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El-Gendy BEDM, Goher SS, Hegazy LS, Arief MMH, Burris TP. Recent Advances in the Medicinal Chemistry of Liver X Receptors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10935-10956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa El-Dien M. El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa S. Goher
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Lamees S. Hegazy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Mohamed M. H. Arief
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Viktorsson EÖ, Gabrielsen M, Kumarachandran N, Sylte I, Rongved P, Åstrand OAH, Kase ET. Regulation of liver X receptor target genes by 22-functionalized oxysterols. Synthesis, in silico and in vitro evaluations. Steroids 2017; 118:119-127. [PMID: 28011133 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous oxysterol 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22RHC, 1) is an LXR agonist which upregulates genes of critical involvement in human cholesterol- and lipid metabolism. In contrast, its synthetic epimer 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol (22SHC, 8) has shown specific antagonistic effects in recent studies, avoiding unwanted side effects provided by potent LXR agonists. In terms of LXR modulation, the aim of this study was to compare 22SHC (8), 22RHC (1) and synthesized ligands with keto- and amide functionality in the 22nd position of the cholesterol scaffold. 22SHC (8) and 22RHC (1) performed as expected while 22-ketocholesterol (22KC, 10) revealed an attractive in vitro profile for further investigation in terms of anti-atherosclerotic properties as selective upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1 was observed. A new synthesized amide derivate, Fernholtz cyclohexylamide (13) was shown to reduce lipogenesis in a dose-responsive manner and abolish the effect of the potent LXR agonist T0901317 when administered simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvar Örn Viktorsson
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Gabrielsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nugalya Kumarachandran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål Rongved
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ove Alexander Høgmoen Åstrand
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Åstrand OAH, Viktorsson EÖ, Kristensen AL, Ekeberg D, Røberg-Larsen H, Wilson SR, Gabrielsen M, Sylte I, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Rongved P, Kase ET. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of new oxysterols as modulators of the liver X receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:323-330. [PMID: 27471149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver X Receptor (LXR) modulators have shown potential as drugs since they target genes affecting metabolism and fatty acid synthesis. LXR antagonists are of particular interest since they are able to reduce the synthesis of complex fatty acids and glucose uptake. Based on molecular modeling, five new cholesterol mimics were synthesized, where four contained a hydroxyl group in the 22-S-position. The new compounds were screened in vitro against several genes affecting lipid metabolism. The compound that performed best in vitro was a dimethylamide derivative of 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol and it was chosen for in vivo testing. However, the blood plasma analysis from the in vivo tests revealed a concentration lower than needed to give any response, indicating either rapid metabolism or low bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Alexander Høgmoen Åstrand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elvar Örn Viktorsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksander Lim Kristensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Ekeberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432, Aas, Norway
| | - Hanne Røberg-Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Gabrielsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Arild Christian Rustan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Rongved
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Viktorsson EØ, Åstrand OAH, Haseeb RS, Görbitz CH, Rongved P. Crystal structure of (S)-2-[(3S,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-3-hy-droxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetra-deca-hydro-1H-cyclo-penta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]-N-meth-oxy-N-methyl-pro-pan-amide (Fernholz Weinreb amide). Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:275-7. [PMID: 25844186 PMCID: PMC4350737 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The literature compound 3β-hy-droxy-bis-nor-5-cholenic aldehyde is an important inter-mediate for the synthesis of new modulators of the nuclear oxysterol receptor Liver X. As part of our ongoing search for new LXR antagonists, the title compound, C24H39NO3, has proven to be an important inter-mediate in our new synthetic pathway, giving the corresponding aldehyde in high yield and in only three steps from the commercially available 3β-hy-droxy-bis-nor-5-cholenic acid. The title amide crystallized with two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit, linked into helices by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the hy-droxy and carbonyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvar Ørn Viktorsson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Rasha Sabah Haseeb
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Carl Henrik Görbitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Rongved
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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Wang JM, Wang D, Tan YY, Zhao G, Ji ZL. 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol and pioglitazone synergistically decrease cholesterol ester via the PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 pathway in cholesterosis of the gallbladder. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:152-7. [PMID: 24704452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterosis is a disease of cholesterol metabolism characterized by the presence of excessive lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. These lipid droplets are mainly composed of cholesterol esters derived from free cholesterol. The removal of excess cholesterol from gallbladder epithelial cells (GBECs) is very important for the maintenance of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and the preservation of gallbladder function. Several lines of evidence have indicated that the activation of either peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) or liver X receptor α (LXRα) relates to cholesterol efflux. While pioglitazone can regulate the activation of PPARγ, 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol can activate LXRα and is a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. However, the effect of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol in combination with pioglitazone on cholesterosis of the gallbladder is unclear. GBECs were treated with pioglitazone, 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol or PPARγ siRNA followed by Western blot analysis for ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), PPARγ and LXRα. Cholesterol efflux to apoA-I was determined, and Oil Red O staining was performed to monitor variations in lipid levels in treated GBECs. Our data showed that 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol can modestly up-regulate LXRα while simultaneously increasing ABCA1 by 56%. The combination of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol and pioglitazone resulted in a 3.64-fold increase in ABCA1 expression and a high rate of cholesterol efflux. Oil Red O staining showed an obvious reduction in the lipid droplets associated with cholesterosis in GBECs. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that the anti-lipid deposition action of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol combined with pioglitazone involves the activation of the PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 pathway, increased ABCA1 expression and the efflux of cholesterol from GBECs. Thus, 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol synergistically combined with pioglitazone to produce a remarkable effect on lipid deposition in cholesterosis GBECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Min Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Yu-Yan Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Zhen-Ling Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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