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Zhang H, Mu R, Wang Z, Peng S, Yang XY, Qin X. Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase: Effects on Streptococcus mutans Carbohydrate Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3682-3695. [PMID: 39037832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease, and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) plays an important role in the formation of dental caries. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA) exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity; however, its target and mechanism of action of CA on S. mutans needs to be further explored. In this study, it was verified that CA could inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of S. mutans. Further proteomic analysis identified 33, 55, and 78 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in S. mutans treated with CA for 1, 2, and 4 h, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that CA interfered with carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, and the TCA cycle, as well as amino acid metabolism of S. mutans. Protein interactions suggested that pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) plays an important role in the antibacterial effect of CA. Moreover, the upstream and downstream pathways related to PDH were verified by various assays, and the results proved that CA not only suppressed the glucose and sucrose consumption and inhibited glucosyltransferase (GTF) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities but also decreased the ATP production. Interestingly, the protein interaction, qRT-PCR, and molecular docking analysis showed that PDH might be the target of CA to fight S. mutans. In summary, the study shows that CA interferes with the carbohydrate metabolism of bacteria by inhibiting glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle via binding to PDH, which verifies that PDH is a potential target for the development of new drugs against S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Ran Mu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Fifth Clinical Institute, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Zhengxiao Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Shuting Peng
- School of Biological Engineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- School of Biological Engineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- School of Biological Engineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
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2
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Chan AHY, Ho TCS, Irfan R, Hamid RAA, Rudge ES, Iqbal A, Turner A, Hirsch AKH, Leeper FJ. Design of thiamine analogues for inhibition of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes: Systematic investigation through Scaffold-Hopping and C2-Functionalisation. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106602. [PMID: 37201323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), the bioactive form of vitamin B1, is an essential coenzyme needed for processes of cellular metabolism in all organisms. ThDP-dependent enzymes all require ThDP as a coenzyme for catalytic activity, although individual enzymes vary significantly in substrate preferences and biochemical reactions. A popular way to study the role of these enzymes through chemical inhibition is to use thiamine/ThDP analogues, which typically feature a neutral aromatic ring in place of the positively charged thiazolium ring of ThDP. While ThDP analogues have aided work in understanding the structural and mechanistic aspects of the enzyme family, at least two key questions regarding the ligand design strategy remain unresolved: 1) which is the best aromatic ring? and 2) how can we achieve selectivity towards a given ThDP-dependent enzyme? In this work, we synthesise derivatives of these analogues covering all central aromatic rings used in the past decade and make a head-to-head comparison of all the compounds as inhibitors of several ThDP-dependent enzymes. Thus, we establish the relationship between the nature of the central ring and the inhibitory profile of these ThDP-competitive enzyme inhibitors. We also demonstrate that introducing a C2-substituent onto the central ring to explore the unique substrate-binding pocket can further improve both potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Terence C S Ho
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rimsha Irfan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rawia A A Hamid
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Emma S Rudge
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Amjid Iqbal
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Science Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alex Turner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Zhou Y, Zhang S, Cai M, Wang K, Feng J, Xie D, Feng L, Peng H, He H. Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Activity of 2,6-Dimethyl-4-aminopyrimidine Hydrazones as PDHc-E1 Inhibitors with a Novel Binding Mode. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5804-5817. [PMID: 34008970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminopyrimidine hydrazones 5 were rationally designed and synthesized as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1 (PDHc-E1) inhibitors. Compounds 5 strongly inhibited Escherichia coli (E. coli) PDHc-E1 (IC50 values 0.94-15.80 μM). As revealed by molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis, enzymatic, and inhibition kinetic analyses, compounds 5 competitively inhibited PDHc-E1 and bound in a "straight" pattern at the E. coli PDHc-E1 active site, which is a new binding mode. In in vitro antifungal assays, most compounds 5 at 50 μg/mL showed more than 80% inhibition against the mycelial growth of six tested phytopathogenic fungi, including Botrytis cinerea, Monilia fructigena, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, andBotryosphaeria dothidea. Notably, 5f and 5i were 1.8-380 fold more potent against M. fructigena than the commercial fungicides captan and chlorothalonil. In vivo, 5f and 5i controlled the growth of M. fructigena comparably to the commercial fungicide tebuconazole. Thus, 5f and 5i have potential commercial value for the control of peach brown rot caused by M. fructigena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Meng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Kaixing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hongwu He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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Kumari S, Carmona AV, Tiwari AK, Trippier PC. Amide Bond Bioisosteres: Strategies, Synthesis, and Successes. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12290-12358. [PMID: 32686940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The amide functional group plays a key role in the composition of biomolecules, including many clinically approved drugs. Bioisosterism is widely employed in the rational modification of lead compounds, being used to increase potency, enhance selectivity, improve pharmacokinetic properties, eliminate toxicity, and acquire novel chemical space to secure intellectual property. The introduction of a bioisostere leads to structural changes in molecular size, shape, electronic distribution, polarity, pKa, dipole or polarizability, which can be either favorable or detrimental to biological activity. This approach has opened up new avenues in drug design and development resulting in more efficient drug candidates introduced onto the market as well as in the clinical pipeline. Herein, we review the strategic decisions in selecting an amide bioisostere (the why), synthetic routes to each (the how), and success stories of each bioisostere (the implementation) to provide a comprehensive overview of this important toolbox for medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Angelica V Carmona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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5
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Regulation of organic anion transporters: Role in physiology, pathophysiology, and drug elimination. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 217:107647. [PMID: 32758646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The members of the organic anion transporter (OAT) family are mainly expressed in kidney, liver, placenta, intestine, and brain. These transporters play important roles in the disposition of clinical drugs, pesticides, signaling molecules, heavy metal conjugates, components of phytomedicines, and toxins, and therefore critical for maintaining systemic homeostasis. Alterations in the expression and function of OATs contribute to the intra- and inter-individual variability of the therapeutic efficacy and the toxicity of many drugs, and to many pathophysiological conditions. Consequently, the activity of these transporters must be highly regulated to carry out their normal functions. This review will present an update on the recent advance in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of renal OATs, emphasizing on the post-translational modification (PTM), the crosstalk among these PTMs, and the remote sensing and signaling network of OATs. Such knowledge will provide significant insights into the roles of these transporters in health and disease.
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Feng J, He H, Zhou Y, Guo X, Liu H, Cai M, Wang F, Feng L, He H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel inhibitors against cyanobacterial pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex E1. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2413-2420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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7
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Ultrasound-assisted Synthesis of Novel Pyrazole and Pyrimidine Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Design and synthesis of highly selective pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1 inhibitors as bactericides. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:84-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Zhou Y, Feng J, He H, Hou L, Jiang W, Xie D, Feng L, Cai M, Peng H. Design, Synthesis, and Potency of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex E1 Inhibitors against Cyanobacteria. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6491-6502. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jiangtao Feng
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongwu He
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Leifeng Hou
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Dan Xie
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Lingling Feng
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Meng Cai
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hao Peng
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
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10
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He H, Wang W, Zhou Y, Xia Q, Ren Y, Feng J, Peng H, He H, Feng L. Rational design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,3,4-oxadiazole pyrimidine derivatives as novel pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1879-88. [PMID: 26972920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of previous study on 2-methylpyrimidine-4-ylamine derivatives I, further synthetic optimization was done to find potent PDHc-E1 inhibitors with antibacterial activity. Three series of novel pyrimidine derivatives 6, 11 and 14 were designed and synthesized as potential Escherichia coli PDHc-E1 inhibitors by introducing 1,3,4-oxadiazole-thioether, 2,4-disubstituted-1,3-thiazole or 1,2,4-triazol-4-amine-thioether moiety into lead structure I, respectively. Most of 6, 11 and 14 exhibited good inhibitory activity against E. coli PHDc-E1 (IC50 0.97-19.21 μM) and obvious inhibitory activity against cyanobacteria (EC50 0.83-9.86 μM). Their inhibitory activities were much higher than that of lead structure I. 11 showed more potent inhibitory activity against both E. coli PDHc-E1 (IC50<6.62 μM) and cyanobacteria (EC50<1.63 μM) than that of 6, 14 or lead compound I. The most effective compound 11d with good enzyme-selectivity exhibited most powerful inhibitory potency against E. coli PDHc-E1 (IC50=0.97 μM) and cyanobacteria (EC50=0.83 μM). The possible interactions of the important residues of PDHc-E1 with title compounds were studied by molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis, and enzymatic assays. The results indicated that 11d had more potent inhibitory activity than that of 14d or I due to its 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety with more binding position and stronger interaction with Lsy392 and His106 at active site of E. coli PDHc-E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Qin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yanliang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jiangtao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Hao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Hongwu He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Lingling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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He JB, He HF, Zhao LL, Zhang L, You GY, Feng LL, Wan J, He HW. Synthesis and antifungal activity of 5-iodo-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1395-401. [PMID: 25766628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To identify new antifungal lead compound based on inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1, a series of 5-iodo-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives 3 were prepared and evaluated for their Escherichia coli PDHc-E1 inhibitory activity and antifungal activity. The in vitro bioassay for the PDHc-E1 inhibition indicated all the compounds exhibited significant inhibition against E. coli PDHc-E1 (IC50<21μM), special compound 3g showed the most potent inhibitory activity (IC50=4.21±0.11μM) and was demonstrated to act as a competitive inhibitor of PDHc-E1. Meanwhile, inhibitor 3g exhibited very good enzyme-selective inhibition of PDHc-E1 between pig heart and E. coli. The assay of antifungal activity showed compounds 3e, 3g, and 3n exhibited fair to good activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Botrytis cinerea even at 12.5μg/mL. Especially compound 3n (EC50=5.4μg/mL; EC90=21.1μg/mL) exhibited almost 5.50 times inhibitory potency against B. cinerea than that of pyrimethanil (EC50=29.6μg/mL; EC90=113.4μg/mL). Therefore, in this study, compound 3n was found to be a novel lead compound for further optimization to find more potent antifungal compounds as microbial PDHc-E1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bo He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Hai-Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ge-Yun You
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ling-Ling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Hong-Wu He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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