1
|
Tiemann M, Rademann J. Identification and Optimization of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitors Via Fragment Ligation. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2743:239-270. [PMID: 38147220 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3569-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Phosphotyrosine biomimetics are starting points for potent inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and, thus, crucial for drug development. Their identification, however, has been heavily driven by rational design, limiting the discovery of diverse, novel, and improved mimetics. In this chapter, we describe two screening approaches utilizing fragment ligation methods: one to identify new mimetics and the other to optimize existing mimetics into more potent and selective inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tiemann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kobzar O, Shulha Y, Buldenko V, Cherenok S, Silenko O, Kalchenko V, Vovk A. Inhibition of glutathione S-transferases by photoactive calix[4]arene α-ketophosphonic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 77:129019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
3
|
Accorsi M, Tiemann M, Wehrhan L, Finn LM, Cruz R, Rautenberg M, Emmerling F, Heberle J, Keller BG, Rademann J. Pentafluorophosphato‐Phenylalanines: Amphiphilic Phosphotyrosine Mimetics Displaying Fluorine‐Specific Protein Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203579. [PMID: 35303375 PMCID: PMC9323422 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phosphotyrosine residues are essential functional switches in health and disease. Thus, phosphotyrosine biomimetics are crucial for the development of chemical tools and drug molecules. We report here the discovery and investigation of pentafluorophosphato amino acids as novel phosphotyrosine biomimetics. A mild acidic pentafluorination protocol was developed and two PF5‐amino acids were prepared and employed in peptide synthesis. Their structures, reactivities, and fluorine‐specific interactions were studied by NMR and IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and in bioactivity assays. The mono‐anionic PF5 motif displayed an amphiphilic character binding to hydrophobic surfaces, to water molecules, and to protein‐binding sites, exploiting charge and H−F‐bonding interactions. The novel motifs bind 25‐ to 30‐fold stronger to the phosphotyrosine binding site of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B than the best current biomimetics, as rationalized by computational methods, including molecular dynamics simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Accorsi
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Pharmacy Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Pharmacy Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Leon Wehrhan
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Lauren M. Finn
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Ruben Cruz
- Department of Physics Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Max Rautenberg
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Str.11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Str.11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Department of Physics Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Bettina G. Keller
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Pharmacy Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Accorsi M, Tiemann M, Wehrhan L, Finn LM, Cruz R, Rautenberg M, Emmerling F, Heberle J, Keller BG, Rademann J. Pentafluorophosphato‐Phenylalanines: Amphiphilic Phosphotyrosine Mimetics Displaying Fluorine‐Specific Protein Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Accorsi
- Freie Universität Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy; Institute of Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Freie Universität Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Leon Wehrhan
- Freie Universität Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry GERMANY
| | - Lauren M. Finn
- Freie Universität Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry GERMANY
| | - Ruben Cruz
- Freie Universität Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin Department of Physics GERMANY
| | - Max Rautenberg
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung: Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung Structure Analysis GERMANY
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung: Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung Structural Analytics GERMANY
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Freie Universität Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin Department of Physics GERMANY
| | - Bettina G. Keller
- Freie Universität Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry GERMANY
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Freie Universitat Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Recent Updates on Development of Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors for Treatment of Diabetes, Obesity and Related Disorders. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
6
|
Kobzar ОL, Shulha YV, Buldenko VM, Mrug GP, Kolotylo MV, Stanko OV, Onysko PP, Vovk АI. Alkyl and aryl α-ketophosphonate derivatives as photoactive compounds targeting glutathione S-transferases. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.1901703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- О. L. Kobzar
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yu. V. Shulha
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - V. M. Buldenko
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - G. P. Mrug
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - M. V. Kolotylo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - O. V. Stanko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - P. P. Onysko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - А. I. Vovk
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou H, Bai L, Xu R, McEachern D, Chinnaswamy K, Li R, Wen B, Wang M, Yang CY, Meagher JL, Sun D, Stuckey JA, Wang S. SD-91 as A Potent and Selective STAT3 Degrader Capable of Achieving Complete and Long-Lasting Tumor Regression. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:996-1004. [PMID: 34141084 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an attractive cancer therapeutic target. We report herein our extensive in vitro and in vivo evaluations of SD-91, the product of the hydrolysis of our previously reported STAT3 degrader SD-36. SD-91 binds to STAT3 protein with a high affinity and displays >300-fold selectivity over other STAT family protein members. SD-91 potently and effectively induces degradation of STAT3 protein and displays a high selectivity over other STAT members and >7000 non-STAT proteins in cells. A single administration of SD-91 selectively depletes STAT3 protein in tumor tissues with a persistent effect. SD-91 achieves complete and long-lasting tumor regression in the MOLM-16 xenograft model in mice even with weekly administration. Hence, SD-91 is a potent, highly selective, and efficacious STAT3 degrader for extensive evaluations for the treatment of human cancers and other diseases for which STAT3 plays a key role.
Collapse
|
8
|
Makukhin N, Ciulli A. Recent advances in synthetic and medicinal chemistry of phosphotyrosine and phosphonate-based phosphotyrosine analogues. RSC Med Chem 2020; 12:8-23. [PMID: 34041480 PMCID: PMC8130623 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00272k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphotyrosine-containing compounds attract significant attention due to their potential to modulate signalling pathways by binding to phospho-writers, erasers and readers such as SH2 and PTB domain containing proteins. Phosphotyrosine derivatives provide useful chemical tools to study protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, and as such represent attractive starting points for the development of binding ligands and chemical probes to study biology, and for inhibitor and degrader drug design. To overcome enzymatic lability of the phosphate group, physiologically stable phosphonate-based phosphotyrosine analogues find utility in a wide range of applications. This review covers advances over the last decade in the design of phosphotyrosine and its phosphonate-based derivatives, highlights the improved and expanded synthetic toolbox, and illustrates applications in medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Makukhin
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dow Street DD1 5EH Dundee UK
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dow Street DD1 5EH Dundee UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ony`sko PP, Chudakova TI, Pirozhenko VV, Rozhenko AB. α-Ketophosphonates in the Synthesis of α-iminophosphonates. CURRENT GREEN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2213346107666200226095806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The potentialities of condensation of α-ketophosphonates with primary amines for direct
synthesis of α-iminophosphonates have been revealed. Diesters of α-ketophosphonic acids react with
the primary amines by two competitive pathways: with a formation of α-iminophosphonates or a C-P
bond cleavage resulting in a hydrogen phosphonate and an acylated amine. In many cases, the latter
undesirable pathway is dominant, especially for more nucleophilic alkyl amines. Using metallic salts
of α-ketophosphonates avoids the C-P bond cleavage, allowing direct preparation of α-phosphorylated
imines by the reaction with primary amines. This strategy provides an atom economy single-stage synthesis
of iminophosphonates – precursors of bio relevant phosphorus analogs of α-amino acids. Methyl
sodium iminophosphonates, bearing aryl or heteryl substituents at the imino carbon atom exist in
solutions at room temperature as an equilibrium mixture of Z- and E-isomers. A configuration of the
C=N bond can be controlled by the solvent: changing the aprotic dipolar solvent DMSO-d6 by water
or alcohols leads to the change from a predominant Z-isomer to almost an exclusive E-form. In contrast,
diesters of the respective iminophosphonates exist in non-protic solvents predominantly in Econfiguration.
The solvent effect on E-Z stereochemistry is demonstrated by DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petro P. Ony`sko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmans’ka str., Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana I. Chudakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmans’ka str., Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir V. Pirozhenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmans’ka str., Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Alexandr B. Rozhenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmans’ka str., Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kafarski P. Phosphonopeptides containing free phosphonic groups: recent advances. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25898-25910. [PMID: 35518575 PMCID: PMC9055344 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04655h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphonopeptides are mimetics of peptides in which phosphonic acid or related (phosphinic, phosphonous etc.) group replaces either carboxylic acid group present at C-terminus, is located in the peptidyl side chain, or phosphonamidate or phosphinic acid mimics peptide bond. Acting as inhibitors of key enzymes related to variable pathological states they display interesting and useful physiologic activities with potential applications in medicine and agriculture. Since the synthesis and biological properties of peptides containing C-terminal diaryl phosphonates and those with phosphonic fragment replacing peptide bond were comprehensively reviewed, this review concentrate on peptides holding free, unsubstituted phosphonic acid moiety. There are two groups of such mimetics: (i) peptides in which aminophosphonic acid is located at C-terminus of the peptide chain with most of them (including antibiotics isolated from bacteria and fungi) exhibiting antimicrobial activity; (ii) non-hydrolysable analogues of phosphonoamino acids, which are useful tools to study physiologic effects of phosphorylations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kafarski
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-305 Wrocław Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Duan HZ, Chen HX, Yu Q, Hu J, Li YM, Chen YX. Stereoselective synthesis of a phosphonate pThr mimetic via palladium-catalyzed γ-C(sp3)–H activation for peptide preparation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2099-2102. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02999g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile and efficient synthetic strategy toward a CH2-substituted phosphonate pThr mimetic and its application in phosphopeptide inhibitor synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zhen Duan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Hong-Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Qing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wagner S, Accorsi M, Rademann J. Benzyl Mono-P-Fluorophosphonate and Benzyl Penta-P-Fluorophosphate Anions Are Physiologically Stable Phosphotyrosine Mimetics and Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Chemistry 2017; 23:15387-15395. [PMID: 29024172 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
α,α-Difluoro-benzyl phosphonates are currently the most popular class of phosphotyrosine mimetics. Structurally derived from the natural substrate phosphotyrosine, they constitute classical bioisosteres and have enabled the development of potent inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) and phosphotyrosine recognition sites such as SH2 domains. Being dianions bearing two negative charges, phosphonates, however, do not permeate membranes and thus are often inactive in cells and have not been a successful starting point toward therapeutics, yet. In this work, benzyl phosphonates were modified by replacing phosphorus-bound oxygen atoms with phosphorus-bound fluorine atoms. Surprisingly, mono-P-fluorophosphonates were fully stable under physiological conditions, thus enabling the investigation of their mode of action toward PTP. Three alternative scenarios were tested and mono-P-fluorophosphonates were identified as stable reversible PTP1B inhibitors, despite of the loss of one negative charge and the replacement of one oxygen atom as an H-bond donor by fluorine. In extending this replacement strategy, α,α-difluorobenzyl penta-P-fluorophosphates were synthesized and found to be novel phosphotyrosine mimetics with improved affinity to the phosphotyrosine binding site of PTP1B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wagner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matteo Accorsi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Santos FC, Soares AMS, Gonçalves MST, Costa SPG. Phototriggered release of tetrapeptide AAPV from coumarinyl and pyrenyl cages. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1077-1088. [PMID: 28283908 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ala-Ala-Pro-Val (AAPV) is a bioactive tetrapeptide that inhibits human neutrophil elastase, an enzyme involved in skin chronic inflammatory diseases like psoriasis. Caged derivatives of this peptide were prepared by proper N- and C-terminal derivatisation through a carbamate or ester linkage, respectively, with two photoactive moieties, namely 7-methoxycoumarin-2-ylmethyl and pyren-2-ylmethyl groups. These groups were chosen to assess the influence of the photosensitive group and the type of linkage in the controlled photo release of the active molecule. The caged peptides were irradiated at selected wavelengths of irradiation (254, 300, and 350 nm), and the photolytic process was monitored by HPLC-UV. The results established the applicability of the tested photoactive groups for the release of AAPV, especially for the derivative bearing the carbamate-linked pyrenylmethyl group, which displayed the shortest irradiation times for the release at the various wavelengths of irradiation (ca. 4 min at 254 nm, 8 min at 300 nm and 46 min at 350 nm).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa C Santos
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana M S Soares
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - M Sameiro T Gonçalves
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana P G Costa
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cardote TAF, Ciulli A. Cyclic and Macrocyclic Peptides as Chemical Tools To Recognise Protein Surfaces and Probe Protein-Protein Interactions. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:787-94. [PMID: 26563831 PMCID: PMC4848765 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeting protein surfaces and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with small molecules is a frontier goal of chemical biology and provides attractive therapeutic opportunities in drug discovery. The molecular properties of protein surfaces, including their shallow features and lack of deep binding pockets, pose significant challenges, and as a result have proved difficult to target. Peptides are ideal candidates for this mission due to their ability to closely mimic many structural features of protein interfaces. However, their inherently low intracellular stability and permeability and high in vivo clearance have thus far limited their biological applications. One way to improve these properties is to constrain the secondary structure of linear peptides by cyclisation. Herein we review various classes of cyclic and macrocyclic peptides as chemical probes of protein surfaces and modulators of PPIs. The growing interest in this area and recent advances provide evidence of the potential of developing peptide-like molecules that specifically target these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A F Cardote
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|