive clinical evolution, leading to death. Their pathogenesis is characterized by conformational changes of the cellular prion protein-PrPC-in its infectious isoform-PrPSc-which can form polymeric aggregates that precipitate in brain tissues. Currently, there are no effective treatments for these diseases. The 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzoquinone structure is associated with an anti-prion profile and, considering the biodynamic properties associated with 4-quinolones, in this work, 6-amino-4-quinolones derivatives and their respective benzoquinone dimeric hybrids were synthesized and had their bioactive profile evaluated through their ability to prevent prion conversion. Two hybrids, namely, 2,5-dichloro-3,6-bis((3-carboxy-1-pentyl-4-quinolone-6-yl)amino)-1,4-benzoquinone (8e) and 2,5-dichloro-3,6-bis((1-benzyl-3-carboxy-4-quinolone-6-yl)amino)-1,4-benzoquinone (8f), stood out for their prion conversion inhibition ability, affecting the fibrillation process in both the kinetics-with a shortening of the lag phase-and thermodynamics and their ability to inhibit the formation of protein aggregates without significant cytotoxicity at ten micromolar.
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2
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Arshad H, Watts JC. Genetically engineered cellular models of prion propagation. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:63-80. [PMID: 35581386 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
For over three decades, cultured cells have been a useful tool for dissecting the molecular details of prion replication and the identification of candidate therapeutics for prion disease. A major issue limiting the translatability of these studies has been the inability to reliably propagate disease-relevant, non-mouse strains of prions in cells relevant to prion pathogenesis. In recent years, fueled by advances in gene editing technology, it has become possible to propagate prions from hamsters, cervids, and sheep in immortalized cell lines originating from the central nervous system. In particular, the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing to generate versions of prion-permissive cell lines that lack endogenous PrP expression has provided a blank canvas upon which re-expression of PrP leads to species-matched susceptibility to prion infection. When coupled with the ability to propagate prions in cells or organoids derived from stem cells, these next-generation cellular models should provide an ideal paradigm for identifying small molecules and other biological therapeutics capable of interfering with prion replication in animal and human prion disorders. In this review, we summarize recent advances that have widened the spectrum of prion strains that can be propagated in cultured cells and cutting-edge tissue-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Arshad
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower Rm. 4KD481, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building Rm. 5207, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower Rm. 4KD481, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building Rm. 5207, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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3
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Carnosic Acid and Carnosol Display Antioxidant and Anti-Prion Properties in In Vitro and Cell-Free Models of Prion Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040726. [PMID: 35453411 PMCID: PMC9027925 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible encephalopathies associated with the conversion of the physiological form of the prion protein (PrPC) to the disease-associated (PrPSc). Despite intense research, no therapeutic or prophylactic agent is available. The catechol-type diterpene Carnosic acid (CA) and its metabolite Carnosol (CS) from Rosmarinus officinalis have well-documented anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects. Since oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases, we investigated the potential beneficial role of CA and CS in a cellular model of prion diseases (N2a22L cells) and in a cell-free prion amplification assay (RT-QuIC). The antioxidant effects of the compounds were confirmed when N2a22L were incubated with CA or CS. Furthermore, CA and CS reduced the accumulation of the disease-associated form of PrP, detected by Western Blotting, in N2a22L cells. This effect was validated in RT-QuIC assays, indicating that it is not associated with the antioxidant effects of CA and CS. Importantly, cell-free assays revealed that these natural products not only prevent the formation of PrP aggregates but can also disrupt already formed aggregates. Our results indicate that CA and CS have pleiotropic effects against prion diseases and could evolve into useful prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents against prion and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Özil M, Tuzcuoğlu Ö, Baltaş N, Emirik M. Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of Potent Urease Inhibitors Based on Benzoxazole Scaffold. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Musa Özil
- Department of Chemistry Art and Science Faculty Recep Tayyip Erdogan University 53100 Rize Turkey
| | - Özge Tuzcuoğlu
- Department of Chemistry Art and Science Faculty Recep Tayyip Erdogan University 53100 Rize Turkey
| | - Nimet Baltaş
- Department of Chemistry Art and Science Faculty Recep Tayyip Erdogan University 53100 Rize Turkey
| | - Mustafa Emirik
- Department of Chemistry Art and Science Faculty Recep Tayyip Erdogan University 53100 Rize Turkey
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5
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Chen C, Dong X. Therapeutic implications of prion diseases. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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6
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Mustazza C, Sbriccoli M, Minosi P, Raggi C. Small Molecules with Anti-Prion Activity. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5446-5479. [PMID: 31560283 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190927121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prion pathologies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the misfolding of the physiological Prion Protein (PrPC) into a β-structure-rich isoform called PrPSc. To date, there is no available cure for prion diseases and just a few clinical trials have been carried out. The initial approach in the search of anti-prion agents had PrPSc as a target, but the existence of different prion strains arising from alternative conformations of PrPSc, limited the efficacy of the ligands to a straindependent ability. That has shifted research to PrPC ligands, which either act as chaperones, by stabilizing the native conformation, or inhibit its interaction with PrPSc. The role of transition-metal mediated oxidation processes in prion misfolding has also been investigated. Another promising approach is the indirect action via other cellular targets, like membrane domains or the Protein- Folding Activity of Ribosomes (PFAR). Also, new prion-specific high throughput screening techniques have been developed. However, so far no substance has been found to be able to extend satisfactorily survival time in animal models of prion diseases. This review describes the main features of the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of the various chemical classes of anti-prion agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mustazza
- National Centre for Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sbriccoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Minosi
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Raggi
- National Centre for Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Krance SH, Luke R, Shenouda M, Israwi AR, Colpitts SJ, Darwish L, Strauss M, Watts JC. Cellular models for discovering prion disease therapeutics: Progress and challenges. J Neurochem 2020; 153:150-172. [PMID: 31943194 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prions, which cause fatal neurodegenerative disorders such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are misfolded and infectious protein aggregates. Currently, there are no treatments available to halt or even delay the progression of prion disease in the brain. The infectious nature of prions has resulted in animal paradigms that accurately recapitulate all aspects of prion disease, and these have proven to be instrumental for testing the efficacy of candidate therapeutics. Nonetheless, infection of cultured cells with prions provides a much more powerful system for identifying molecules capable of interfering with prion propagation. Certain lines of cultured cells can be chronically infected with various types of mouse prions, and these models have been used to unearth candidate anti-prion drugs that are at least partially efficacious when administered to prion-infected rodents. However, these studies have also revealed that not all types of prions are equal, and that drugs active against mouse prions are not necessarily effective against prions from other species. Despite some recent progress, the number of cellular models available for studying non-mouse prions remains limited. In particular, human prions have proven to be particularly challenging to propagate in cultured cells, which has severely hindered the discovery of drugs for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In this review, we summarize the cellular models that are presently available for discovering and testing drugs capable of blocking the propagation of prions and highlight challenges that remain on the path towards developing therapies for prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saffire H Krance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Russell Luke
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Shenouda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmad R Israwi
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah J Colpitts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lina Darwish
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maximilian Strauss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Yuan X, Yang Q, Liu T, Li K, Liu Y, Zhu C, Zhang Z, Li L, Zhang C, Xie M, Lin J, Zhang J, Jin Y. Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 6-amide-2-aryl benzoxazole/benzimidazole derivatives against tumor cells by inhibiting VEGFR-2 kinase. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:147-165. [PMID: 31252306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have carried out a structural optimization campaign to discover the novel anti-tumor agents with our previously screened YQY-26 as the hit compound. A library of thirty-seven 6-amide-2-aryl benzoxazole/benzimidazole derivatives has been designed and synthesized based on the highly conserved active site of VEGFR-2. Several title compounds exhibited selective inhibitory activities against VEGFR-2 than EGFR kinases, which also displayed selective anti-proliferation potency against the HUVEC and HepG2 than the A549 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for anti-angiogenesis capability by chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Among them, compounds 9d showed the most potent anti-angiogenesis ability (79% inhibition at 10 nM/eggs), the efficient cytotoxic activities (in vitro against the HUVEC and HepG2 cell lines with IC50 values of 1.47 and 2.57 μM, respectively), and excellent VEGFR-2 kinase inhibition (IC50 = 0.051 μM). The molecular docking analysis revealed that compound 9d is a Type II inhibitor of VEGFR-2 kinase. These results indicated that the 6-amide-2-arylbenzoxazole and 6-amide-2-aryl benzimidazole derivatives are promising inhibitors of VEGFR-2 kinase for the potential treatment of anti-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Qingyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China; School of Clinical Medicine, Dehong Vocational College, Mangshi, 678400, China
| | - Tongyan Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- Biomedical Department, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, PR China.
| | - Yuwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Changcheng Zhu
- Institute of Drug Research and Development, Kunming Pharmaceutical Corporation, Kunming, 650100, PR China
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Department of Anorectal, Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650011, PR China
| | - Linghua Li
- Department of Anorectal, Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650011, PR China
| | - Conghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Mingjin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China.
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China.
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10
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Vorberg I, Chiesa R. Experimental models to study prion disease pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic compounds. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 44:28-38. [PMID: 30878006 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are devastating neurodegenerative disorders for which no drugs are available. The successful development of therapeutics depends on drug screening platforms and preclinical models that recapitulate key molecular and pathological features of the disease. Innovative experimental tools have been developed over the last few years that might facilitate drug discovery, including cell-free prion replication assays and prion-infected flies. However, there is still room for improvement. Animal models of genetic prion disease are few, and only partially recapitulate the complexity of the human disorder. Moreover, we still lack a human cell culture model suitable for high-content anti-prion drug screening. This review provides an overview of the models currently used in prion research, and discusses their promise and limitations for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vorberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Roberto Chiesa
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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11
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Abstract
Recent advances in understanding of the molecular biology of prion diseases and improved clinical diagnostic techniques might allow researchers to think about therapeutic trials in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patients. Some attempts have been made in the past and various compounds have been tested in single case reports and patient series. Controlled trials are rare. However, in the past few years, it has been demonstrated that clinical trials are feasible. The clinicians might face several specific problems when evaluating the efficacy of the drug in CJD, such as rareness of the disease, lack of appropriate preclinical tests and heterogeneous clinical presentation in humans. These problems have to be carefully addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zafar
- Clinical Dementia Center and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aneeqa Noor
- Clinical Dementia Center and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Clinical Dementia Center and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Pagadala NS, Bjorndahl TC, Joyce M, Wishart DS, Syed K, Landi A. The compound (3-{5-[(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)amino]-1,3,4-thiadiazolidin-2-yl}-5,8-methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one) inhibits the prion protein conversion from PrP C to PrP Sc with lower IC 50 in ScN2a cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5875-5888. [PMID: 28951092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system characterized by the accumulation of a protease resistant form (PrPSc) of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brain. Two types of cellular prion (PrPC) compounds have been identified that appear to affect prion conversion are known as Effective Binders (EBs) and Accelerators (ACCs). Effective binders shift the balance in favour of PrPC, whereas Accelerators favour the formation of PrPSc. Molecular docking indicates EBs and ACCs both bind to pocket-D of the SHaPrPC molecule. However, EBs and ACCs may have opposing effects on the stability of the salt bridge between Arg156 and Glu196/Glu200. Computational docking data indicate that the hydrophobic benzamide group of the EB, GFP23 and the 1-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)piperidinium group of the ACC, GFP22 play an important role in inhibition and conversion from SHaPrPC to SHaPrPSc, respectively. Experimentally, NMR confirmed the amide chemical shift perturbations observed upon the binding of GFP23 to pocket-D of SHaPrPC. Consistent with its role as an ACC, titration of GFP22 resulted in widespread chemical shift changes and signal intensity loss due to protein unfolding. Virtual screening of a ligand database using the molecular scaffold developed from the set of EBs identified six of our compounds (previously studied using fluorescence quenching) as being among the top 100 best binders. Among them, compounds 5 and 6 were found to be particularly potent in decreasing the accumulation SHaPrPSc in ScN2a cells with an IC50 of ∼35µM and 20µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataraj S Pagadala
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 6-020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Trent C Bjorndahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - Michael Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 6-020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - David S Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa
| | - Abdolamir Landi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 6-020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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13
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Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a pathogenic conformation (PrPSc). PrPSc is capable of folding into multiple self-replicating prion strains that produce phenotypically distinct neurological disorders. Evidence suggests that the structural heterogeneity of PrPSc is the molecular basis of strain-specific prion properties. The self-templating of PrPSc typically ensures that prion strains breed true upon passage. However, prion strains also have the capacity to conformationally transform to maximize their rate of replication in a given environment. Here, we provide an overview of the prion-strain phenomenon and describe the role of strain adaptation in drug resistance. We also describe recent evidence that shows the presence of distinct conformational strains in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ghaemmaghami
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
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14
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Giles K, Olson SH, Prusiner SB. Developing Therapeutics for PrP Prion Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a023747. [PMID: 28096242 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The prototypical PrP prion diseases are invariably fatal, and the search for agents to treat them spans more than 30 years, with limited success. However, in the last few years, the application of high-throughput screening, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacokinetic optimization has led to important advances. The PrP prion inoculation paradigm provides a robust assay for testing therapeutic efficacy, and a dozen compounds have been reported that lead to meaningful extension in survival of prion-infected mice. Here, we review the history and recent progress in the field, focusing on studies validated in animal models. Based on screens in cells infected with mouse-passaged PrP prions, orally available compounds were generated that double or even triple the survival of mice infected with the same prion strain. Unfortunately, no compounds have yet shown efficacy against human prions. Nevertheless, the speed of the recent advances brings hope that an effective therapeutic can be developed. A successful treatment for any neurodegenerative disease would be a major achievement, and the growing understanding that the more common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, progress by an analogous prion mechanism serves to highlight the importance of antiprion therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Steven H Olson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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15
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Giles K, Berry DB, Condello C, Dugger BN, Li Z, Oehler A, Bhardwaj S, Elepano M, Guan S, Silber BM, Olson SH, Prusiner SB. Optimization of Aryl Amides that Extend Survival in Prion-Infected Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:537-47. [PMID: 27317802 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) prevalent in the aging population remains a daunting challenge. With the growing understanding that many NDs progress by conformational self-templating of specific proteins, the prototypical prion diseases offer a platform for ND drug discovery. We evaluated high-throughput screening hits with the aryl amide scaffold and explored the structure-activity relationships around three series differing in their N-aryl core: benzoxazole, benzothiazole, and cyano. Potent anti-prion compounds were advanced to pharmacokinetic studies, and the resulting brain-penetrant leads from each series, together with a related N-aryl piperazine lead, were escalated to long-term dosing and efficacy studies. Compounds from each of the four series doubled the survival of mice infected with a mouse-passaged prion strain. Treatment with aryl amides altered prion strain properties, as evidenced by the distinct patterns of neuropathological deposition of prion protein and associated astrocytic gliosis in the brain; however, none of the aryl amide compounds resulted in drug-resistant prion strains, in contrast to previous studies on compounds with the 2-aminothiazole (2-AMT) scaffold. As seen with 2-AMTs and other effective anti-prion compounds reported to date, the novel aryl amides reported here were ineffective in prolonging the survival of transgenic mice infected with human prions. Most encouraging is our discovery that aryl amides show that the development of drug resistance is not an inevitable consequence of efficacious anti-prion therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - David B Berry
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Carlo Condello
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Brittany N Dugger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Zhe Li
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Abby Oehler
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sumita Bhardwaj
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Manuel Elepano
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Shenheng Guan
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - B Michael Silber
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven H Olson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
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16
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Wei PS, Wang MX, Xu DC, Xie JW. Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydrothieno(2,3-b)quinolines and Thieno(2,3-b)- quinolines via an Unexpected Domino Aza-MBH/Alkylation/Aldol Reaction. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1216-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shun Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry
of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry
and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry
of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry
and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Cheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry
of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry
and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wu Xie
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry
of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry
and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
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17
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Lu D, Giles K, Li Z, Rao S, Dolghih E, Gever JR, Geva M, Elepano ML, Oehler A, Bryant C, Renslo AR, Jacobson MP, Dearmond SJ, Silber BM, Prusiner SB. Biaryl amides and hydrazones as therapeutics for prion disease in transgenic mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:325-38. [PMID: 23965382 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.205799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The only small-molecule compound demonstrated to substantially extend survival in prion-infected mice is a biaryl hydrazone termed "Compd B" (4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde,2-[4-(5-oxazolyl)phenyl]hydrazone). However, the hydrazone moiety of Compd B results in toxic metabolites, making it a poor candidate for further drug development. We developed a pharmacophore model based on diverse antiprion compounds identified by high-throughput screening; based on this model, we generated biaryl amide analogs of Compd B. Medicinal chemistry optimization led to multiple compounds with increased potency, increased brain concentrations, and greater metabolic stability, indicating that they could be promising candidates for antiprion therapy. Replacing the pyridyl ring of Compd B with a phenyl group containing an electron-donating substituent increased potency, while adding an aryl group to the oxazole moiety increased metabolic stability. To test the efficacy of Compd B, we applied bioluminescence imaging (BLI), which was previously shown to detect prion disease onset in live mice earlier than clinical signs. In our studies, Compd B showed good efficacy in two lines of transgenic mice infected with the mouse-adapted Rocky Mountain Laboratory (RML) strain of prions, but not in transgenic mice infected with human prions. The BLI system successfully predicted the efficacies in all cases long before extension in survival could be observed. Our studies suggest that this BLI system has good potential to be applied in future antiprion drug efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Lu
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (D.L., K.G., Z.L., S.R., J.R.G., M.G., M.L.E., S.J.D., B.M.S., S.B.P.), Department of Neurology (K.G., Z.L., S.R., J.R.G., B.M.S., S.B.P.), Department of Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (E.D., C.B., A.R.R., M.P.J.), Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Small Molecule Discovery Center (C.B., A.R.R.), University of California, San Francisco, California
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